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Boreal Toad Research Report 1995-1997

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Boreal Toad Research Report 1995-1997 Colorado Division of Wildlife Boreal Toad Research Progress Report 1995-1997 Mark S. Jones John P. Goettl Kirsta L. Scherff-Norris Steve Brinkman Lauren J. Livo Anna M. Goebel April 1998 CONTENTS Preface 1 REINTRODUCTION OF VARIOUS YEAR CLASSES OF BOREAL TOADS TO LOST LAKE, BOULDER COUNTY, COLORADO by Kirsta Scherff-Norris 2 INTRODUCTION 2 Background 2 Site Description 3 Reintroduction Guidelines 3 METHODS 4 RESULTS 8 DISCUSSION 13 CONCLUSIONS 16 REFERENCES 17 HENDERSON/URAD BOREAL TOAD STUDIES by Mark S. Jones and John P. Goettl 21 SITE DESCRIPTION AND BACKGROUND 21 MATERIALS AND METHODS 23 RESULTS 25 Breeding Site Monitoring: 1995 and 1996 25 Breeding Site Monitoring: 1997 25 Habitat Use and Movement 26 Hibernation Sites and Temperatures 29 Breeding Site Population Estimates 30 Site Fidelity 31 DISCUSSION 32 REFERENCES 35 APPENDIX 1 36 APPENDIX 2 51 APPENDIX 3 78 BOREAL TOAD TOXICOLOGY STUDIES by Steve Brinkman 83 TOXICITY OF CADMIUM TO BOREAL TOAD TADPOLES 83 INTRODUCTION 83 MATERIALS AND METHODS 83 RESULTS 84 DISCUSSION 85 TOXICITY OF COPPER TO BOREAL TOAD TADPOLES 96 INTRODUCTION 96 MATERIALS AND METHODS 96 RESULTS 97 DISCUSSION 101 TOXICITY OF MANGANESE TO BOREAL TOAD TADPOLES 105 INTRODUCTION 105 MATERIALS AND METHODS 105 RESULTS 107 DISCUSSION 107 TOXICITY OF ZINC TO BOREAL TOAD TADPOLES 110 INTRODUCTION 110 MATERIALS AND METHODS 110 RESULTS 111 J DISCUSSION 111 REFERENCES 114 INVESTIGATIONS OF BOREAL TOAD TADPOLE ECOLOGY by Lauren J. Livo 115 BOREAL TOAD TADPOLE PREDATORS 115 INTRODUCTION 115 MATERIALS AND METHODS 115 J RESULTS 117 DISCUSSION 117 TADPOLE COLOR VARIATION 119 INTRODUCTION 119 MATERIALS AND METHODS 119 RESULTS 120 J DISCUSSION 120 TADPOLE DENSITY EFFECTS 123 INTRODUCTION 123 MATERIALS AND METHODS 124 RESULTS 124 DISCUSSION 127 3 POST-METAMORPHIC AGGREGATIONS 128 INTRODUCTION 128 METHODS 128 3 RESULTS 129 DISCUSSION 133 FLUCTUATING ASYMMETRY 134 J INTRODUCTION 134 METHODS 135 RESULTS 136 DISCUSSION 142 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 143 REFERENCES 144 MOLECULAR GENETIC ANALYSES OF THE ENDANGERED BOREAL TOAD IN COLORADO AND SOUTHEAST WYOMING by Anna M. Goebel 147 INTRODUCTION 147 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 153 RESULTS 156 DISCUSSION 159 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 163 REFERENCES 163 Appendix 1 167 Preface The Boreal Toad Recovery Team was first convened in 1994 by John Goettl in an attempt to give direction to a multitude of independent efforts aimed at boreal toad research and recovery. Goettl pulled together a group which was made up of every "expert" he could find on boreal toad biology as well as representatives of interested state and federal agencies. The culmination of recovery team efforts are summarized in the Boreal Toad Recovery Plan (Goettl [mil and the Boreal Toad Recovery Team 1997). The Boreal Toad Recovery Team is currently coordinated by Chuck Loeffler of the Colorado Division of Wildlife Aquatic Section. John Goettl conducted field research on various aspects of boreal toad ecology until his retirement in January 1997. In addition, he initiated multiple contracts (MOU's) to leverage his time and the available resources to learn as much as possible as quickly as possible in the face of the severe boreal toad population declines which had been reported. This report represents an attempt to consolidate boreal toad research sponsored by the Colorado Division of Wildlife from 1995 to 1997 into a single document to make this information available to members of the Boreal Toad Recovery Team and other interested parties. The various sections of this report cover preliminary results of : Research conducted under a Colorado Division of Wildlife (CDOW) MOU with Colorado State University on the experimental reintroduction of boreal toads to Lost Lake, Boulder County. This work is being conducted by Kirsta Scherff-Norris, a graduate student at CSU. • Research conducted by the CDOW on habitat use, movements, and general life history aspects of boreal toads at the Climax Molybdenum Company mine near Empire, Colorado. John Goettl (before 1/97) and Mark Jones are the principal investigators. Research conducted by the CDOW on the toxicity of various metals to boreal toads. Steve Brinkman is the principal investigator. Research conducted by the CDOW on boreal toad tadpole ecology. The principal investigator is Lauren J. Livo. Research conducted under a CDOW MOU with the University of Colorado at Boulder on the molecular genetic determination of management units within the Southern Rocky Mountain population of boreal toads. The principal investigator is Anna M. Goebel. Funding for boreal toad research and recovery efforts in Colorado have been provided by Great Outdoors Colorado. REINTRODUCTION OF VARIOUS YEAR CLASSES OF BOREAL TOADS TO LOST LAKE, BOULDER COUNTY, COLORADO Note: One of the research needs originally identified by the Boreal Toad Recovery Team was to conduct research related to reintroduction actions which includes determining rearing and propagation techniques and conducting experimental reintroduction. Reintroduction and captive propagation and rearing may be a vitally important technique in the future management of the boreal toad. Therefore, it was essential that the methods for reintroduction, propagation, and rearing be investigated and well-defined. Research on the captive propagation and breeding of boreal toads was conducted during 1995 and 1996 and has been previously reported (Scherff-Norris 1997). INTRODUCTION Amphibians appear to be declining worldwide (Blaustein et al. 1994, Pounds and Crump 1994, Beebee 1992, Griffiths and Beebee 1992, Wake 1991, Blaustein and Wake 1990), and more species in the Bufonidae family are in peril than in any other anuran family (Johnson 1992). In Colorado, the boreal toad, Bufo boreas boreas, is state-listed as "endangered" (Buhlmann 1994) and federally-listed as "warranted but precluded" (USFWS 1995). The endangered status in Colorado is defined as "any species of native wildlife whose prospects for survival or recruitment within the state are in immediate jeopardy" (CDOW 1985). The dramatic declines in boreal toad populations over the last 25 years that led the Colorado Division of Wildlife (CDOW) to list this species also prompted it to establish the Boreal Toad Recovery Team. One of the research needs identified by the Boreal Toad Recovery Team was experimental reintroduction (Goettl, ed. and the Boreal Toad Recovery Team 1997). Reintroductions of declining species are quickly becoming an important tool of conservation biology and wildlife management (Armstrong et al. 1994, ANZECC 1994, Bridgewater and Walton 1994, Johnson 1992, Chivers 1991, Reading et al. 1991, Stuart 1991, Mlot 1989). For example, in its indigenous fauna and flora transfer guidelines, the New Zealand Department of Conservation says that despite previous unsuccessful attempts, transfer of animals is a valuable technique that will continue to be used in the future (NZDC 1994). Factors affecting the success of reintroductions are poorly known (Armstrong et al. 1995, Griffith et al. 1989, Scott and Carpenter 1987), and because reintroduction may be a vitally important technique in future management of the boreal toad, it is essential that reintroduction methods be investigated and well-evaluated. This study addresses this issue with an experimental reintroduction of various ages of boreal toads raised by different husbandry methods. This reintroduction was experimental as defined by Lindburg (1992) because it was geared toward developing expertise to be used if/when the wild population of boreal toads reaches a crisis stage. Toads were reintroduced in the summers of 1996 and 1997 and an area surrounding the reintroduction site was intensively monitored 6/97-8/97. The primary goal of this study was to determine whether various year classes of reintroduced boreal toads had different survival probabilities. This information would aid in determining the most efficient method for toad reintroductions to establish three self-sustaining populations in all mountain ranges of the toad's historic distribution, as outlined in the Boreal Toad Recovery Plan (Goettl, ed. and the Boreal Toad Recovery Team 1997). Additionally, I wanted to determine whether the different groups of toads showed relative preferences for different substrates. This could lead to a better understanding of habitat requirements of boreal toads. Finally, because toads were marked by toe clipping, I wanted to evaluate the effect of this common marking technique. Background Lost Lake was surveyed for boreal toads in years prior to reintroduction. Museum records report boreal toads at Lost Lake in 1960 and 1961 (Corn et al. 1989). Breeding was observed in 1987 (2 visits) and 1988 (3 visits), with 3 egg strands reported in 1988 (Corn et al. 1989). The last year that breeding was 2 reported was 1991 or 1992 (A. Goebel in Livo 1995) and the lake was thought to be devoid of a breeding population of toads. No toads or tadpoles were found in 1993 (A. Goebel and L. Livo in Livo 1995). No toads were found in four 1994 surveys (Livo 1995) or in a 1995 survey (M. Gasaway, pers. comm.) In 1996, one adult female was found on 5/30 and again on 7/2 (L. Livo, pers. comm.). A 7/25/96 survey found no toads (L. Livo, pers. comm.). Site Description The reintroduction site was Lost Lake, Boulder Co., Colorado, at 2,987m elevation. It is 1 km north of Bryan Mountain, Boulder County, Township 1 South, Range 74 West, Northeast Quarter, Section 24, USGS Quad: Nederland. Lost Lake is a high mountain lake in the Roosevelt National Forest. There is an active beaver at the lake, and the lake is heavily used for recreational fishing and hiking. No amphibians other than boreal toads were observed at Lost Lake during this study. Reintroduction Guidelines There are many guidelines evolving that outline necessary steps prior to, during, and following, reintroductions. Beebee (1996) listed several criteria as necessary for an amphibian reintroduction to proceed. This reintroduction met Beebee's criteria that habitat requirements be understood, the reintroduction site be suitable, and donor population be as near, geographically, as possible, to the reintroduction site, given current scientific knowledge.
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