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Stefan George UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA - PPGHIS ALEMANHA SECRETA: BIOGRAFIA E HISTÓRIA NO CÍRCULO DE STEFAN GEORGE WALKIRIA OLIVEIRA SILVA BRASÍLIA 2013 WALKIRIA OLIVEIRA SILVA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA - PPGHIS ALEMANHA SECRETA: BIOGRAFIA E HISTÓRIA NO CÍRCULO DE STEFAN GEORGE Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- graduação em História da Universidade de Brasília como parte dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em História. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Estevão Chaves de Rezende Martins BRASÍLIA 2013 Alemanha Secreta: Biografia e História no Círculo de Stefan George Walkiria Oliveira Silva Banca Examinadora: ______________________________________ Prof. Dr. Estevão Chaves de Rezende Martins (Orientador) ______________________________________ Prof. Dr. André Gustavo de Melo Araújo (Universidade de Brasília – UNB) ______________________________________ Prof. Dr. Pedro Spinola Pereira Caldas (Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro UNIRIO) Alemanha Secreta: Biografia e História no Círculo de Stefan George. RESUMO: Esta dissertação objetiva analisar como a obra de Ernst Kantorowicz, Kaiser Friedrich der Zweite, relaciona-se com a fundamentação da identidade nacional alemã durante os anos da República de Weimar. Ernst Kantorowicz foi membro do Círculo de Stefan George, um dos principais movimentos culturais da Alemanha durante as três primeiras décadas do século XX. Por isso, é indispensável apresentar as contribuições do Círculo de Stefan George para as discussões acerca da História e de sua escrita. A análise da obra de Kantorowicz encontra-se indissociada das propostas vinculadas pelo Círculo de Stefan George. Este trabalho está divido em três capítulos: o primeiro abarca o poeta, Stefan George, e a formação de seu Círculo. O segundo apresenta as ideias do Círculo sobre o conhecimento histórico e os principais conceitos formulados por alguns membros do Círculo de George. O último analisa a obra de Kantorowicz a fim de observar como a biografia do Imperador Frederico II contribuiu para a fundamentação e reinterpretação da identidade nacional alemã e como se relaciona com a escrita da história do Círculo de Stefan George. Palavras-chave: Círculo de Stefan George, historiografia alemã, Ernst Kantorowicz. Secret Germany: Biography and History in the George Circle. ABSTRACT: The present dissertation aims to analyse Ernst Kantorowicz’s work, Kaiser Friedrich der Zweite, published in 1927, and its relation to the German national identity’s substantiation during the Weimar Republic. Ernst Kantorowicz was a member of the George Circle, one of the most important cultural movements in Germany during the first three decades of twentieth century. Taking in account his contributions to the George Circle on the debate on History and historiography, the analysis of Kantorowicz’s work should be inseparable of the ideas of the George Circle. This work is divided in three chapters: the first one presents the poet, Stefan George, and the formation’s process of his Circle. The second shows the ideas of the Circle about the historical knowledge and the main concepts formulated by some members of the George Circle. The last one analyses Kantorowicz’s work in order to observe how the biography of the Emperor Frederick II contributed to found the ground and reinterpretat the German national identity in its relation to the historiography of the George Circle. Keywords: The George Circle, German historiography, Ernst Kantorowicz. Agradecimentos: Escrever uma dissertação é um caminho tortuoso. Ao longo dessa caminhada me deparei com muitas alegrias e algumas tristezas. Convivi com a insegurança comum a quem sabe que, mesmo diante de alguns tropeços, faz aquilo que realmente lhe deixa feliz. Seria impossível enumerar aqui todas as pessoas que me foram caras durante o processo de pesquisa e escrita deste trabalho. Todas elas contribuíram – algumas sem se dar conta – para que essa pesquisa fosse realizada. Em primeiro lugar gostaria de agradecer ao meu orientador, Prof. Estevão Martins, sem o qual essa pesquisa não teria sido possível. Sou grata pela confiança e por sempre me dizer que tudo daria certo. Pela inigualável disponibilidade em me atender quando, ao longo do meu caminho, tropeçava em muitas perguntas que, a meu ver, pareciam não ter respostas. Agradeço pela compreensão diante das pedras colocadas no meu caminho em 2013. Guardo em um cantinho especial da memória nossas conversas, aulas, os papos de corredor e, sem dúvida, as piadas! Aos professores André Gustavo de Melo Araújo e Arthur Assis agradeço pelas importantes contribuições durante a banca de qualificação. Suas contribuições foram valiosas para essa pesquisa e contribuíram sobremaneira para novas indagações a respeito do meu objeto. De modo geral, agradeço ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em História da Universidade de Brasília pela excelente acolhida. Ao prof. Pedro Caldas, da UNIRIO, avaliador do meu projeto durante o 5° Seminário Nacional de História da Historiografia, agradeço por ter me indicado a leitura da obra de Jörn Rüsen, autor indispensável para essa pesquisa. Sou muito grata a todos os professores do Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Sociais da Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto que me ensinaram a caminhar pelo longo turbilhão da história. Em especial, agradeço aos professores Valdei Araujo e Mateus Pereira que muito contribuíram com suas leituras atenciosas de meu projeto de pesquisa. Agradeço à Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) pelo apoio financeiro a esta dissertação, muito importante para que o caminho percorrido fosse mais ameno. Pela minha importante visita ao Stefan George Archiv, agradeço ao DAAD cuja bolsa para o Winterkurs, em 2012, possibilitou também a visita ao arquivo em Stuttgart. A Ute Oelmann, diretora do Stefan George Archiv, agradeço pela disponibilização do acervo de cartas de Kantorowicz, que me possibilitou uma compreensão maior do autor. Aos queridos amigos que, mesmo distantes, me proporcionaram horas de boas conversas. Jefferson Mercadante, pelo nosso desespero mútuo que no fim se tornava cômico. À amiga Tauãna Terra (Diva!) pelas muitas horas de descontração! À amiga de graduação, Alice, pelos carinhosos telefonemas. Aos amigos da capital, Mariana, Melissa e Vandergleison que muito ajudaram em minha adaptação a Brasília. Ao Fabiano, professor dos tempos de escola, que despertou em mim o interesse pela história, agradeço por ter me incentivado a seguir esse caminho. Em especial, meu agradecimento a Alessander Thomaz, companheiro de muitas horas de alegria e insegurança que estão para além dessa dissertação. Agradeço por ter me incentivado a mudar para o planalto central. Obrigada também por ter sido o “buscador oficial de livros raros”, tão caros à minha pesquisa. Agradeço por ter me mostrado, durante esses quase dois anos, que era desnecessário abarcar o mundo e por sempre me dizer que era importante viver para além do meu trabalho. Valeu! A todos os professores e colegas que suportaram minha insistência (por vezes chata) em aprender alemão. Agradeço a todos que um dia me ajudaram no doloroso (e interminável) aprendizado dessa língua, um pouquinho complicada, mas sem a qual esse trabalho nunca teria sido possível. Por fim, deixo à minha mãe, Helena, meu maior agradecimento. Sou grata por ter me ensinado as primeiras letras e me apoiado em minhas escolhas. Obrigado pelo amor incondicional e compreensão. Seu incentivo foi imprescindível para que eu pudesse caminhar até aqui. Ao meu pai, que não está mais entre nós, agradeço pelo carinho e espero que sua mão carinhosa continue a guiar meus passos. “As pessoas são como rios: a água é a mesma para todos e é igual em toda parte, mas cada rio é ora estreito, ora rápido, ora largo, ora calmo, ora limpo, ora frio, ora turvo, ora morno. Assim também são as pessoas.” Liev Tolstói1 A todos aqueles que tiveram o seu rio cruzado ao meu. 1 TOLSTÓI, Liev. Ressureição.São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2010, p.192. ÍNDICE: Introdução ................................................................................................................................... 10 Capítulo 1: Da poesia à ação: O processo de formação do Círculo de Stefan George. ............... 16 1.1: Stefan George: A formação de um poeta ..................................................................... 16 1.2: As Blätter für die Kunst : um esboço para o Círculo de Stefan George ..................... 19 1.3: O primeiro grupo: Karl Wofskehl, Friedrich Gundolf e Friedrich Wolters ........... 22 1.3.1: Karl Wolfskehl e o Kosmiker Kreis: ......................................................................... 25 1.3.3: Friedrich Wolters e o Jahrbuch für die Geistige Bewegung: A consolidação da Meister- Jünger Gemeinschaft ........................................................................................................... 33 Excurso: Friedrich Wolters e o Niederschönhausener Kreis. ............................................ 40 1.4: A Primeira Guerra e a República de Weimar ............................................................. 42 1.4.1: O Círculo de Stefan George e a Primeira Guerra Mundial ....................................... 45 Capítulo 2: O Círculo de Stefan George e o conhecimento histórico ......................................... 51 2.1: A crise do historicismo .................................................................................................. 51 2.2: O Círculo de Stefan George e o conhecimento histórico: A escrita da história
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