DOCSLIB.ORG

Human Impacts on California Mussels from The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Human Impacts on California Mussels from The HUMAN IMPACTS ON CALIFORNIA MUSSELS FROM THE HOLOCENE TO THE ANTHROPOCENE: METHODOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS IN HISTORICAL ECOLOGY _______________ A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of San Diego State University _______________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Anthropology _______________ by Breana Kristin Campbell Spring 2016 iii Copyright © 2016 by Breana Kristin Campbell All Rights Reserved iv DEDICATION For my Parents. v In every walk with nature one receives far more than he seeks. -John Muir vi ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS Human Impacts on California Mussels from the Holocene to the Anthropocene: Methodologies and Applications in Historical Ecology by Breana Kristin Campbell Master of Arts in Anthropology San Diego State University, 2016 Studies on the Northern Channel Islands have demonstrated that human harvesting of California mussels (Mytilus californianus) caused a reduction in mussel shell length over thousands of years. These studies however, have relied on measuring whole mussels from archaeological sites, which can be rare in archaeological assemblages, limiting chronological and geographic visibility. Using an allometric approach, three regression formulas were developed to determine total shell length from the commonly found hinge portion of a California mussel. Of these three regression formulas one, umbo-width, proved to be statistically reliable and practical for estimating the total shell length from archaeological mussel hinge fragments. Using this method, 2,262 California mussel hinges were measured to determine if a reduction in shell size through time could be identified. These results were compared to modern datasets for California mussel shell length on the Northern Channel Islands. The findings discussed herein provide useful baseline data for resource managers in the coming decades as rising sea surface temperatures and increased ocean acidification threaten this species. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. vi LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................1 Mytilus californianus ...............................................................................................2 Overview ..................................................................................................................4 2 BACKGROUND ...........................................................................................................6 Natural History of the Santa Barbara Channel ........................................................7 Climate .....................................................................................................................8 Major Environmental Transitions throughout the Holocene ...................................9 Flora and Fauna of the Northern Channel Islands .................................................11 Terrestrial Environment ...................................................................................11 Marine Environment ........................................................................................13 The Cultural History of the Northern Channel Islands ..........................................15 The Chumash and their Ancestors ...................................................................15 Terminal Pleistocene and Early Holocene .......................................................17 Middle Holocene ..............................................................................................18 Late Holocene, the Protohistoric, and the Mission Periods .............................19 The Spanish and American Periods .................................................................21 3 THEORETICAL APPROACH ....................................................................................23 Historical Ecology .................................................................................................23 Data Collection and Methods of Historical Ecology .......................................25 Historical Ecology in Practice .........................................................................27 viii Case Studies from the Northern Channel Islands ..................................................29 4 MYTILUS CALIFORNIANUS ......................................................................................33 Ecology ..................................................................................................................33 Diet, Reproduction, and Growth ......................................................................34 Competitors and Predators ...............................................................................35 Ecological Succession ......................................................................................36 Ethnographic Evidence for the Harvesting of Mussels ..........................................36 5 ESTIMATING CALIFORNIA MUSSEL (MYTILUS CALIFORNIANUS) SIZE FROM HINGE FRAGMENTS: A METHODOLOGICAL APPLICATION IN HISTORICAL ECOLOGY .........................................................38 Introduction ............................................................................................................38 Background ............................................................................................................41 Materials and Methods ...........................................................................................43 Results ....................................................................................................................48 Discussions and Conclusions .................................................................................50 6 FROM METHODS TO APPLICATIONS ..................................................................53 7 TRANS-HOLOCENE HUMAN IMPACTS ON CALIFORNIA MUSSELS (MYTILUS CALIFORNIANUS): HISTORICAL ECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS FROM THE NORTHERN CHANNEL ISLANDS .....................................................................................................................55 Introduction ............................................................................................................55 Background ............................................................................................................58 California Mussel Ecology ....................................................................................60 Methods and Materials ...........................................................................................63 Results ....................................................................................................................68 Discussion and Conclusions ..................................................................................74 8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ..........................................................................80 Future Directions ...................................................................................................82 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................83 ix LIST OF TABLES PAGE Table 1. General Attributes of the Northern Channel Islands ...................................................7 Table 2. A sample of Vertebrate Terrestrial Animals that have Occupied the Northern Channel Islands ............................................................................................................12 Table 3. Common Predators of California Mussels .................................................................35 Table 4. California Mussel Shell Sizes (TL) Used in our Study from Both Modern and Archaeological Samples, Derived from Whole Shell Measurements and Regression Formula Predictions Based on Umbo Measurements. ..............................49 Table 5. Umbo-Width and Umbo-Thickness Method Analysis ..............................................68 Table 6. Summary Data for Archaeological Samples of California Mussel ............................69 Table 7. Modern California Mussel Shell Length Data ...........................................................69 Table 8. Mean Calculated Shell Length for California Mussels ..............................................70 Table 9. Games and Howell Post Hoc Test for San Miguel Island Data .................................70 Table 10. Games and Howell Post Hoc Test for Santa Rosa Island Data ...............................71 Table 11. Games and Howell Post Hoc Test for Santa Cruz Island Data ................................71 Table 12. Games and Howell Post Hoc Test for Late Holocene California Mussel Data ..............................................................................................................................72 Table 13. Games and Howell Post Hoc Test for Modern California Mussel Data ..................72 x LIST OF FIGURES PAGE Figure 1. Map of the southern California Coast and Channel Islands. ......................................6 Figure 2. Major cultural
Load more

Recommended publications
  • California State Waters Map Series: Offshore of Santa Barbara, California
    California State Waters Map Series—Offshore of Santa Barbara, California By Samuel Y. Johnson, Peter Dartnell, Guy R. Cochrane, Nadine E. Golden, Eleyne L. Phillips, Andrew C. Ritchie, H. Gary Greene, Lisa M. Krigsman, Rikk G. Kvitek, Bryan E. Dieter, Charles A. Endris, Gordon G. Seitz, Ray W. Sliter, Mercedes D. Erdey, Carlos I. Gutierrez, Florence L. Wong, Mary M. Yoklavich, Amy E. Draut, Patrick E. Hart, and James E. Conrad (Samuel Y. Johnson and Susan A. Cochran, editors) Pamphlet to accompany Scientific Investigations Map 3281 2013 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior SALLY JEWELL, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Suzette M. Kimball, Acting Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2013 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit http://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod To order this and other USGS information products, visit http://store.usgs.gov Suggested citation: Johnson, S.Y., Dartnell, P., Cochrane, G.R., Golden, N.E., Phillips, E.L., Ritchie, A.C., Greene, H.G., Krigsman, L.M., Kvitek, R.G., Dieter, B.E., Endris, C.A., Seitz, G.G., Sliter, R.W., Erdey, M.E., Gutierrez, C.I., Wong, F.L., Yoklavich, M.M., Draut, A.E., Hart, P.E., and Conrad, J.E. (S.Y. Johnson and S.A. Cochran, eds.), 2013, California State Waters Map Series—Offshore of Santa Barbara, California: U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Chumash Ritual and Sacred Geography on Santa Cruz Island, California
    UC Merced Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology Title Chumash Ritual and Sacred Geography on Santa Cruz Island, California Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0z15r2hj Journal Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology, 27(2) ISSN 0191-3557 Author Perry, Jennifer E Publication Date 2007 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology | Vol, 27, No, 2 (2007) | pp. 103-124 Chumash Ritual and Sacred Geography on Santa Cruz Island, California JENNIFER E. PERRY Department of Anthropology, Pomona College, Claremont, CA 91711 In contrast to the archaeological visibility of Chumash rock art on the mainland, its virtual absence on the northern Channel Islands is reflective of what little is understood about ritual behavior in island prehistory. By relying on relevant ethnohistoric and ethnographic references from the mainland, it is possible to evaluate how related activities may be manifested archaeologically on the islands. On Santa Cruz Island, portable ritual items and rock features have been identified on El Montahon and the North Ridge, the most prominent ridgelines on the northern islands Citing material correlates of ritual behavior, intentionally-made rock features are interpreted as possible shrines, which were an important aspect of winter solstice ceremonies among the mainland Chumash. Portable ritual items and possible shrines are considered in the context of sacred geography, revealing aspects of how the Chumash may have interacted with the supernatural landscape of Santa Cruz Island. andscapes are imbued with different attributes and Conception and Mount Pinos (as examples of the former) Llvalues; whether economic, aesthetic, recrea­ to sweatlodges and rock sites (as examples of the latter) tional, spiritual, or otherwise, these values intersect, (Grant 1965; Haley and Wilcoxon 1997,1999).
    [Show full text]
  • The Malacological Society of London
    ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This meeting was made possible due to generous contributions from the following individuals and organizations: Unitas Malacologica The program committee: The American Malacological Society Lynn Bonomo, Samantha Donohoo, The Western Society of Malacologists Kelly Larkin, Emily Otstott, Lisa Paggeot David and Dixie Lindberg California Academy of Sciences Andrew Jepsen, Nick Colin The Company of Biologists. Robert Sussman, Allan Tina The American Genetics Association. Meg Burke, Katherine Piatek The Malacological Society of London The organizing committee: Pat Krug, David Lindberg, Julia Sigwart and Ellen Strong THE MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON 1 SCHEDULE SUNDAY 11 AUGUST, 2019 (Asilomar Conference Center, Pacific Grove, CA) 2:00-6:00 pm Registration - Merrill Hall 10:30 am-12:00 pm Unitas Malacologica Council Meeting - Merrill Hall 1:30-3:30 pm Western Society of Malacologists Council Meeting Merrill Hall 3:30-5:30 American Malacological Society Council Meeting Merrill Hall MONDAY 12 AUGUST, 2019 (Asilomar Conference Center, Pacific Grove, CA) 7:30-8:30 am Breakfast - Crocker Dining Hall 8:30-11:30 Registration - Merrill Hall 8:30 am Welcome and Opening Session –Terry Gosliner - Merrill Hall Plenary Session: The Future of Molluscan Research - Merrill Hall 9:00 am - Genomics and the Future of Tropical Marine Ecosystems - Mónica Medina, Pennsylvania State University 9:45 am - Our New Understanding of Dead-shell Assemblages: A Powerful Tool for Deciphering Human Impacts - Sue Kidwell, University of Chicago 2 10:30-10:45
    [Show full text]
  • Tribal Marine Protected Areas: Protecting Maritime Ways And
    EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The White Paper entitled Tribal Marine Protected Areas: Protecting Maritime Ways and Practice published by the Wishtoyo Foundation (Ventura County, Santa Barbara) in 2004 describes the ecological and cultural significance of south-central California’s marine environment as a suitable area to establish new marine protected areas or MPAs. Tribal MPAs can be one tool for tribal people to co-manage and protect important submerged Chumash cultural sites and coastal marine ecosystems. The Chumash people lived in villages along the south-central California coast from the present day sites of Malibu to Morro Bay and extended to the northern Channel Islands. The Chumash reference for the northern Channel Islands are Tuqan (San Miguel), Wi’ma (Santa Rosa), Limuw (Santa Cruz) and Anyapax (Anacapa). Limuw means “in the sea is the meaning of the language spoken” while Chumash villages were named after the sea, such as Mikiw or “the place of mussels”. Evidence of Chumash village sites and tomol routes show an intimate relationship with the culture, sea and northern Channel Islands. The map below shows the villages and tomol routes within the greater Chumash bioregion. The varied maritime culture was diverse and depended on the rich array of animals and plants. Many animals, such as the swordfish, played a central role in Chumash maritime song, ceremony, ritual and dance. The Chumash people were heavily dependent on a healthy marine environment; the marine component of the Chumash diet consisted of over 150 types of marine fishes as well as a variety of shellfish including crabs, lobsters, mussels, abalone, clams, oysters, chitons, and other gastropods.
    [Show full text]
  • Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxins and Other Lipophilic Toxins of Human Health Concern in Washington State
    Mar. Drugs 2013, 11, 1-x manuscripts; doi:10.3390/md110x000x OPEN ACCESS Marine Drugs ISSN 1660-3397 www.mdpi.com/journal/marinedrugs Article Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxins and Other Lipophilic Toxins of Human Health Concern in Washington State Vera L. Trainer 1,*, Leslie Moore 1, Brian D. Bill 1, Nicolaus G. Adams 1, Neil Harrington 2, Jerry Borchert 3, Denis A.M. da Silva 1 and Bich-Thuy L. Eberhart 1 1 Marine Biotoxins Program, Environmental Conservation Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E, Seattle, WA 98112, USA; E-Mails: [email protected] (L.M.); [email protected] (B.D.B.); [email protected] (N.G.A.); [email protected] (D.A.M.D.S.); [email protected] (B.-T.L.E.) 2 Jamestown S’Klallam Tribe, 1033 Old Blyn Highway, Sequim, WA 98392, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] 3 Office of Shellfish and Water Protection, Washington State Department of Health, 111 Israel Rd SE, Tumwater, WA 98504, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-206-860-6788; Fax: +1-206-860-3335. Received: 13 March 2013; in revised form: 7 April 2013 / Accepted: 23 April 2013 / Published: Abstract: The illness of three people in 2011 after their ingestion of mussels collected from Sequim Bay State Park, Washington State, USA, demonstrated the need to monitor diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs) in Washington State for the protection of human health.
    [Show full text]
  • Late Quaternary Extinctions on California's
    Flightless ducks, giant mice and pygmy mammoths: Late Quaternary extinctions on California’s Channel Islands Torben C. Rick, Courtney A. Hofman, Todd J. Braje, Jesu´ s E. Maldonado, T. Scott Sillett, Kevin Danchisko and Jon M. Erlandson Abstract Explanations for the extinction of Late Quaternary megafauna are heavily debated, ranging from human overkill to climate change, disease and extraterrestrial impacts. Synthesis and analysis of Late Quaternary animal extinctions on California’s Channel Islands suggest that, despite supporting Native American populations for some 13,000 years, few mammal, bird or other species are known to have gone extinct during the prehistoric human era, and most of these coexisted with humans for several millennia. Our analysis provides insight into the nature and variability of Quaternary extinctions on islands and a broader context for understanding ancient extinctions in North America. Keywords Megafauna; island ecology; human-environmental interactions; overkill; climate change. Downloaded by [Torben C. Rick] at 03:56 22 February 2012 Introduction In earth’s history there have been five mass extinctions – the Ordovician, Devonian, Permian, Triassic and Cretaceous events – characterized by a loss of over 75 per cent of species in a short geological time period (e.g. 2 million years or less: Barnosky et al. 2011). Although not a mass extinction, one of the most heavily debated extinction events is the Late Quaternary extinction of megafauna, when some two-thirds of large terrestrial mammalian genera (444kg) worldwide went extinct (Barnosky et al. 2004). Explanations for this event include climate change, as the planet went from a glacial to interglacial World Archaeology Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Channel Islands Yacht Club 1
    November VOLUME 60 ~ ISSUE 11 Commodore: Mike Farrell Editor: Liz Campbell Asst: Erika Barbaric Asst: Frank & Sharon Sullivan CIYC is at Lat. 34º 09' 48.9" N; Long. 119º 13' 35.6" W Channel Islands 4100 Harbor Blvd., Oxnard, CA 93035. Phone (805) 985-2492 Yacht Club Currents 2021 Commodore Mike Greenup, Vice Commodore Billy Le Croy, and Rear Commodore Dawn Turnier Currents November 2020 Channel Islands Yacht Club 1 Message From The Commodore Mike Farrell Well, the infamous year 2020 is winding down and the holiday season is upon us. As with almost everything over the past 8+ months, it promises to be very different from what we have seen in past years. This is normally one the most enjoyable times during the CIYC calendar year. Unfortunately, we have been forced to cancel memorable events like the Anniversary Dinner, Awards Dinner, Halloween Party, Anglers awards dinner and more. The Parade of Lights is tentative. All is not lost, however! In October, with Ventura County entering the “red tier,” we were able to reopen for dinners inside our clubhouse. We have been fortunate to have great weather which has allowed us to enjoy our outside seating arrangements. People have slowly been returning to the club to enjoy great meals with their friends in a COVID-safe environment. We have signed up at least 17 new members who have begun to participate in our family environment. All of these are signs that we will get through this together and be back in full swing as the pandemic subsides. We have learned from having to operate in our new reality and, I believe, many of the processes and precautions we have put in place will carry over to our club life in future COVID-free years.
    [Show full text]
  • HABITAT TYPE and ASSOCIATED BIOLOGICAL ASSEMBLAGES – Shellfish Beds Sculpins, Rockfish, Perch and Herring
    HABITAT TYPE AND ASSOCIATED BIOLOGICAL ASSEMBLAGES – Shellfish Beds sculpins, rockfish, perch and herring. Hard substrates are arenaria. Sutton (1978) also delineated beds of the rough an important feeding habitat for harbor seals, including piddock (Zirfaea pilsbryi), a native clam that bores into from the Golden Gate east to Treasure Island, northwest soft rock or clays, as a potential species for sport harvest, to Tiburon Peninsula, and southward to Yerba Buena and suggested that there may be significant subtidal beds Island (Goals Project 2000, Green et al. 2006). Also, of the native bentnose clam (Macoma nasuta), which was many harbor seal haul-out sites are located in close commonly harvested by Native Americans. Some studies proximity to subtidal hard substrate including Point refer in passing to beds of the exotic freshwater Asiatic Bonita, Castro Rocks, Yerba Buena Island, and Angel clam (Corbicula fluminea; harvested for food or bait), Island (Goals Project 2000). Sea lions also feed in deep, native California mussel (Mytilus californianus), bay marine waters of San Francisco Bay; however, they feed mussel (consisting of the native M. trossulus, the exotic M. mostly on seasonally abundant herring associated with galloprovincialis, and their hybrids), exotic ribbed hard structures and eel grass beds in the Central Bay, and horsemussel (Geukensia demissa), native ghost shrimp on spawning salmonids that are migrating up the Bay (Neotrypaea californica), and the blue mud shrimp across multiple habitats to freshwater tributaries. Pacific (Upogebia pugettensis). Jones & Stokes (1977) and Sutton herring is a major prey item for many marine mammal (1978) implied that the ribbed horsemussel might be a species that are drawn to the Bay, including harbor sport-harvested species in the San Francisco Bay.
    [Show full text]
  • Fish Bulletin 161. California Marine Fish Landings for 1972 and Designated Common Names of Certain Marine Organisms of California
    UC San Diego Fish Bulletin Title Fish Bulletin 161. California Marine Fish Landings For 1972 and Designated Common Names of Certain Marine Organisms of California Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/93g734v0 Authors Pinkas, Leo Gates, Doyle E Frey, Herbert W Publication Date 1974 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California STATE OF CALIFORNIA THE RESOURCES AGENCY OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME FISH BULLETIN 161 California Marine Fish Landings For 1972 and Designated Common Names of Certain Marine Organisms of California By Leo Pinkas Marine Resources Region and By Doyle E. Gates and Herbert W. Frey > Marine Resources Region 1974 1 Figure 1. Geographical areas used to summarize California Fisheries statistics. 2 3 1. CALIFORNIA MARINE FISH LANDINGS FOR 1972 LEO PINKAS Marine Resources Region 1.1. INTRODUCTION The protection, propagation, and wise utilization of California's living marine resources (established as common property by statute, Section 1600, Fish and Game Code) is dependent upon the welding of biological, environment- al, economic, and sociological factors. Fundamental to each of these factors, as well as the entire management pro- cess, are harvest records. The California Department of Fish and Game began gathering commercial fisheries land- ing data in 1916. Commercial fish catches were first published in 1929 for the years 1926 and 1927. This report, the 32nd in the landing series, is for the calendar year 1972. It summarizes commercial fishing activities in marine as well as fresh waters and includes the catches of the sportfishing partyboat fleet. Preliminary landing data are published annually in the circular series which also enumerates certain fishery products produced from the catch.
    [Show full text]
  • Pierce County Nearshore Species List Compiled from the Pt
    Pierce County Nearshore Species List Compiled from the Pt. Defiance Park Bioblitz 2011 ID COMMON NAME √ ID COMMON NAME √ 31 Acorn barnacle X 34 Hermit crab sp. X 43 Aggregate green anemone X 35 Isopod sp. X 30 Amphipod sp. X 36 Jellyfish sp. X 95 Anemone sp. 73 Large leaf worm X 60 Barnacle nudibranch X 12 Leafy hornmouth X 48 Barnacle sp. X 74 Leather limpet 68 Bent-nose macoma 13 Leather star X 69 Black and white brittle star 14 Lewis's moonsnail X 92 Black turban X 37 Limpet sp. 63 Blood star X 75 Lined chiton X 56 Butter clam X 76 Lined ribbon worm 65 Calcareous tube worm X 108 Mask limpet X 103 California mussel X 67 Moon jellyfish X 1 California sea cucumber 32 Mossy chiton X 53 Checkered periwinkle X 61 Mottled star X 32 Chiton sp. 38 Mussel sp. X 33 Clam sp. X 77 Northern feather duster w X 70 Coonstripe shrimp 15 Northern kelp crab 59 Crab sp. X 39 Nudibranch sp. X 96 Dog welk sp. X 78 Nuttall's cockle 93 Dogwinkle sp. X 62 Ochre star X 3 Dungeness crab X 16 Opalescent (aeolid) nudib X 57 Eccentric sand dollar X 17 Orange sea cucumber X 112 Fat gaper X 18 Orange sea pen 4 Feathery shipworm X 19 Oregon triton 5 Fish-eating anemone 40 Oyster sp. 101 Flat porcelain crab 79 Pacific blue mussel X 6 Fringed tube worm 110 Pacific gaper 8 Giant (nudibranch) dendronotid 99 Pacific geoduck clam X 7 Giant barnacle X 80 Pacific oyster 9 Giant pacific octopus 97 Periwinkle sp.
    [Show full text]
  • The Historical Development of Santa Barbara
    THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SANTABARBARA CHANNEL ARCHAEOLOGY Jon M. Erlandson Department of Anthropology University of Oregon Eugene, OR 97403 and Department of Anthropology Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History 2559 Puesta Del Sol Santa Barbara, CA 93105 ABSTRACT In this paper, I examine historical trends in the development of Santa Barbara Channel archaeology, with an emphasis on the last 30 years. Since 1960, 4 developments have been particularly significant in shaping the way archaeology is done in the Santa Barbara Channel today: (1) the dramatic increase in the amount of archaeology being done; (2) the fundamental shift in archaeology from an essentially academic discipline to one dominated by commercial enterprise; (3) the development of new techniques for analyzing archaeological remains, techniques that have expanded the range of questions we can address; and (4) the increasingly active role that Native Americans have played in archaeology. These trends reflect broader patterns in California and American archaeology, but they have followed a somewhat unique trajectory in the Santa Barbara area. Regarding where Santa Barbara Channel archaeology may be headed in the 1990s and beyond, I suggest that paradigms now being developed may lead to a "new synthesis· that will incorporate the best approaches of 20th century archaeologists into a revitalized record of California's cultural past. INTRODUCTION literature (see Anderson 1980) on the ar­ chaeology and ethnography ofthe Chumash California's Santa Barbara Channel area, and their predecessors. The archaeological encompassing the northern Channel Islands record of the Santa Barbara Channel clearly and the main1and coast from Point Concep­ illustrates the vibrant and dynamic nature tion to Point Dume (Figure 1), has played a ofthe prehistoric cultures ofthe area, pivotal role in the defmition ofsouth and where many cultural developments now central coast prehistory.
    [Show full text]
  • PARS CETACEAN ANALYSIS ATTACHMENT 1 May 19, 2011
    PARS CETACEAN ANALYSIS ATTACHMENT 1 May 19, 2011 Large Cetacean Analysis for the Santa Barbara Channel Region Prepared by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary Staff and Cascadia Research Collective Staff Introduction The following analysis was undertaken by NOAA’s Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary and Cascadia Research Collective staff to examine the distribution of large cetaceans in and around the shipping lanes of the Santa Barbara Channel where ship strikes are a major concern. This characterization of cetacean sightings will be submitted to the USCG for consideration in their Port Access Route Study (PARS) for the Ports of Los Angeles/Long Beach. The question of how does ship behavior affect the likelihood of physical proximity to large whales is critically dependent on two pieces of information: 1) what is the likelihood of a whale being in a specific location? and 2) what is the likelihood of a ship being in that same location at the same time? Data is available on ship distributions, as described by Automated Identification System (AIS) data, and has already been provided to the interested parties (NMFS and US Coast Guard). This document is a summary of available data that may inform, but not completely address, the question of cetacean distributions. About The Data Sets Two datasets were used to characterize cetacean presence as part of the Port Access Route Study (PARS) analysis in the Santa Barbara Channel region: The Channel Islands Naturalist Corps sightings, and Cascadia Research Collective sightings. The analyses focused on blue, fin, and humpback whales. Channel Islands Naturalist Corps (CINC) Sightings The CINC volunteers are a group of specially trained environmental stewards dedicated to educating the public about the Channel Islands National Park (Park) and Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary (Sanctuary).
    [Show full text]