Alien Plant Invasions in Native Ecosystems of Hawai'i: Management and Research

Edited by Charles P. Stone, Clifford W. Smith, and J. Timothy Tunison

University of Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit 3190 Made Way ' , Hawai'i O 1992 Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit University of Hawaii, Manoa All Rights Reserved

Support for publication was provided by the National Park Service and Hawaii Natural History Association

Cover illustration by Dietrich Varez; used with permission Camera-ready copy was prepared by the editors

Manufacture of this book was through the production services of University of Hawaii Press

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences/-permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Alien plant invasions in native ecosystems of Hawai'i : management and research / edited by Charles P. Stone, Clifford W. Smith, and J. Timothy Tunison. P. cm. Papers from a symposium organized by the National Park Service and the Cooperative National Resources Unit at the University of Hawaii, which was held in conjunction with the Sixth Conference in Natural Sciences at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park in 1986. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8248-1474-6 1. Alien plants--Hawaii--Congresses. 2. Alien plants--Control- -Hawaii--Congresses. 3. Plant invasions--Hawaii--Congresses. 4. Alien plants--Hawaii--Ecology--Congresses. 5. Plant introduction--Hawaii--Congresses. I. Stone, Charles P. 11. Smith, Clifford W., 1938- . 111. Tunison, J. Timothy, 1948- . IV. Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, Hawaii. SB612H3A56 1993 639.9'9'09969--dc20 92-25041 CIP

Distributed by University of Hawaii Press Honolulu, Hawaii %822 CONTENTS

Preface Acknowledgments Explanatory Notes Authors PERSPECTIVES An Overview of Problems with Introduced Plant Speeies in National Parks and Biosphere Reserves of the United States Lloyd L. Loope Effects of Alien Plants on Native Ecosystems Peter M. Vitousek Characteiistics of Invading Plant Species Richard N. Mack Alien Plant Management in Everglades National Park: An Historical Perspective Anne Marie LaRosa, Robert F. Doren, and Lance Gunderson Alien Plants at Channel Islands National Park William L. Halvorson

STATUS AND DISTRIBUTION OF SOME IMPORTANT ALIEN PLANTS IN HAWAIcI Origin and Distribution of Adventive Alien Flowering Plants in Hawai'i Lyndon Wester Distribution of Six Alien Plant Species in Upland Habitats on the Island of Hawai'i James D. Jacobi and Fredrick R Warshauer Alien Plants on the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Derral R Herbst and WmenL. Wagner Firetree (Myricafaya) Distribution in Hawai'i Louis D. Whiteaker and Donald E. Gardner Distribution, Status, Phenology, Rate of Spread, and Management of Clidemia in Hawai'i Clifford W: Smith Contents

Mullein (Verbascum thapsus): the Spread and Adaptation of a Temperate Weed in the Montane Tropics James 0. Juvik and Sonia P. Juvik The Status of Banana Poka in Hawai'i Anne Marie LaRosa Distribution and Spread of Alien Plants in Kipahulu Valley, Haleakala National Park, above 2,300 ft Elevation Stephen J. Anderson, Charles P. Stone, and Paul K Higashino

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CONTROL Herbicidal Control of Selected Alien Plant Species in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Gregory L. Santos, Dina Kageler, Donald E. Gardner, Linda W; Cuddihy, and Charles P. Stone Fountain Grass Control in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park: Management Considerations and Strategies J. Timothy Tunison Fire and Alien Plants in Hawai'i: Research and ManagementImplications for Native Ecosystems Clifford W. Smith and J. Timothy Tunison

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL Biological Control of Lantana, Prickly Pear, and Hamlkua Pamakani in Hawai'i: a Review and Update Clifon J. Davis, Ernest Yoshioku, and Dina Kageler Plant Pathogens as Biocontrol Agents in Native Hawaiian Ecosystems Donald E. Gardner Review and Status of Biological Control of Clidemia in Hawai'i Larry M. Nakahara, Robert M. Burkhart, and George Y: Funasaki Status of Biological Control of Weeds in Hawai'i and Implications for Managing Native Ecosystems George P. Markin, Po-Yung Lai, and George Y: Funasaki

AGENCY ORGANIZATION AND IA~~DOWNERAPPR~ACHES Alien Plant Control Strategies in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park J. Timothy Tunison Contents vii

Success in Controlling Localized men Plants in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park J. Timothy Tunison and Nicholas G. Zimmer Control of Alien Plants on Nature Conservancy Preserves R. Alan Holt

Alien Plant Control on State Lands Including Natural Areas 536 Victor M. Tanimoto and Winona P. Char Alien Plants in Haleakala National Park Lloyd L. Loope, Ronald J. Nagata, and Arthur C. Medeiros

The U.S. Department of Agriculture's Rural Development Approach 577 to Alien Plant Control in Hawai'i: a Case Study Mike Tulang Introduced Plant Control on Private Lands in Hawai'i Carl "Soot" Bredhoff

Public/Private Sector Partnerships to Preserve Native Ecosystems: 589 The Department of Hawaiian Home Lands Experience Hardy Spoehr

INTRODUCED PLANTS IN THE ABSENCE OF UNGULATES

Relationships among Native and Alien Plants on Pacific Islands 597 with and without Significant Human Disturbance and Feral Ungulates Mark D. Merlin and James 0. Juvik Alien and Native Plant Response to Release from Feral Sheep Browsing on Mauna Kea Paul G. Scowcroft and C. Eugene Conrad Responses of Hawaiian Ecosystems to Removal of Feral Pigs and Goats Charles P. Stone, Linda WI Cuddihy, and J. Timothy Tunison

CHOOSING WHICH PLANTS TO INTRODUCE Plant Importation Rules and Regulations Stan Higa Activities and Needs of the Horticulture Industry in Relation to Alien Plant Problems in Hawai'i Rylan S.N. Yee and Wayne C. Gagne' Plant Introduction Needs of the Hawaiian Sugar Industry Robert K Osgood and Robert D.Wemer Contents

Choosing Plant Introductions: Needs of Graziers Gordon Cran and Ken Dillingham

CHOOSING WHICH PLANTS TO CONTROL IN NATIVE ECOSYSTEMS Modelling to Predict the Fate of Invading Plants Richard N. Mack and Michael E. Moody Rule-Based Decision Making: a Way to Determine which Alien Species to Control Kent W: Bridges Controlling Weeds in Natural Areas in HawaiLi: a Manager's Perspective Dan Taylor Evaluating Proposed Biological Control Programs for Introduced Plants George P. Markin and Ernest Yoshioka ECOSYSTEM APPROACHES EDUCATION, AND COMMUNITYINVOLV~MENT Special Ecological Areas: An Approach to Alien Plant Control in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park -' J. Timothy Tunison and Charles P. Stone Environmental Education in HawaiLi: History and Overview Charles P. Stone Environmental Education in the Schools John W Hawkim The Use of Volunteers for Alien Plant Control at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park and The Nature Conservancy's Kamakou Preserve J. Timothy Tunison and Edwin T. Misaki

IN CONCLUSION.. . ALIEN PLANT MANAGEMENT IN HAWAI'I: CONCLUSIONS J. Timothy Tunison, Clifford W Smith, and Charles P. Stone

INDEX PREFACE The problem of introduced or alien plants in Hawai'i's natural areas is as critical now as it ever has been. As the "crossroads of the Pacific," Hawai'i is subject to greater commerce and visitation with time. Alien plants are increasingly well distributed in other parts of the world for potential transport to Hawai'i. Growin numbers of residents in the State -- man from different parts of the worf d -- means more international and interisr and travel, which also favors alien plant introduction and dispersal. Fragmentation of Hawai'i's few remaining natural areas provides more boundanes and corridors for alien plants to made, and degradation of natural areas (for example, disturbance of soil by hoofed mammals and development for industry or housing) provides more sites for introduced plant establishment. Some alien plants can modify areas to favor their own survival and to discourage that of native plants through shading, chemical changes in soils and nutrient cycles, and changing fire regimes. Indeed, the vegetation of many large areas of Hawai'i is now almost entirely comprised of introduced plant species, and significant invasions of natural areas continue. Most of the 44 papers in this volume began as presentations at a 1986 symposium entitled "Control of Introduced Plants in Hawai'i's Native Ecosystems." The Symposium, organized by the National Park Service and the Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit at the University of Hawaii, was held in conjunction with the Sixth Conference in Natural Sciences at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park in 1986. In the past few years, most of the papers have been u dated considerably, and a few contributions, including a concluding chapter, Eave been added. One milestone publication in 1990, the Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai'i, caused the changing of plant taxonomy in the papers to conform with current usage. For some papers, this was a .major task. Other important statewide and local progress in the past few years also necessitated significant , revisions. The purpose of the Symposium was to summarize and communicate research results, management implications, needs, and perspectives of special interest groups on the topic of introduced or alien plants in Hawai'i. Efforts at control of introduced plants in native Hawaiian ecosystems was the em hasis of the meeting and remains the primary focus of this book. We hope t 1at those responsible for and those simply interested in alien plant problems will find something useful herein, whether in the Hawaiian Archipelago, other islands of the world, or in natural areas on the continents. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Each manuscript in this volume received peer review by at least two individuals in addition to the three editors and the chairperson of one of the 10 sessions at which apers were presented. Session chairs (other than the editors) were R. HoE dy, D. Taylor, J.W. Beardsley, C.E. Conrad, J.D. Jacobi, L.L. Loope, and F.M. Pottenger. We thank these individuals and the anonymous reviewers of the manuscripts for their comments. The one person most responsible for publication of this volume is D.B. Stone, Administrative Assistant for Research at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Danny spent endless hours with draft manuscri ts, including tables, literature citations, and text. She helped edit a1P papers for grammar and content and prepared the index for typing. She communicated with the authors by phone and letter about many of the problems and questions that arose, including updating of materials. And she coordinated the progress throughout for the editors and kept us involved even when other duties called. Preparing copy for submission to U.H. Press was a major step, and Danny spent considerable time transforming the rough manu- scripts to camera-ready format, using computer software that was by no means state-of-the-art by the time the volume was in its final stages of preparation. It is safe to say that without her watchful and focused eye, this publication would have been a mess and/or appeared sometime after the turn of the century, if at all! Other folks involved in the production of the book include M.L. Fulton, who prepared many of the figures using "Freelance" software and assisted with editing the literature citations for consistency among papers; D.B. BarrGre, who typed the index and checked it and the text for Hawaiian grammar and errors in usage; J. Heavenrid e and L. Aono of University of Hawaii Press, who were as competent and p feasant to work with as ever; and Kathy English of the Hawaii Natural History Association, who facilitated partial funding for publication. N. Sidaras provided the drawings of introduced plants that appear between the sections of the book and elsewhere (sketch identifications are listed below). L.W. Cuddihy helped us with numerous problems of botanical taxonomy and status at various times, and we appreciate her assistance. D. Varez and Press allowed us to use the block print of Maui the demigod that appears on the cover (from Maui: the Mischief Maker, Bishop Museum Press, 1991). Finally, we appreciate the patience and optimism of the authors and coauthors, who have worked with us so long on this project. Natural resource managers, educators, researchers, and private citizens, some of whom are no longer working on introduced lants and who have moved from previous jobs or locations, have maintaine B an interest in the ''weed book and seen it through to completion at last. Mahalo nui loa to all. Quoth the raving, "Nevermore!" C.P. Stone, C.W. Smith, and J.T. Tunison June 1992 EXPLANATORY NOTES Scientific names of plants are italicized throughout the book, and only scientific names are used if common names or Hawaiian names do not exist. Hawaiian names and common names are not italicized, and scientific names appear with them on first usage in each paper. Diacritics are used in all words of Hawaiian origin where appropriate, except in names of organiza- tions or institutions. Spelling of Hawaiian names is according to Pukui and Elbert (1981), and Hawaiian place names follow Pukui et al. (1986), except where common use differs. Scientific names of Hawaiian flowering plants are according to Wagner et al. (1990). Mentioning of products in this volume does not imply endorsement by authors or the agencies or organizations they represent. Pen and ink drawings by Nanci Sidaras are as follows: koa haole (Leucaena leucocephala) -- page 2 clidemia, or Koster's curse (Clidemia hirta) -- page 97 fountain grass (Pennisetum setaceum) -- page 339 panini or prickly pear cactus (Opuntia sp.) -- page 409 Florida blackberry (Rubus cugufus) -- page 483 yellow Himalayan raspberry (Rubus ellipticus) -- page 595 kahili ginger (Hedychium gardnerianum) -- page 705 banana poka (Passiflora mollissima) -- page 737 firetree (Myrica fqa) -- page 779 beardgrass (Schizachyriurn condensaturn) -- page 819 strawberry guava (Psidiurn cattleianum) -- page 833

~iteratureCited

Pukui, M.K., and S.H. Elbert. 1981. Hawaiian dictionary -- Hawaiian-English, English-Hawaiian. Honolulu: Univ. Pr. of Hawaii.

Pukui, M.K., S.H. Elbert, and E.T. Mookini. 1986. Place names of Hawai'i, rev. and enlarged ed. Honolulu: Univ. Pr. of Hawaii.

Wagner, W.L., D.R. Herbst, and S.H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaif. Bishop Mus. Spec. Pub. 83. Honolulu: Univ. Hawaii and Bishop Mus. Pr. AUTHORS and Affiliations during Preparation of Papers Anderson, Stephen J. Funasaki, George F. Research Division, Plant Pest Control Branch, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Hawaii Dept. of Agriculture, Honolulu Hawai'i Island Gagn6, Wayne C.* Bredhoff, Carl "Soot" Entomology Department, Manager, Kahuku Ranch B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu Hawai'i Island Gardner, Donald E. Bridges, Kent W. National Park Service Botany Department, University of Hawaii - Manoa campus University of Hawaii - Manoa campus Honolulu Honolulu Gunderson, Lance Burkhart, Robert M. Resources Management Division, Plant Pest Control Branch, Everglades National Park, Florida Hawaii Dept. of Agriculture, Honolulu Halvorson, William L. Char, Winona P. Research Division, Natural Area Reserves System, Channel Islands Natl. Park, Hawaii Dept, of Land & Natural Resources Honolulu Hawkins, John W. Office of Instructional Services, Conrad, C. Eugene Hawaii Department of Education Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, Honolulu U.S. Forest Service, Honolulu Herbst, Derral R Cran, C. Gordon Office of Environmental Services, Manager, Kapapala Ranch U.S. Fish and Widlife Service Hawai'i Island Honolulu Cuddihy, Linda W. Higa, Stanley J. Research Division, Quarantine Office, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Hawaii Dept. of Agriculture, Honolulu Hawai'i Island Higashino, Paul K. Davis, Clifton J. Research Division, Plant Pest Control Branch, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Hawaii Dept. of Agriculture (retired) Hawai'i Island Hawai'i Island Holt, R Alan Dillingham, Ken The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii Manager, Keauhou Ranch Honolulu Hawai'i Island Jacobi, James D. Doren, Robert F. Hawaii Research Station, Resources Management Division, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Everglades National Park, Florida Hawai'i Island

*deceased May 1988 Authors

Juvik, James 0. Moody, Michael E. Geography Department, Dept. of Pure and Applied Mathematics/ University of Hawaii - Hilo campus Program in Genetics and Cell Biology, Hawai'i Island Washington State University Pullman, Washington Juvik, Sonia P. Geography Department, Nagata, Ronald J. University of Hawaii - Hilo campus Resources Management Division, Hawai'i Island Haleakala National Park, Maui Kageler, Dina Nakahara, Larry M. Resources Management Divison, Plant Pest Control Branch, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Hawaii Department of Agriculture Hawai'i Island Honolulu Lai, Po-Yung Osgood, Robert V. Plant Pest Control Branch, Experiment Station, Hawaii Department of Agriculture Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association Honolulu Aiea, LaRosa, Anne Marie Santos, Gregory L. Resources Management Division, Research Divison, Everglades National Park, ?Florida Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Hawai'i Island hope, Lloyd L. Research Division, Scowcroft, Paul G. Haleakala National Park, Maui Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, U.S. Forest Service, Honolulu Mack, Richard N. Botany Department, Smith, Clifford W. Washington State University Cooperative National Park Pullman, Washington Resources Studies Unit, Univ. Hawaii/ Botany Dept., Univ. Hawaii - Manoa campus Markin, George P. Honolulu Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, U.S. Forest Service, Hawai'i Island Spoehr, Hardy Department of Hawaiian Home Lands Medeiros, Arthur C. Honolulu Research Division, Haleakala National Park, Maui Stone, Charles P. Research Division, Merlin, Mark D. Hawaii Volcanoes National Park General Science Department, Hawai'i Island University of Hawaii - Manoa campus Honolulu Tanimoto, Victor M. Divison of Forestry and Wildlife, Misaki, Edwin T. Hawaii Dept. of Land & Natural Resources Kamakou Preserve, Honolulu The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii Moloka'i Authors

Taylor, Dan Wester, Lyndon Resources Management Divison, Geography Department, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park University of Hawaii - Manoa campus Hawai'i Island Honolulu

Tulang, Mike Whiteaker, Louis D. U.S. Department of Agriculture Botany Department, Soil Conservation Service University of Hawaii - Manoa campus Hilo and Honolulu Honolulu Wiemer, Robert D. Tunison, J. Timothy Experiment Station, Resources Management Divison, Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Aiea, O'ahu Hawai'i Island Yee, Rylan S.N. Vitousek, Peter M. Botany Department, B.P. Bishop Museum Department of Biological Sciences, Honolulu Stanford University, California Yoshioka, Ernest Wagner, Warren L. Plant Pest Control Branch, Botany Department, Hawaii Department of Agriculture B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu Hilo, Hawai'i Island

Warshauer, Fredrick R Zimmer, Nicholas G. "Chris" Hawaii Research Station, Resources Management Division, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Hawai'i Island Hawai'i Island