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Archaeology of Ostrea Lurida in Drakes Estero, Point Reyes National Seashore

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Archaeology of Ostrea Lurida in Drakes Estero, Point Reyes National Seashore = = = ARCHAEOLOGY OF OSTREA LURIDA IN DRAKES ESTERO, POINT REYES NATIONAL SEASHORE = = = Preparedby MichaelKonzak,M.A. and AdrianPraetzellis,Ph.D.= = AnthropologicalStudiesCenter, SonomaStateUniversity, RohnertPark,California = = Withcontributionsby = EdwinGrosholz,Ph.D. UniversityofCalifornia,Davis and ChelaZabin,Ph.D. SmithsonianEnvironmentalResearchCenter = = = = March2011 = Submitted in partial fulfillment of Cooperative Agreement No. H8537070194, Task Agreement No. J8537102387, United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Point Reyes National Seashore, Point Reyes Station, California 94956 ArchaeologyofOstrealuridainDrakesEstero, = AnthropologicalStudiesCenter PointReyesNationalSeashore= = SonomaStateUniversity = = = = = CONFIDENTIAL = This report contains confidential cultural resources location information; report distribution shouldberestrictedtothosewitha=needtoknow.Culturalresourcesarenonrenewable,and their scientific, cultural and aesthetic values can be significantly impaired by disturbance. To= detervandalism,artifacthunting,andotheractivitiesthatcandamageculturalresources,the= locations of cultural resources should be kept confidential. The legal authority= to restrict= culturalresourcesinformationisin16U.S.C.470hhandCaliforniaGovernmentCode6254.10. ArchaeologyofOstrealuridainDrakesEstero, = AnthropologicalStudiesCenter PointReyesNationalSeashore= = SonomaStateUniversity = TABLE OF CONTENTS = = = IntroductionandStatementofPurpose..................................................................................... 1 Methods.......................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction............................................................................................................................. 1 Methods............................................................................................................................. 3 CAMRN296 .................................................................................................................... 4 CAMRN242 .................................................................................................................... 4 ArchaeologicalSiteDescriptions ................................................................................................4 Introduction............................................................................................................................. 4 CAMRN296........................................................................................................................... 5 Sitesetting/structure........................................................................................................ 5 Sitehistory ........................................................................................................................ 7 Sitecontent........................................................................................................................ 8 Summarydescription ...................................................................................................... 9 CAMRN242......................................................................................................................... 12 Sitesetting/structure...................................................................................................... 12 Sitehistory ...................................................................................................................... 12 Sitecontent...................................................................................................................... 15 Summarydescription .................................................................................................... 17 LiteratureReview........................................................................................................................ 17 PrehistoricEnvironmentalConditionsatDrakesEstero.......................................... 18 EthnographyoftheCoastMiwok ............................................................................... 18 ArchaeologyofDrakesEsteroandTomalesBay ...................................................... 19 ArchaeologyofOstreaLuridainSanFranciscoBay .................................................. 22 Analyses ....................................................................................................................................... 23 Introduction........................................................................................................................... 23 PrehistoricShellfishuseinDrakesEstero......................................................................... 23 ReferencesCited.......................................................................................................................... 27 = = = = ArchaeologyofOstrealuridainDrakesEstero, = AnthropologicalStudiesCenter PointReyesNationalSeashore= = SonomaStateUniversity FIGURES Figure1:SiteLocations .............................................................................................................................2= Figure2:CAMRN296:ArchaeologicalSiteMap.................................................................................6= Figure3.CAMRN296:ProfileofCut1...............................................................................................11= Figure4.CAMRN242:ArchaeologicalSiteMap...............................................................................13= Figure5.RadiocarbondatesfromCAMRN296andCAMRN242 ...............................................25= = TABLES Table1.CommonandScientificnamesofShellfish .............................................................................3 Table2.CAMRN296:QuantityofShellperSampleUnit(SU).......................................................10 Table3.CAMRN242:QuantityofShellperSampleUnit(SU).......................................................16 = = APPENDIX AppendixA. IdentificationofOysters(Ostreidea)fromTwoMiddensinDrakesEstero.= ByEdwinGrosholzandChelaZabin AppendixB.== ArchaeologicalSiteRecordsforCAMRN296andCAMRN242 AppendixC. RadiocarbonDatingResultsfromBetaAnalytic = = = ArchaeologyofOstrealuridainDrakesEstero, = AnthropologicalStudiesCenter PointReyesNationalSeashore= = SonomaStateUniversity INTRODUCTION AND STATEMENT OF PURPOSE = = This study was undertaken to assist the National Park Service (NPS) with the cultural resourcessectionofanEnvironmentalImpactStatement(EIS)conductedtoevaluateaSpecial Use Permit for commercial oyster operations in Drakes Estero. This study will also assist resource management planning for the waters of Drakes Estero by providing additional informationontheEstero’shistoricalecologywithregardtoshellfishspecies. = Theobjectivesofthisstudyweretwofold.The=firstwastoconductanintensivesurface inventoryofarchaeologicalsitesCAMRN242andCAMRN296and=theirimmediateenvirons (Figure=1).Particularimportancewasplacedongatheringinformationontheoccurrenceand relative quantity of Olympia oyster (Ostrea lurida)1= in relation to other shellfish species representedatthesearchaeologicalsites.Thesecondobjectivewastoreviewthearchaeological and ethnographic literature relevant to the occurrence of Olympia oyster in the vicinity of DrakesEstero.Inparticular,thisliteraturereviewfocusesonthepresence,origin,andageofthe Olympia oyster remains at archaeological sites on the Point Reyes peninsula, as well= as the= Olympiaoyster’srelativeimportanceasafoodsourcefortheNativeAmericanswhooccupied thearea. = This report concludes with a= synthesis of these data that places the current study in a= comparativecontextandinrelationtothearchaeologyofthe=PointReyesPeninsula. METHODS INTRODUCTION = Thisstudywasundertakentoidentifyandquantifytheshellfishremainspresentontwo archaeological=sitesaswellastosurveyandupdatethesites’archaeologicalrecord=forms.The useofstandardarchaeologicalfieldandanalyticaltechniqueswillallow=forcomparisonstudies inthefuture. = Fieldwork was conducted by a= team of archaeologists from the Anthropological Studies= Center at Sonoma State University (ASC) and the National Park Service (NPS), marine biologists from the University of California, Davis, and a= representative of The Federated= IndiansofGratonRancheria(FIGR).ThearchaeologicalteamconsistedofStaffArchaeologist= Michael Konzak, M.A.; Staff Archaeologist Sandra Massey, M.A.; Archaeological Technician= AnnamarieLeonGuerrero,B.A.;andNPSarchaeologist=PaulEngel,B.A.Themarinebiologists wereEdwinGrosholz,Ph.D.andChelaZabin,Ph.D.NickTiponwastheTribal=representative= fromtheFederatedIndiansofGratonRancheria. ====================================================== 1=TheoysternativetoCaliforniaand=thewest=coast=(Osteralurida)is=referredtoas=“Olympiaoyster”in=this=report.=Otherreferences in=the=archaeologicalliteraturerefertoOsteralurida=as=just“oyster”,“bayoyster”,=“coveoyster”(Moratto1984)oreven=as“Pacific= oyster” in earlier publications= (Greengo 1954), likely to differentiate it from Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica). In= this= report,= Crassostrea gigas= will be referred to using the common= name “Pacific Oyster”.= See Table 1 for common and scientific names= for= shellfish.== ArchaeologyofOstrealuridainDrakesEstero,1 = AnthropologicalStudiesCenter PointReyesNationalSeashore= = SonomaStateUniversity Sensitive Archaeological Resource information protected in accordance with 16 U.S.C. 470hh, confidentiality of information concerning nature and location of archaeological resources. 012 TN CALIF KILOMETERS
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