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PLATE I. GASCOYNE RIVER POISON OR TREE BALSAM (Euphorbia Boophthona C

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PLATE I. GASCOYNE RIVER POISON OR TREE BALSAM (Euphorbia Boophthona C Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 3 Volume 2 Number 4 July-August, 1953 Article 19 7-1953 Poison plants of Western Australia: toxic plants of the genus euphorbia C A. Gardner Department of Agriculture H W. Bennetts Department of Agriculture Follow this and additional works at: https://researchlibrary.agric.wa.gov.au/journal_agriculture3 Recommended Citation Gardner, C A. and Bennetts, H W. (1953) "Poison plants of Western Australia: toxic plants of the genus euphorbia," Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 3: Vol. 2 : No. 4 , Article 19. Available at: https://researchlibrary.agric.wa.gov.au/journal_agriculture3/vol2/iss4/19 This article is brought to you for free and open access by Research Library. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 3 by an authorized administrator of Research Library. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PLATE I. GASCOYNE RIVER POISON OR TREE BALSAM (Euphorbia boophthona C. A. Gardn ) • A—Plant nearly natural size; B—Leaf; C—Fruits showing the gland-bearing cup or "cyathlum" and the stalked fruit- D—The same, natural size; E—Gland; F—Seed (much enlarged); G—Aril and basal portion of seed; H—Inflorescence (E, F, G and H much enlarged.) Jlmba Jlmba, Gascoyne River. Icon, origin. 526 Journal of agriculture Vol. 2 1953 mat. OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA C. A. GARDNER, government Botanist) and H. W. BENNETTS. D.V.Sc. (Principal, Animal Health and Nutrition Laboratories) THE TOXIC SPECIES OF THE GENUS EUPHORBIA 'J'HE genus Euphorbia comprises nearly one thousand species, a large number of which yield a milky juice or latex. Some of these plants are familiar as garden plants, e.g. the Poinsettia the Mexican fire bush, the "crown of thorns", and the strange cactus-like Euphorbia lactea that is a familiar object in our parks and gardens. A large number of the plants are useful, both by far the greatest losses in stock at one par­ medicinally, and as fish and arrow poisons. ticular time and place have been caused by Many native tribes of various countries use the Euphorbia boophthona and other species of this latex as a cure for snake-bite; the Australian genus in Australia, we know very little of their aborigines used desert spurge as a fish poison toxic properties. The Gascoyne River poison in calm pools and streams, and the peasantry of has been responsible for the death of thousands Southern Ireland used E. hibernia for a similar of sheep and hundreds of cattle in the Gascoyne purpose. and Murchison districts, and other losses are Medicinally, E. pilulifera, a common weed in attributed the desert spurge and the mat bal­ most tropical countries, including Northern sam. Australia, is the well-known "asthma plant", used is asthmatic conditions and chronic bron­ Many poison plants contain toxic alkaloids chitis, the tincture being used in hay fever. which render them dangerous to stock at all periods of their growth. Examples are our Some of the plants yield dangerous poisons, pea-flowered poisons. Others, such as a number and in some the latex produces injury when of grasses, may be valuable forage plants under applied to the skin, or if accidentally introduced normal conditions, but under certain other con­ in to the eyes. Lindley states that E. phosphorea ditions may becojne toxic by reason of the derives its name from the fact of its sap emit­ presence of the plant of a cyanogenetic gluco- ting a phosphorescent light on warm nights. side which under these particular conditions is A common local weed, the petty spurge <E. acted upon by an enzyme which produces peplus L.) is to be regarded as poisonous, and hydrocyanic (prussic) acid. Examples are couch is stated to cause loss of appetite and cessation grass, kangaroo grass, button grass, crab grass, of egg-production in fowls. In 1912 Chapman crowsfoot grass (Eleusine indica), maize, and and Petrie observed that the latex of Euphorbia sudan grass, as well as woolly-finger grass. There peplus was formerly used by surgeons in the are many others. Poisoning with some is much treatment of rodent ulcers, and carried out ex­ more common than with others. Some years ago periments to determine whether any radioactive woolly-finger grass (Digitaria eriantha) was in­ materials were present capable of affecting a troduced in Western Australia where it has photographic plate. Their experiments showed proved exceptionally hardy, but it has not been that the latex, spread on a glass in a thin layer, distributed on account of its toxic properties. caused an image to appear on a photographic plate at a distance of 1 cm. (about half an inch) The toxicity of these grasses depends upon the in from three to seven days. The interposition of amount of prussic acid present in the plant thick paper, thin aluminium foil or gold leaf did which varies considerably according to climate not interfere with this action, while glass and and soil conditions, and also upon the rate at mica did. In this connection it is interesting to which the plants are eaten. Conditions con­ note that E. heterodoxa, a Brazilian species, is ducive to the formation of fatal amounts of said to have been ussd with extraordinary suc­ cyanogenetic glucosides (or prussic acid) in the cess in the treatment of cancerous and syphilitic above mentioned grasses are: wilting and with­ ulcers. ering, especially during spells of hot dry weather;; disease; frost; bruising or tramping- It is, however, with Euphorbia as a stock soils of certain composition, e.g. plants grown poison that we are concerned here. Although respiratory paralysis. Smaller doses cause accel- 527 Journal of agriculture Vol. 2 1953 PLATE II. Gascoyne River. Icon, origin. 528 Journal of agriculture Vol. 2 1953 erated and depressed respiration, accelerated •The symptoms in the case of Gascoyne River irregular and weak pulse, bright red mucous poison agree substantially with those described on good soil contain more prussic acid than for mat balsam at Ariah Park in New South those grown on poor soil, and fertilising with Wales. nitrates stimulates the production of prussic With mat balsam poisoning a distinct swelling acid. The younger and more succulent the of the head and neck of the affected animals plants, the more likely they are to produce has been observed, but these are probably lethal amounts of prussic acid. During the pro­ caused by some other poisonous principle in the cess of desiccation most, if not all, of the prussic plant. The losses experienced are almost invari­ acid disappears from the plant. The more rapid ably among hungry travelling stock which eat the drying, the more rapid the loss of the prus­ considerable amounts of the plant, usually in a sic acid. wilted condition at the end of a dry day, and It is important to remember that prussic acid usually in places where the plants are common. is so rapidly eliminated from the system that The symptoms recorded at Jimba Jimba are not large doses of these hydrocyanic plants are incompatible with those of prussic acid poison­ needed to cause ill-effects. Stock habitually ing. grazed on these plants may not be affected, while hungry travelling stock placed on the The third plant—the desert spurge—(E. same pastures may succumb to the poison. clutioides)—is closely related to Gascoyne River poison. It is so often suspected of poisoning The statement concerning cyanogenetic stock, and so widely recognised amongst stock­ grasses is taken from Steyn's "Toxicology of men as a sheep poison, that it is probably toxic South African Plants", since it is evident that under the same conditions that mat balsam and in some species of Euphorbia the plants are Gascoyne River poison are toxic to stock. In cyanogenetic. This has already been demon­ any case, the deviation of the stock route on the strated in the case of Euphorbia Drummondii, Gascoyne River to an area free from the poison and strongly suspected in both E, boophthona has resulted in freedom from further losses. and E. clutioides. There are probably other species implicated. It will readily be appreci­ The illustrations which accompany this article ated that when plants become toxic only under should prove sufficient for the recognition of the certain conditions these only imperfectly under­ three plants concerned. It should be stated, stood—feeding trials may give negative results. however, that they contain a milky juice or latex It should be remembered that it was only when which exudes from the green plant when the several tests had been made that E. Drummondii stems are cut or broken, and the fruits or seed- was found to contain prussic acid. This has not pods are three-lobed, or of three compartments yet been demonstrated in Gascoyne poison and each containing one seed. The fruit is sur­ desert spurge, but the effects of ingestion of mounted by a three-cleft, usually purple short these plants under certain conditions would in­ style, and the ripe fruit splits at maturity into dicate that these plants are cyanogenetic. three parts, each containing a seed. Symptoms of Poisoning by Prussic Acid Ac­ cording to Steyn, the symptoms vary according 1. GASCOYNE POISON, OR TREE BALSAM to (1) The size of the dose, (2) The time in (Euphorbia clutioides (Porst. fll.) C. A. Gardn.) which any amount is taken, and (3) The mode The plant is an annual 12-15 inches tall, with of application. Prussic acid is a poison which a stout root and erect stem, usually grey-green acts extremely rapidly, large amounts causing in colour with widely spreading branches, green, death almost instantaneously with spasms and pointed toothed leaves, and pendulous fruits.
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