DOCSLIB.ORG

CCAC Guidelines: Amphibians Date of Publication: August 2021

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
CCAC Guidelines: Amphibians Date of Publication: August 2021 CCAC Canadian Council on Animal Care CCPA Conseil canadien de protection des animaux CCAC guidelines: Amphibians Date of Publication: August 2021 © Canadian Council on Animal Care, 2021 ISBN: 978-0-919087-91-0 190 O’Connor St., Suite 800 Ottawa, Ontario, K2P 2R3 http://www.ccac.ca ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC) Board of Directors is grateful for the expertise contributed by the members of the CCAC Subcommittee on Amphibians and for their engagement throughout the guidelines development process. In addition, the Board is grateful to all those who provided critical input during the two review periods. We would also like to acknowledge the contributions of both the CCAC Standards Committee and the CCAC Assessment and Certification Committee members, who provided important guidance to the subcommittee. Finally, we would like to thank the CCAC Secretariat project team for its excellent work throughout this process. The CCAC also acknowledges its funders, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. The CCAC could not continue to deliver on its current mandate without their support. Dr. Chris Kennedy Mr. Pierre Verreault Chair, CCAC Board of Directors CCAC Executive Director CCAC AMPHIBIANS SUBCOMMITTEE Dr. Frédéric Chatigny (Chair) Mr. Jason Allen, Trent University Dr. Anne-Marie Catudal, Université Laval Dr. Winnie Chan, Mass General Brigham Mr. Dan Fryer, Greater Moncton SPCA Dr. Valérie Langlois, Institut national de la recherche scientifique Dr. Hillary Maddin, Carleton University Dr. Stéphane Roy, Université de Montréal Ms. Alison Weller, Canadian Food Inspection Agency Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE.........................................................................................................................1 SUMMARY OF THE GUIDELINES LISTED IN THIS DOCUMENT .................................2 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................6 1.1 Behavioural Biology .................................................................................................................. 8 1.2 Senses .......................................................................................................................................... 8 1.3 Anatomy and Physiology ......................................................................................................... 9 1.4 Sources of Variation ................................................................................................................ 10 1.4.1 Strain .......................................................................................................................... 10 1.4.2 Developmental Stage ................................................................................................ 10 1.4.3 Individual Differences – Sex and Health Status ................................................... 10 1.4.4 Effects of the Environment and Previous Experience ......................................... 11 2. FACILITIES ..............................................................................................................13 2.1 Animal Rooms and Procedure Rooms ................................................................................. 13 2.1.1 Water Supply ............................................................................................................. 14 2.2 Animal Enclosures in the Laboratory .................................................................................. 14 2.2.1 Spatial Requirements ............................................................................................... 15 2.2.2 Enclosure Design ...................................................................................................... 17 2.2.3 Water System ............................................................................................................. 17 2.2.4 Substrate .................................................................................................................... 17 2.2.5 Furnishings ................................................................................................................ 18 3. FACILITY MANAGEMENT AND PERSONNEL ......................................................19 3.1 Managing the Environment ................................................................................................... 19 3.1.1 Lighting ...................................................................................................................... 19 3.1.2 Temperature and Relative Humidity ...................................................................... 20 3.1.3 Air and Water Quality .............................................................................................. 23 3.1.4 Sound and Vibration ................................................................................................ 24 3.2 Pest and Vermin Control ...................................................................................................... 25 3.3 Personnel .................................................................................................................................. 25 4. PROCUREMENT .....................................................................................................27 4.1 Source ....................................................................................................................................... 27 4.2 Regulations .............................................................................................................................. 27 4.3 Pre-Shipment Procedures ...................................................................................................... 28 CCAC guidelines: Amphibians i Table of Contents 4.4 Transportation ......................................................................................................................... 28 4.4.1 Xenopus ...................................................................................................................... 30 4.4.2 Larvae ......................................................................................................................... 30 4.5 Receiving Animals .................................................................................................................. 30 4.6 Quarantine and Acclimation After Receipt of Animals ..................................................... 31 4.6.1 Xenopus ...................................................................................................................... 32 4.6.2 Axolotls ..................................................................................................................... 32 5. BREEDING ..............................................................................................................33 5.1 Breeding Age and Condition ................................................................................................. 33 5.1.1 Xenopus ...................................................................................................................... 33 5.1.2 Axolotls ...................................................................................................................... 34 5.2 Considerations for Breeding Management .......................................................................... 34 5.2.1 Xenopus ...................................................................................................................... 34 5.2.2 Axolotls ...................................................................................................................... 34 5.3 Artificial Induction of Breeding ............................................................................................ 35 5.3.1 Xenopus ...................................................................................................................... 35 5.3.2 Axolotls ...................................................................................................................... 35 5.4 Eggs ........................................................................................................................................... 36 5.5 Care of Offspring ..................................................................................................................... 36 5.5.1 Xenopus ...................................................................................................................... 37 5.5.2 Axolotls ...................................................................................................................... 37 6. HUSBANDRY ..........................................................................................................39 6.1 Identification............................................................................................................................ 39 6.2 Animal Observation ............................................................................................................... 39 6.3 Housing Management ............................................................................................................ 39 6.3.1 Xenopus ..................................................................................................................... 39 6.3.2 Axolotls ...................................................................................................................... 40 6.4 Nutrition, Feeding, and Water..............................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • <I>Ichthyosaura Alpestris</I>
    Volume 26 (January 2016), 49–56 FULL PAPER Herpetological Journal Published by the British Provenance of Ichthyosaura alpestris (Caudata: Herpetological Society Salamandridae) introductions to France and New Zealand assessed by mitochondrial DNA analysis Jan W. Arntzen1, Tania M. King2, Mathieu Denoël3, Iñigo Martínez-Solano4,5 & Graham P. Wallis2 1Naturalis Biodiversity Center, PO Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands 2Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand 3Behavioural Biology Unit, Department of Biology, Ecology and Evolution, University of Liège, Quai van Beneden 22, 4020 Liège, Belgium 4CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, s/n 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal 5(present address) Ecology, Evolution, and Development Group, Department of Wetland Ecology, Doñana Biological Station, CSIC, c/ Americo Vespucio, s/n, 41092, Seville, Spain The last century has seen an unparalleled movement of species around the planet as a direct result of human activity, which has been a major contributor to the biodiversity crisis. Amphibians represent a particularly vulnerable group, exacerbated by the devastating effects of chytrid fungi. We report the malicious translocation and establishment of the alpine newt (Ichthyosaura alpestris) to its virtual antipode in North Island of New Zealand. We use network analysis of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes to identify the original source population as I. a. apuana from Tuscany, Italy. Additionally, a population in southern France, presumed to be introduced, is identified as I. a. alpestris from western Europe. However, the presence of two differentiated haplotypes suggests a mixed origin.
    [Show full text]
  • BOA2.1 Caecilian Biology and Natural History.Key
    The Biology of Amphibians @ Agnes Scott College Mark Mandica Executive Director The Amphibian Foundation [email protected] 678 379 TOAD (8623) 2.1: Introduction to Caecilians Microcaecilia dermatophaga Synapomorphies of Lissamphibia There are more than 20 synapomorphies (shared characters) uniting the group Lissamphibia Synapomorphies of Lissamphibia Integumen is Glandular Synapomorphies of Lissamphibia Glandular Skin, with 2 main types of glands. Mucous Glands Aid in cutaneous respiration, reproduction, thermoregulation and defense. Granular Glands Secrete toxic and/or noxious compounds and aid in defense Synapomorphies of Lissamphibia Pedicellate Teeth crown (dentine, with enamel covering) gum line suture (fibrous connective tissue, where tooth can break off) basal element (dentine) Synapomorphies of Lissamphibia Sacral Vertebrae Sacral Vertebrae Connects pelvic girdle to The spine. Amphibians have no more than one sacral vertebrae (caecilians have none) Synapomorphies of Lissamphibia Amphicoelus Vertebrae Synapomorphies of Lissamphibia Opercular apparatus Unique to amphibians and Operculum part of the sound conducting mechanism Synapomorphies of Lissamphibia Fat Bodies Surrounding Gonads Fat Bodies Insulate gonads Evolution of Amphibians † † † † Actinopterygian Coelacanth, Tetrapodomorpha †Amniota *Gerobatrachus (Ray-fin Fishes) Lungfish (stem-tetrapods) (Reptiles, Mammals)Lepospondyls † (’frogomander’) Eocaecilia GymnophionaKaraurus Caudata Triadobatrachus Anura (including Apoda Urodela Prosalirus †) Salientia Batrachia Lissamphibia
    [Show full text]
  • Stem Caecilian from the Triassic of Colorado Sheds Light on the Origins
    Stem caecilian from the Triassic of Colorado sheds light PNAS PLUS on the origins of Lissamphibia Jason D. Pardoa, Bryan J. Smallb, and Adam K. Huttenlockerc,1 aDepartment of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1; bMuseum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79415; and cDepartment of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089 Edited by Neil H. Shubin, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, and approved May 18, 2017 (received for review April 26, 2017) The origin of the limbless caecilians remains a lasting question in other early tetrapods; “-ophis” (Greek) meaning serpent. The vertebrate evolution. Molecular phylogenies and morphology species name honors paleontologist Farish Jenkins, whose work on support that caecilians are the sister taxon of batrachians (frogs the Jurassic Eocaecilia inspired the present study. and salamanders), from which they diverged no later than the early Permian. Although recent efforts have discovered new, early Holotype. Denver Museum of Nature & Science (DMNH) 56658, members of the batrachian lineage, the record of pre-Cretaceous partial skull with lower jaw and disarticulated postcrania (Fig. 1 caecilians is limited to a single species, Eocaecilia micropodia. The A–D). Discovered by B.J.S. in 1999 in the Upper Triassic Chinle position of Eocaecilia within tetrapod phylogeny is controversial, Formation (“red siltstone” member), Main Elk Creek locality, as it already acquired the specialized morphology that character- Garfield County, Colorado (DMNH loc. 1306). The tetrapod as- izes modern caecilians by the Jurassic. Here, we report on a small semblage is regarded as middle–late Norian in age (Revueltian land amphibian from the Upper Triassic of Colorado, United States, with vertebrate faunachron) (13).
    [Show full text]
  • Amphibiaweb's Illustrated Amphibians of the Earth
    AmphibiaWeb's Illustrated Amphibians of the Earth Created and Illustrated by the 2020-2021 AmphibiaWeb URAP Team: Alice Drozd, Arjun Mehta, Ash Reining, Kira Wiesinger, and Ann T. Chang This introduction to amphibians was written by University of California, Berkeley AmphibiaWeb Undergraduate Research Apprentices for people who love amphibians. Thank you to the many AmphibiaWeb apprentices over the last 21 years for their efforts. Edited by members of the AmphibiaWeb Steering Committee CC BY-NC-SA 2 Dedicated in loving memory of David B. Wake Founding Director of AmphibiaWeb (8 June 1936 - 29 April 2021) Dave Wake was a dedicated amphibian biologist who mentored and educated countless people. With the launch of AmphibiaWeb in 2000, Dave sought to bring the conservation science and basic fact-based biology of all amphibians to a single place where everyone could access the information freely. Until his last day, David remained a tirelessly dedicated scientist and ally of the amphibians of the world. 3 Table of Contents What are Amphibians? Their Characteristics ...................................................................................... 7 Orders of Amphibians.................................................................................... 7 Where are Amphibians? Where are Amphibians? ............................................................................... 9 What are Bioregions? ..................................................................................10 Conservation of Amphibians Why Save Amphibians? .............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Ecology of Ichthyophis Bombayensis (Gymnophiona : Amphibia) from Koyana Region, Maharashtra, India
    Biological Forum — An International Journal, 2(1): 14-17(2010) ISSN : 0975-1130 Ecology of Ichthyophis bombayensis (Gymnophiona : Amphibia) from Koyana region, Maharashtra, India B.V. Jadhav Department of Zoology, Balasaheb Desai College, Patan, Maharashtra INDIA ABSTRACT : The survey was conducted in Koyana region of northern Western Ghats of Maharashtra from June 2004 to October 2008. Western Ghats of India is well known biodiversity hotspot. Ichthyophis bombayensis was encountered in different habitats of Koyana region at altitude between 500 to 630 m above the sea level. We studied the rain fall, temperature of soil and air, pH of soil, altitude, latitude, longitude and different habitats, in which Ichthyophis inhabited and analyzed the soil samples of three spots and found that soil become red and porous due to rich iron content and exclusively become acidic. Keywords : Ichthyophis bombayensis, ecology, Western Ghats, Koyana, INTRODUCTION investigate here the new habitats and studied its related The order Gymnophiona includes limbless, girdle less ecological parameters of Ichthyophis bombayensis of and burrowing amphibians commonly called as caecilians. northern Western Ghats of Maharashtra from Koyana region. They are reported from several areas in Asia, Africa and South and Central America (Taylor 1968). India is suppose MATERIAL AND METHODS to be home of many caecilians, it includes four genera belong We conducted survey in Koyana region of Patan Tehsil from June 2004 to October 2008 as a part to the study of to three families. Caecilians have exclusively secretive and caecilians i.e., Ichthyophis. We randomly selected 20 spots burrowing life in soil for in search of food (Gundappa run parallel to Koyana River and Chiplun- Karad state et.
    [Show full text]
  • Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Ichthyophiidae) from Myanmar
    Zootaxa 3785 (1): 045–058 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2014 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3785.1.4 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:7EF35A95-5C75-4D16-8EE4-F84934A80C2A A new species of striped Ichthyophis Fitzinger, 1826 (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Ichthyophiidae) from Myanmar MARK WILKINSON1,5, BRONWEN PRESSWELL1,2, EMMA SHERRATT1,3, ANNA PAPADOPOULOU1,4 & DAVID J. GOWER1 1Department of Zoology!, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK 2Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin New Zealand 3Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford St., Cam- bridge, MA 02138, USA 4Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 41809, USA 5Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] ! Currently the Department of Life Sciences Abstract A new species of striped ichthyophiid caecilian, Ichthyophis multicolor sp. nov., is described on the basis of morpholog- ical and molecular data from a sample of 14 specimens from Ayeyarwady Region, Myanmar. The new species resembles superficially the Indian I. tricolor Annandale, 1909 in having both a pale lateral stripe and an adjacent dark ventrolateral stripe contrasting with a paler venter. It differs from I. tricolor in having many more annuli, and in many details of cranial osteology, and molecular data indicate that it is more closely related to other Southeast Asian Ichthyophis than to those of South Asia. The caecilian fauna of Myanmar is exceptionally poorly known but is likely to include chikilids as well as multiple species of Ichthyophis.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Section Introduction
    Re-introduction Practitioners Directory - 1998 RE-INTRODUCTION PRACTITIONERS DIRECTORY 1998 Compiled and Edited by Pritpal S. Soorae and Philip J. Seddon Re-introduction Practitioners Directory - 1998 © National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development, 1998 Printing and Publication details Legal Deposit no. 2218/9 ISBN: 9960-614-08-5 Re-introduction Practitioners Directory - 1998 Copies of this directory are available from: The Secretary General National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development Post Box 61681, Riyadh 11575 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Phone: +966-1-441-8700 Fax: +966-1-441-0797 Bibliographic Citation: Soorae, P. S. and Seddon, P. J. (Eds). 1998. Re-introduction Practitioners Directory. Published jointly by the IUCN Species Survival Commission’s Re-introduction Specialist Group, Nairobi, Kenya, and the National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 97pp. Cover Photo: Arabian Oryx Oryx leucoryx (NWRC Photo Library) Re-introduction Practitioners Directory - 1998 CONTENTS FOREWORD Professor Abdulaziz Abuzinadai PREFACE INTRODUCTION Dr Mark Stanley Price USING THE DIRECTORY ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS PART A. ANIMALS I MOLLUSCS 1. GASTROPODS 1.1 Cittarium pica Top Shell 1.2 Placostylus ambagiosus Flax Snail 1.3 Placostylus ambagiosus Land Snail 1.4 Partula suturalis 1.5 Partula taeniata 1.6 Partula tahieana 1.7 Partula tohiveana 2. BIVALVES 2.1 Freshwater Mussels 2.2 Tridacna gigas Giant Clam II ARTHROPODS 3. ORTHOPTERA 3.1 Deinacrida sp. Weta 3.2 Deinacrida rugosa/parva Cook’s Strait Giant Weta Re-introduction Practitioners Directory - 1998 3.3 Gryllus campestris Field Cricket 4. LEPIDOPTERA 4.1 Carterocephalus palaemon Chequered Skipper 4.2 Lycaena dispar batavus Large Copper 4.3 Lycaena helle 4.4 Lycaeides melissa 4.5 Papilio aristodemus ponoceanus Schaus Swallowtail 5.
    [Show full text]
  • 50 CFR Ch. I (10–1–20 Edition) § 16.14
    § 15.41 50 CFR Ch. I (10–1–20 Edition) Species Common name Serinus canaria ............................................................. Common Canary. 1 Note: Permits are still required for this species under part 17 of this chapter. (b) Non-captive-bred species. The list 16.14 Importation of live or dead amphib- in this paragraph includes species of ians or their eggs. non-captive-bred exotic birds and coun- 16.15 Importation of live reptiles or their tries for which importation into the eggs. United States is not prohibited by sec- Subpart C—Permits tion 15.11. The species are grouped tax- onomically by order, and may only be 16.22 Injurious wildlife permits. imported from the approved country, except as provided under a permit Subpart D—Additional Exemptions issued pursuant to subpart C of this 16.32 Importation by Federal agencies. part. 16.33 Importation of natural-history speci- [59 FR 62262, Dec. 2, 1994, as amended at 61 mens. FR 2093, Jan. 24, 1996; 82 FR 16540, Apr. 5, AUTHORITY: 18 U.S.C. 42. 2017] SOURCE: 39 FR 1169, Jan. 4, 1974, unless oth- erwise noted. Subpart E—Qualifying Facilities Breeding Exotic Birds in Captivity Subpart A—Introduction § 15.41 Criteria for including facilities as qualifying for imports. [Re- § 16.1 Purpose of regulations. served] The regulations contained in this part implement the Lacey Act (18 § 15.42 List of foreign qualifying breed- U.S.C. 42). ing facilities. [Reserved] § 16.2 Scope of regulations. Subpart F—List of Prohibited Spe- The provisions of this part are in ad- cies Not Listed in the Appen- dition to, and are not in lieu of, other dices to the Convention regulations of this subchapter B which may require a permit or prescribe addi- § 15.51 Criteria for including species tional restrictions or conditions for the and countries in the prohibited list.
    [Show full text]
  • Diet Composition, Body Condition and Sexual Size Dimorphism of the Common African
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.25.428067; this version posted January 25, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 Diet composition, body condition and sexual size dimorphism of the common African 2 toad (Amietophrynus regularis) in urban and agricultural landscape 3 Benjamin Yeboah Ofori*, John Bosu Mensah, Roger Sigismund Anderson and Daniel Korley 4 Attuquayefio 5 Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Legon 6 *Corresponding author; Email: [email protected] 7 8 9 Abstract 10 Land use and land cover change (LULCC) are major drivers of global biodiversity loss. The 11 conversion of natural habitats into human-modified landscapes poses novel and multifaceted 12 environmental stressors to organisms, influencing their ecology, physiology, life history and 13 fitness. Although the effects of LULCC have been studied extensively at the community level, 14 there is scant information about its effect on population and individual characteristics. We 15 assessed the diet composition, body condition, and sexual size dimorphism of the common 16 African toad (Amietophrynus regularis) in urban and agricultural landscape. Diet composition 17 was evaluated using gut content analysis, while body condition was measured using residual 18 mass index. Overall, 935 prey items comprising six classes, at least 18 orders and 31 families 19 were obtained from toads. This broad dietary niche suggested that Amietophrynus regularis is a 20 generalist predator.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to Theecological Systemsof Puerto Rico
    United States Department of Agriculture Guide to the Forest Service Ecological Systems International Institute of Tropical Forestry of Puerto Rico General Technical Report IITF-GTR-35 June 2009 Gary L. Miller and Ariel E. Lugo The Forest Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture is dedicated to the principle of multiple use management of the Nation’s forest resources for sustained yields of wood, water, forage, wildlife, and recreation. Through forestry research, cooperation with the States and private forest owners, and management of the National Forests and national grasslands, it strives—as directed by Congress—to provide increasingly greater service to a growing Nation. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD).To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W. Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Authors Gary L. Miller is a professor, University of North Carolina, Environmental Studies, One University Heights, Asheville, NC 28804-3299.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphological and Genetic Variations of Ingerophrynus Parvus (Boulenger, 1887) in Southern Thailand
    Morphological and Genetic Variations of Ingerophrynus parvus (Boulenger, 1887) in Southern Thailand Lalita Srion A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Zoology Prince of Songkla University 2018 Copyright of Prince of Songkla University i Morphological and Genetic Variations of Ingerophrynus parvus (Boulenger, 1887) in Southern Thailand Lalita Srion A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Zoology Prince of Songkla University 2018 Copyright of Prince of Songkla University ii Thesis Title Morphological and Genetic Variations of Ingerophrynus parvus (Boulenger, 1887) in Southern Thailand Author Miss Lalita Srion Major Program Zoology __________________________________________________________ Major Advisor Examining Committee : ..................................................... ........................................Chairperson (Dr. Sansareeya Wangkulangkul) (Dr. Singtoe Boonrotpong) ..........................................Committee (Dr. Sansareeya Wangkulangkul) Co-advisor ..........................................Committee (Asst. Prof. Dr. Anchalee Aowphol) ..................................................... (Asst. Prof. Dr. Anchalee Aowphol) ..........................................Committee (Asst. Prof. Dr. Wichase Khonsue) The Graduate School, Prince of Songkla University, has approved this thesis as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science Degree in Zoology .....................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Bio 209 Course Title: Chordates
    BIO 209 CHORDATES NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COURSE CODE: BIO 209 COURSE TITLE: CHORDATES 136 BIO 209 MODULE 4 MAIN COURSE CONTENTS PAGE MODULE 1 INTRODUCTION TO CHORDATES…. 1 Unit 1 General Characteristics of Chordates………… 1 Unit 2 Classification of Chordates…………………... 6 Unit 3 Hemichordata………………………………… 12 Unit 4 Urochordata………………………………….. 18 Unit 5 Cephalochordata……………………………... 26 MODULE 2 VERTEBRATE CHORDATES (I)……... 31 Unit 1 Vertebrata…………………………………….. 31 Unit 2 Gnathostomata……………………………….. 39 Unit 3 Amphibia…………………………………….. 45 Unit 4 Reptilia……………………………………….. 53 Unit 5 Aves (I)………………………………………. 66 Unit 6 Aves (II)……………………………………… 76 MODULE 3 VERTEBRATE CHORDATES (II)……. 90 Unit 1 Mammalia……………………………………. 90 Unit 2 Eutherians: Proboscidea, Sirenia, Carnivora… 100 Unit 3 Eutherians: Edentata, Artiodactyla, Cetacea… 108 Unit 4 Eutherians: Perissodactyla, Chiroptera, Insectivora…………………………………… 116 Unit 5 Eutherians: Rodentia, Lagomorpha, Primata… 124 MODULE 4 EVOLUTION, ADAPTIVE RADIATION AND ZOOGEOGRAPHY………………. 136 Unit 1 Evolution of Chordates……………………… 136 Unit 2 Adaptive Radiation of Chordates……………. 144 Unit 3 Zoogeography of the Nearctic and Neotropical Regions………………………………………. 149 Unit 4 Zoogeography of the Palaearctic and Afrotropical Regions………………………………………. 155 Unit 5 Zoogeography of the Oriental and Australasian Regions………………………………………. 160 137 BIO 209 CHORDATES COURSE GUIDE BIO 209 CHORDATES Course Team Prof. Ishaya H. Nock (Course Developer/Writer) - ABU, Zaria Prof. T. O. L. Aken’Ova (Course
    [Show full text]