Application of Rs & Gis in Flood Management Abstract

International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 11, November 2012 ISSN 2250-3153 Page - 1 - of 9 APPLICATION OF RS & GIS IN FLOOD MANAGEMENT A CASE STUDY OF MONGALKOTE BLOCKS, BURDWAN, WEST BENGAL, INDIA.

Kartic Bera1, Moumita Pal2 & Dr. Jatisankar Bandyopadhyay3 Department of Remote Sensing & GIS, Vidyasagar University

ABSTRACT: Flood is a natural hazard Geographical Information Systems (GIS) is also resulting from extreme geophysical events to now being used in several studies to delineate create an unexpected threat to human life and the flood-hazard areas by incorporating property. Flood risk steams from the likelihood meteorological, geomorphological, that a major hazards event will occur topographical, land use and demographical unexpectedly and that it will impact negatively on data, with an aim to achieve a reduction in the the people and their welfare. Flood management loss of life, disruption and damages caused by planning is a very important which helps to floods (Sanyal and Lu, 2003; Bapalu and Sinha, rescue the flood affected people to mitigate the 2005). Remote sensing technologies are problem of flood and to take necessary preventive excellent tools in the mapping of the spatial measures .It is a planned and integrated distribution of disaster related data within a management approach with the help of Remote relatively short period of time. Applications of sensing and Geographic Information System and using data from satellites to predict weather- data on socio economic characteristics to render related disastrous phenomena, such as extreme right suggestions to the people. The study rainfall is widely known and frequently utilized. describes an efficient & scientific approach with Satellite data can be used before, during and suitable illustrations of map and real time flood after a disaster, for prevention, monitoring, inundations. The areas, which are highly flood mitigation and relief operations, respectively. affected, are delineated. So that, the flood Areas affected by flooding are typically large in affected people can be rescued from inundation size. It has been demonstrated that using and can be evacuated to different safe places. satellite data for flood mapping becomes economically advantageous with respect to KEYWORDS: GIS, Remote Sensing, Flood ground survey for a large area. Though floods are disruptive events and the occurrences of management, Flood variation, Flood level, & floods cannot be prevented they are actually Channelization. natural features of a river system and their role in replenishing, the floodplain cannot be INTRODUCTION: Floods are one of the ignored. In recent times, the sole focus has been most common natural calamities that on how floods can be checked, not how Mongalkote block has to face almost every year societies can live with floods. (Chakrabarty, in varying degrees. There is now greater A.). The negative consequences can be lessened emphasis on non-structural measures of flood by an integrated approach to disaster management and control, rather than on management. Disaster management includes 4 structural measures. These measures include elements such as: mitigation, preparedness, flood forecasting, flood-inundation mapping response and recovery (Quarantelli, E.1991). and flood plain zoning. Remote sensing has Different type of physical and climatic emerged as an indispensable tool in the study of condition of the study area must be analyzed to floods, particularly with its capacity to provide build a good proposal of reducing flood (Al- near real-time data, enabling preparation of Sabhan et.al 2003). maps of inundated areas and assessment of damages. Several studies connected with floods HISTORICAL OVERVIEW ON (areal extent, zonation, damages) have been FLOOD: Mongalkote block has been undertaken on the basis of Remote Sensing suffering from floods since time immemorial. Techniques (Jain and Sinha, 2003; Sankhua, et The evidence of flood in the form of yellowish al. 2005; Jain et al. 2005; Prasad, et al. 2006).

APPLICATION OF RS & GIS IN FLOOD MANAGEMENT A CASE STUDY OF MONGALKOTE BLOCKS, BURDWAN, WEST BENGAL, INDIA: Bera, et. al (2012), www.ijsrp.org International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 11, November 2012 ISSN 2250-3153 Page - 2 - of 9 and whitish sandy silt layer has been traced ABOUT STUDY AREA: even in the river astride archeological sites that dates back to more than two millennium B. C. 1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Ajoy river was navigable for those years and Mongalkote block is the severe flood had great commercial significance some affected area of Burdwan district of West thousand years back. Many villages along the Bengal in Eastern India. Mongalkote block river were once important trading centers. But lies between 23°30′51″N to 23°40′37″N these settlements have lost their significance latitude & 87°53′28″E to 88°49′12″E due to the changing of the river regime. During 18th and 19th century normal flood had occurred longitude. It extends over 364.90 sq km which resulted the formation of floodplain as area and has a population, according to the there was no embankment in those days. A census of 2001; of 233,944 persons with the huge volume of water was flowing through the density of 641/sq km.The entire block has river of sufficient depth. During British period been divided in 15 gram panchayets under th in 19 century recorded major floods were in which there are 164 villages. The block 1867, 1877, 1885 & 1896. After that unusual office situated at Nutanhat, mouza- high flood occurred in 1913, 1914 causing serious loss of life and property, damage to Nutanhat, and J.L. No.-59. The study area standing crops, seeds and houses. The major has mainly affected by two rivers Ajoy & recorded flood years are 1956, 1959, 1970, Kunur River. 1971, 1973, 1978, 1984, 1995, 1999, 2000 and 2007(Mukhopadhyay, 2010).

AIM: Analysis and management of the flood.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY: This study contains the following objectives: 1. To identify the flood zone and to find the flood intensity, periodicity, seasonality and its spatio-temporal variations. 2. To delineate the major flood risk prone areas through vulnerability analysis. 3. Flood damage assessment to find an overview on the scale of effect of the flood. 4. To propose a suitable real time action plan to mitigate and control the disaster. 5. The objective of flood hazard analysis and its management is to highlight the past and present scenario. 6. The preparedness condition, flood loss prevention & determine current status of evacuation routes.

D. DRAINAGE: The figure (Fig: 4) A. GEOLOGICAL showing the Mongalkote block has a good CONDITION: Mongalkote block has network of drainage system. The Ajoy river situated at lower Ajoy basin. Below this situated in figure (Fig. 2) showing the general geology this study of litho-logical structure of the Mongalkote area at the block. The whole study area is based on north Older Alluvium type geology. most portions, it is also B. SLOPE: Mongalkote block have the border situated in the lower Ajoy & Kunur river of basin. The study area is highly flood plain Mongalko Fig: 4 and low elevation region. The figure (Fig: 2) te block showing the study areas slope condition. The and Burdwan district also. And the Kunur increasingly river is coming from south-west direction high values and go to north direction to join with Ajoy indicate the river. In the upper catchment region of the increasing W.B. Hinglo river join with Ajoy river from high slope and the left side with huge amount of water in low value the monsoon time. In this study area it has indicate low very low gentle slope, so in this region more slope deposition of sand, silt etc are gathering day to day, due to the fact that this portion of Fig: 2 condition of the study area. Ajoy river has very low runoff at the monsoon time. That is why Ajoy River C. SOIL CONDITION: Different types characterized of heavy flood discharge of soil are encountered in different within a very short span of time particularly topographical biological and hydrological as in the monsoon period. There are many well as geological condition within the Damodar Branch Canals are fulfill of water block. This block can be divided by 3 soil in monsoon time and occurring flood groups (Fig: 3) at the South-West portion of discharge a very short span of time. These this block here Lateritic Ultisols formed. The rivers and canals are most important for middle region is formed of Alfisols Older agriculture purpose. Alluvium & the East portion of this block is formed of E. CLIMATE CONDITION: The Entisols block experiences a climate which is

Younger Month Wise Average Temperature In 2006-2010 35 Alluvium soil. Average Temperature Alluvial soil 30 in 2006 Average attains an 25 Temperature in 2007 20 enormous Average Temperature thickness in 15 in 2008 Average the low level 10 Temperature in 2009 5 Fig: 3 plains to the Average Temperature in Degree Centigrade Temperature East. This 0 in 2010

Alluvial soil is formed of Alluvium brought April May June July March August January October February down by the Ajoy River. September NovemberDecember Fig: 5 ------Month------

APPLICATION OF RS & GIS IN FLOOD MANAGEMENT A CASE STUDY OF MONGALKOTE BLOCKS, BURDWAN, WEST BENGAL, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 11, November 2012 ISSN 2250-3153 Page - 4 - of 9 transitional between CWg3 and AW1 types, highway (North to South), which comming where ‘C’ stands for ‘warm temperate rainy from north then crossed through Nutanhat climate with mild winter’, ‘W’ stands for and connected with Burdwan. Gushkara- ‘dry winter not compensated for by total rain Nutanhat-Katwa metaled road join the East in the rest of the year’, ‘g3’ stands for ‘eastern Ganges type of temperature trend’ to West part of this block. Also a PWD road and ‘AW1’ for ‘tropical savanna climates’. As the Tropic of Cancer has just passed through below this block the climate condition is ‘hot & humid’. Generally, the summer continues during April, May and June and sees frequent thunder storm with rain at afternoon due to locally created low pressure on the Bay of Bengal. Average temperature in summer season is 33°C. The monsoon enters this block at the end of June.

Month Wise Total Rainfall Of Mongalkote Block In 2002-2011 700 JANUARY Fig: 7 600 FEBRUARY MARCH 500 APRIL is also present here to connect the East-West MAY 400 JUNE region. In this block there are several other 300 JULY AUGUST roads are also present such as unmetalled 200 ------Rainfall In mm.------SEPTEMBER roads, tracks, Pradhan Mantri Gram sadak 100 OCTOBER NOVEMBER 0 Yojana roads etc. which are well distributed DECEMBER 2002(Rainfall 2004(Rainfall 2006(Rainfall 2008(Rainfall 2010(Rainfall in mm.) in mm.) in mm.) in mm.) in mm.) in overall block. A railway line (Katwa------YEAR------Fig: 6 Burdwan) is crossed through the Eastern About 90% of total rainfall occurs during region of this block. The major June to October. The average annual rainfall communication system of Mongalkote block of Mongalkote block is 1300mm. The winter is affected by several floods in monsoon is short starting from end of November to mid February. The average temperature in time. winter season is 15°C. Usually, there is no rain during winter. DATA USED & SOURCE: The figure 05 shows the average temperature of the study area in different year (2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 & 2010). It shows the variation of temperature in different month DATA USED DATA SOURCE of the year. Satellite image (Landsat www.glcf.umaic.edu. ETM+, TM, LISS-III), F. COMMUNICATION SYSTEM: SRTM image. Road communication system of Mongalkote Geology, Climate, Deferent GOVT. office. Groundwater, Soil map. block is well distributed in all direction. Rainfall data, Population Mongalkote block office, Through Nutanhat (block office) different data, Flood time and local people. direction route is connected, such as Katwa- photographs & other information at the flood Nutanhat-Gushkara, Bolpur-Nutanhat- time. Burdwan, Asansol-Nutanhat-Katwa, Google earth image. Geo Eye Berhampore-Nutanhat-Burdwan-Arambag, 1. ERDAS IMAGINE etc. Beside the figure (Fig: 7) showing in this SOFTWARE USED 9.2, 2. ARC GIS 9.2,

block middle portion are situated of state 3. PCI Geomatica-9.1

APPLICATION OF RS & GIS IN FLOOD MANAGEMENT A CASE STUDY OF MONGALKOTE BLOCKS, BURDWAN, WEST BENGAL, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 11, November 2012 ISSN 2250-3153 Page - 5 - of 9 RESULT AND DISCUSSION: Mongalkote Mongalkote block is a severe flood Jhiloo-I Padimpur, Baragar, Jhiloo prone area. In July to October monsoon time Simulia-II Ichhabatagram, Palishgram every year flood affected major portion in Majhigram  Keotsa, Maliara, Chakulia, this area. Kowarpur, Bonpara, This study Joykrishnapur, area have 15 Ichhapur, gram Sanri, Majhigram, Kankora, panchayat, Bakulia, Madpur, Aymapara 132 mouzas Bhallugram Kherua, Dhanyarukhi, Atkula, and 164 villages. In Brahmapur. Fig: 8 this area 9 gram Data Source: Irrigation and Waterways Directorate, Mayurakshi South Canal panchayats and near about 57 mouzas are Division, Govt. of West Bengal. highly flood affected. Due to flooding in the area by Ajoy and Kunur river water spills The correlation graph (Fig: 9) have shown a over and the other causes are narrow river positive relation between the flood height of channel, over sedimentation of channel, low the gauge station and the flood affected run-off, heavy rainfall and very low elevation of this area. The flood intensity map of Mongalkote block shows in figure 8.

VULNERABLE AREAS: G.P Name of Village Paligram Majhikhara, Paligram, Paschim Nabagram , Taldanga, Bargram, Kanthalbagan, Narayanpur. Chanak Mollickpur, Sarulia, Sarangapur, Chakparag, Ujirpur, Baruipara, Fig: 9 Mahisgoria, Jalpara Gothistha Nowpara, Radhanagar, Sukhpukur, Aougram, Chandra areas. The R2 value is 0.496 at Nutanhat, Paschim, Gopalpur, Vinvina, which indicates moderately significant Pilsoa, Gothistha, Kasemnagar, relationship. Dirghasoa, Bamunara Lakhuria Jhilera, Kotalghosh, Atghara, As a rain Sagira, Kurgram, Kogram, Monthly Flood Variation: fed river the discharges of the Ajoy increases Lakhuria, Refugee Colony, from the month of June due to huge Sitahati, Mollickpur, Monsoonal rain and it generally lasts up to Monoharpur, Khatiar. the month of September and then falls down. Mongalkote Puratanhat, Aral, Deulia, All the highest flood level of each flood year Jaharpur, Kamalpur, Nutanhat, is recorded in the month September. The flood flow from June to September has been

APPLICATION OF RS & GIS IN FLOOD MANAGEMENT A CASE STUDY OF MONGALKOTE BLOCKS, BURDWAN, WEST BENGAL, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 11, November 2012 ISSN 2250-3153 Page - 6 - of 9 increased steadily but the sharp rising trend any ground knowledge. And in compare with the is noticed from the month of August to September in the noted flood year i.e. 1970, 1978, 1995, 1999, 2000, and 2007.

Extreme Danger Level: 20.19mt. Danger Level: 19.19mt.

Flood Water Level Of Different Year At Nutanhat Gauge Station

23.5

22.5

21.5

20.5

water 19.5level in m t.

19 18.5 Fig: 12 18 1 ------year------Fig: 10 year 1956 year 1959 year 1970 year 1971 year 1973 year 1978 year 1984 year 1995 year 1999 year 2000 actual flood affected area some places will be year 2006 year2007 plus or minus. So flood inundated area mapping using GIS is so much appropriate The figure 11 shows the flood affected and (Mukhopadhyay and Mukherjee, 2005). non flood affected mouza of the study area in the year of 2000, which was one of the most The figure 13 shows the flood preparedness vulnerable floods in this block. This block was facilities of this block. It shows the various road very much suffered by this flood, thousands of communication, rescue centers, hospitals, and helipad sites of this block. This flood preparedness map will help the flood inundated people to go to the rescue centers & safe themselves. There are showing the hospitals for flood injured people, & helipad sites where helicopters may land for food, Tripal (Plastic paper), medicine etc to distribute.

Fig: 11

people was loss their house, cattle, crops etc, and was suffered from lack of drinking water, economic imbalance, transport problem etc.

The figure 12 is prepared in GIS field to determine the flood hazard region just using by Arc GIS-3.2 software. From this software 2 km. Fig: 13 buffer zone is created for both Ajoy & Kunur river, to show the flood inundated area without

APPLICATION OF RS & GIS IN FLOOD MANAGEMENT A CASE STUDY OF MONGALKOTE BLOCKS, BURDWAN, WEST BENGAL, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 11, November 2012 ISSN 2250-3153 Page - 7 - of 9 The figure (Fig: 14) showing the flood inundated CAUSES OF FLOOD: areas road (when flood height is near about 23mt. at Nutanhat gauge station), which are 1. The short period massive rainfall. affected. So, communication system is most 2. Decrease of river width and the affected and detaches from one place to another synchronization of water between Ajoy river. place, and creates a problem to rescue people in 3. Massive downpour, sudden release of flood inundated area of Mongalkote block. water from upper catchment river’s barrage (like Hinglo) became a cause of devastative floods. 4. Upstream widths is more than the down stream widths So such saucer shape river course is predominantly convicted for the slow water movement and inundation in the study area.

PROCESS OF FLOOD LEVEL REDUCTION: 1. Stream channelization: A close network of canals mitigates flood problem to Fig: 14 a great extent as flood water flowing in the river can be distributed to different canals. Canal work as temporary reservoir & contains

the flood water which moves downward. In The figure(Fig: 15) showing the evacuation this way it helps mitigating the effect of route at the time of flood (when flood level is flood. near about 20.5mt. at Nutanhat gauge station) and directed of going to safe place(rescue 2. Channel enhancement: One of centers) from flood inundated area and this route help to rescue, rehabilitee and food the main causes of floods in lower Ajoy & supply for flood affected people by Kunur river basin is gradually narrow river government and non-government organization. channel. So, channel improvement will be the most important processes to mitigate the flood. It is done by deepening, widening and cleaning out of vegetation and debris from the river channel these change in the river channel increase the flood conveyance capacity of the river. Channel improvement is supplemented by bank stabilization by constructing ripraps, planting deep root trees on embankment. Meandering Ajoy river became obstacle for drainage & disposal of flood water. The meanders of the river can be straightened by artificially cutting individual or a series of bends. Fig: 15

APPLICATION OF RS & GIS IN FLOOD MANAGEMENT A CASE STUDY OF MONGALKOTE BLOCKS, BURDWAN, WEST BENGAL, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 11, November 2012 ISSN 2250-3153 Page - 8 - of 9 CONCLUSION: using GIS and the www. Computers, Environ. Urban Sys. 27: pp 9-32. From the study the following conclusions Bapalu, and Sinha, (2005), GIS in Flood can be made: Hazard Mapping: A Case Study of Kosi  Mongalkote block is affected by River Basin, India, GIS Development, flood almost every year. In this area nine available online gram panchayets and near about fifty seven http://www.gisdevelopment.net. mouza are highly flood affected. Chakraborty. A Suffering with the River:  Structural measures are very Floods, Social Transition and Local expensive and time-consuming policies. So communities in the Ajoy River Basin in new solutions may increasingly acknowledge West Bengal, India. Ritsumeikan Asia the indigenous, traditional and innovative Pacific University available online strategies to cope with floods, like flood http://www.google.co.in. tolerant houses and crops. Jain, et. al (2005), Delineation of Flood-  Also, non-structural measures, such as, a network of advance warning system, Prone areas Using Remote Sensing co-ordinate post-flood activities are Techniques: Water Resources absolutely necessary for minimizing the Management, v. 19, p. 333-347. losses due to floods. Side-by-side people’s Jain and Sinha, (2003), participation on regional co-operation basis Geomorphological manifestations of the for mitigating flood hazards in Mongalkote flood hazard: A Remote Sensing based block will certainly minimize the problems. approach: Geocarto International, V.18,  Remote Sensing and GIS is ideally p. 51-60. suited for various floodplain analysis and Mukhopadhyay and Mukherjee (2005), management. Extensive use of these Hydrological Characteristics of Flood: A technologies have great prospect in creating Study in the Lower Ajoy river. River long-term database on flood proneness and Floods: A Socio Technical Approach. relief management. ACB Publication. PP 51-58.  This study shows a simple and cost Mukhopadhyay, S. (2010), A Geo- effective way to use remote sensing & Environmental Assessment of Flood geographical information system for creating Dynamics in Lower Ajoy River Inducing flood management plan from the available Sandsplay Problem in Eastern India. data base. It is acknowledged that accuracy Ethiopian Journal of Environmental of the key information, past records of Studies and Management Vol. 3 No. 2. flooding, depends upon the scale of the map pp 96-110. that represents them. Although flooding is a Prasad, et. al (2006). Potentiality of natural phenomenon we cannot completely Multi-Sensor Satellite data in mapping stop it but we can minimize its adverse Flood Hazard: Photonirvachack, v. 34, p. effects by better planning & management 219-231. system. Quarantelli, E. (1991) Some aspects of disaster planning in developing countries, in disaster management and BIBLIOGRAPHY: regional development planning with Al-Sabhan et.al (2003). A real-time people’s participation, Vol. II, United hydrological model for flood prediction

erosion activities in Majuli, the world’s Second Author – Moumita Pal, Department largest river island: International Journal of Remote Sensing & GIS, Vidyasagar of Remote Sensing, v. 26, p. 4445-4454. University& GIS, Vidyasagar University. Sanyal, and Lu (2003), Application of GIS in Flood Hazard Mapping: A case Third Author – Dr. Jatisankar Bandyopadhyay, Department of Remote study of Gangetic West Bengal, India: Sensing & GIS, Vidyasagar University& Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography GIS, Vidyasagar University. 27(2006) p 207–220.

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APPLICATION OF RS & GIS IN FLOOD MANAGEMENT A CASE STUDY OF MONGALKOTE BLOCKS, BURDWAN, WEST BENGAL, INDIA: Bera, et. al (2012), www.ijsrp.org