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LIFE AMIDST a PANDEMIC: Hunger, Migration and Displacement in the East and Horn of Africa

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LIFE AMIDST a PANDEMIC: Hunger, Migration and Displacement in the East and Horn of Africa LIFE AMIDST A PANDEMIC: Hunger, Migration and Displacement in the East and Horn of Africa June 2021 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report is the first joint publication of its kind by the World Food Programme (WFP) and the International Organization for Migration (IOM) for the East and Horn of Africa region. Facilitated by WFP’s Research, Assessment and Monitoring Division and IOM’s Regional Data Hub for the East and Horn of Africa, the report reflects multiple inputs from both organizations. Both agencies would like to express gratitude and appreciation to the authors of the report including Marianne Jensby, Andrea Breslin, Dion McDougal, Kennedy Nanga, Zaccheus Ndirima and Krishna Pahari (WFP); and Naomi Burnett, Zineb Homman Loudiye, Chiara Lucchini Gilera, Amalraj Nallainathan, Laura Nistri and Asma Saeed (IOM). This report would not have been possible without the participation and contributions of colleagues in the field. The authors would particularly like to thank country and regional offices’ colleagues from both organizations for their support and expertise, and the data and analysis provided for the case studies featured in this publication. Contributions by WFP’s Regional Emergency Preparedness and Response unit and IOM’s Departments of Operations and Emergencies, of Migration Management and the Displacement Tracking Matrix programme were also invaluable. Special thanks is extended to all those involved in the editing, design, proofreading of the report, particularly Pauline Muchigi (WFP) and Zeina Wairoa (IOM). LIFE AMIDST A PANDEMIC: HUNGER, MIGRATION AND DISPLACEMENT IN THE EAST AND HORN OF AFRICA TABLE OF CONTENTS ii Foreword iii Executive summary 01 Introduction 02 Regional migration landscape 09 Implications of COVID-19 for people’s mobility, livelihoods and food security 18 Key protection risks and gender concerns 21 Special focus 21 Ethiopia 23 Tigray 26 Somalia 29 Sudan 31 South Sudan 34 Conclusions and recommendations i LIFE AMIDST A PANDEMIC: HUNGER, MIGRATION AND DISPLACEMENT IN THE EAST AND HORN OF AFRICA FOREWORD “Leave No One Behind” is the ambitious pledge that Member further strained coping capacities, afecting particularly States of the United Nations made in 2015, laying out the 17 vulnerable populations who rely on mobility as a mode of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as part of the 2030 survival, as well as those who need to move for better job Agenda for Sustainable Development. This commitment to opportunities abroad. eradicate poverty, end discrimination and exclusion and Through this joint analysis, we, the International Organization reduce the inequalities and vulnerabilities that leave people for Migration and the World Food Programme, express our behind has been signifcantly challenged by the coronavirus joint commitment to identify who is being left behind and disease (COVID-19) pandemic. In the East and Horn of Africa why, suggest efective measures to address root causes, where there is no universal health care, few social safety nets and support these populations to enjoy their full rights, and and where over 44 percent of the population is estimated live with dignity and in peace. Identifying inequalities and to live below the US$1.90 per day poverty line,1 COVID-19 progress towards the SDGs require, at the minimum, the has further exacerbated inequalities. The East and Horn of generation of evidence and disaggregated data, an ethical Africa is the region with one of the most serious levels of approach to the collection and use of such data, the will to hunger and malnutrition in the world. Confict and climate- engage transparently and jointly, and ensure that everybody related shocks have pushed over 38 million people into is accounted for and are not left behind. needing humanitarian assistance, and projections for 2021 anticipate a 28 percent increase. Mobility restrictions have “Migrants, refugees and other “COVID-19 has only added to forcibly displaced persons are the challenges faced by these among the most disadvantaged and already vulnerable populations. disenfranchised groups globally, and We must come together so those understanding their needs and our in need are not forgotten and progress towards meeting them, is receive lifesaving humanitarian essential to understanding where we assistance to meet their food, stand on the SDG commitments.” nutrition and other vital needs.” Mohammed Abdiker Michael Dunford Regional Director for the East and Horn of Africa Regional Director for the Regional Bureau for Eastern Africa International Organization for Migration (IOM) United Nations World Food Programme (WFP) ii LIFE AMIDST A PANDEMIC: HUNGER, MIGRATION AND DISPLACEMENT IN THE EAST AND HORN OF AFRICA EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Building on the global joint work by the International Economy and livelihoods Organization for Migration (IOM) and the World Food Programme (WFP) on the impact of the coronavirus disease Millions of people, particularly those living in urban areas, 2019 (COVID-19) on hunger, migration and displacement have lost their livelihood and income opportunities due to in the world from November 2020, this report aims to COVID-19, while the closure of schools has affected school provide an overview of the unique challenges faced by feeding programmes in several countries. Similarly, global migrants and forcibly displaced populations in the East and lockdowns and restrictions led to regional supply and Horn of Africa (EHoA) region during 2020. This joint study demand shocks, affecting market functionality as well as explores the impacts of COVID-19 and related containment food availability and access, which in combination with a measures on migrant workers, remittance-dependent decline in global remittances and high food prices, have households and the forcibly displaced, and assesses the eroded households’ purchasing power. implications of the pandemic for people’s mobility, food security and other livelihood outcomes in major migration An increase in return migration has been observed, as and hunger hotspots in the region. jobs and income opportunities shrank in destination countries. Many returning migrant workers were headed Already home to some of the most vulnerable populations home empty-handed and required extensive support for globally, the EHoA has seen additional displacement and their reintegration, placing significant pressure on home challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic, with nearly communities. COVID-19 has also severely challenged the 9 million people internally displaced by the end of 2020 flow of remittances across the region owing to migrants’ alongside an estimated 5 million refugees and asylum- job loss, bank closures, border closures, but also because seekers. The pandemic has further challenged the situation of friends and relatives losing their jobs abroad and not for the populations on the move in the EHoA, a region being able to send money as they used to. that is already weakened by conflict, insecurity, extreme weather conditions, climate change and pests. Food security Changes in mobility The food security situation in the EHoA deteriorated significantly during the year. Sudan, Ethiopia and South The control measures put in place since the onset of the Sudan were among the 10 countries with the worst food COVID-19 pandemic have had an unprecedented impact on crises globally. Especially dire was the situation in South human mobility, affecting the lives of societies at large and, Sudan where 108,000 people in Pibor were found to be in particular, of those communities depending on mobility facing Catastrophe food security outcomes. The escalating for their livelihoods. While COVID-19 started spreading conflict in Tigray in Ethiopia remains of greatest concern globally since the beginning of 2020, the outbreak became as the crisis has pushed more than 350,000 people to concerning in the EHoA region around mid-March. face Catastrophe food security outcomes. Also dire was Although the pandemic has reshaped the regional the situation in South Sudan; between April and July migration landscape and significantly disrupted cross- 2021, 108,000 people in Pibor were found to be facing border mobility, migration did not cease. The overall Catastrophe food security outcomes. Additionally, there movements in 2020 decreased by over a quarter compared were concerning levels of acute malnutrition in the region, to 2019, and were mainly concentrated within the Horn of while Burundi had one of the highest levels of chronic Africa and less along the Eastern Route via Yemen towards malnutrition globally. In total, some 54 million people the Arabian Peninsula. COVID-19-related restrictions led to were estimated to be acutely food insecure in the region an increase in the use of more risky smuggling services and in 2020, and given the continued impact of COVID-19 on to a change in migration routes, but also pushed thousands the economy and livelihoods, this number is projected to of migrants to be stranded across the region, unable remain at high levels in 2021. to continue their journey or return home. Additionally, The level of vulnerability of displaced populations has the region witnessed a surge in spontaneous returns of further increased during the pandemic on account of migrants from Yemen to Djibouti and Somalia by sea using reduced funding for humanitarian operations leading the same network of brokers used to travel to Yemen. to food ration cuts for refugee populations in Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan and Uganda, negatively affecting their
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