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Politics in the Context of the Rwandan Crisis By REBELLION AND DIPLOMACY IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE RWANDAN CRISIS BY OKECHUKWU GROUPSON-PAUL UC B.Sc. M.SC. (AWKA) (Matric No: 104609) A thesis in the Department of Political Science submitted to the Faculty of the Social Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Ibadan MARCH, 2012. i CERTIFICATION I certify that this dissertation entitled: Rebellion and Diplomacy in International Politics in the Context of the Rwandan Crisis was carried out by OKECHUKWU GROUPSON - PAUL UC, Matric No.104609 in the Department of Political Science, University of Ibadan, and is in conformity with the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Political Science, University of Ibadan. ___________________________ _______________________ Prof. Femi Otubanjo Date B.A. (Ife), Ph.D ( Wales), M.Sc. (London), Supervisor Department of Political Science University of Ibadan ii DEDICATION This work is affectionately dedicated, with immense thanks, to God for a successful endeavour. Also, I dedicate it to my ever-loving wife, Mrs Prisca Chinyere Okechukwu and our children, Emmanuella Kamsiyorchukwu Kinsella, Daniella Chimnaechelum Chimdimma Prisca and Chukwumdubem Groupson – Emmanuel. Finally, I solemnly dedicate this work to the over one million Rwandans who were exterminated during the 1994 Rwandan genocide. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A number of people must be acknowledged for their contributions to the success of this thesis. First and foremost, my greatest, appreciation thanks go to the Almighty God, the shaker and mover of all things, for His mercy, protection, support and blessings. I am also indebted to my research supervisor Professor Femi Otubanjo, who, in spite of other pressing engagements, paid considerable attention to the drafts and offered useful comments and suggestions. His academic disposition, patience and appreciation of my research helped me to surmount the major problems I encountered. I also acknowledge the noble roles of Dr. Remi Aiyede, Dr. O.B.C. Nwolise, Dr. Irene Pogoson and Professor R.T. Suberu, among who mentored me at different times. I sincerely thank them all. I am grateful to the management and staff of the Nigerian Army Signals for offering me the opportunity to study till the period I retired while in pursuit of this endeavour. I warmly salute Major General Tanko Abdul (rtd) – my chief mentor, Major General M. Rufai, the late Major General J.K. Oye, Major General Fasassi, Brigadier General S.K Iru, Major General A.U. Dambatta, Colonel M.N. Onuorah (rtd), Colonel G.S. Akinola, Colonel D.T. Oye, Brig.Gen. L.W. Wiwa, the late Colonel C.V.C. Okoseme, Colonel R.C. Duru, Colonel O.O. Soleye, Colonel A.A. Nani, Colonel A. Sumonu and Colonel A.A. Onalaja, among others. My special thanks further go to Professor Israel Okoye for building me up academically, I would also like to thank the following people: Professor F.A. Nwako, Professor G. Nwana, P.N. Chikendu, Professor Pita Ejiofor, Professor E.L. Nnabuife, Professor G. Onu, Dr. A. Okolie, Professor E. Ezeanni, Professor Jonah Onuoha, Dr. Ifesinachi, B.C. Chine, Dr. Dennis Aribodor, Dr. Frank Collins Okafor, Dr. Abada, Dr. Emeka Onourah, Dr. Polycarp Orji, Dr. Asimiyu Obilowo, Dr. Stephen Lafenwa, Dr. Nathaniel Dangigbo, Dr. Oluwatoyin Oluremi, Dr. David Ewenrumadu, Sunday Epebiun, Engineer Babatunde Ezekiel, A. Yusuf, Oshinuga, Ogunlana, George Nwosu, Chidi Ewenrem, Richard Okpala, Dr. C.N. Okereke. Students of Political Science UNN Lagos Study Centre, and students of Political Science, History and International Studies and Public Administration of Lagos State University (LASU), Ojo, Lagos, who motivated me intellectually. Additionally, I appreciate my great friends and motivators such as Cubert Nwabugwu, John Onwudiwe, Clement, Vitalis, Matthew Iyoke, Eze Njoku, Leo Ikeson, Bar Peters Adonu, Martins Odeh, Aderemi, Aina, Ifeanyi Nwuokeke, Gbenga Agboola, and Mrs Obi, among others. Finally, I acknowledge with thanks the support and encouragement of members of my family and friends, which include: Mrs. Prisca Chinyere Okechukwu, Emmanuel K.K. Okechukwu, Daniella C.P.C. Okechukwu, Groupson-Emmanuel Okechukwu, Boniface Okechuk wu, Festus Okechukwu, Thomas, Ikechukwu, Abel and Kevin Okechukwus. Then my relatives, Mr. Chukwudi C. Ezeudu, Lawrence Ezeudu, Celestine Okeke, Bibian Chinonyelu Anyawu, iv Agatha Okeke, and Ifeanyi Ezeudu, most respected Chief Emeka Onyeyegbu - the Ide Umudioka, Godwin Udehel, Nwangene Ogonna, Sharon Haba - Rwanda, Emmanuel Buggingo – Rwanda, Thomas Turner – my resource fellow in Rwanda and Mr and Mrs. Innocent and Godeberthe Nkeshimana – Rwanda, Pastor Olalekan Aruna and the Redeemed Christian Church of God family BP4041, Kigali, Brother Badmus, Brother Mike, Pastor Lekan Balogun, among others. May God Bless you all. v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ADFL – CZ Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo Zaire AFL Armed Forces of Liberia APC All People’s Congress Party, Sierra-Leone APC Armoured Personnel Carrier (a war instrument) APROSOMA La Association Pour la Promotion Sociale De la Masse ASF African Standby Force AU African Union BBC British Broadcasting Corporation BCDI Bank of Commercial and Industrial Development CDF Civil Defence Force CNN Cable Network News of America COMESA Community of East African States Association CRC Citizens’ Right Congress of Liberia DIA Defence Intelligence Agency DPRO Department of Peacekeeping Operation (UN) EAC East African Community ECOMOG Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States E-IMET Enhanced International Military Education and Training of America FDD Forces for the Defence of Democracy of Burundi FIS Islamic Salvation Front of Algeria FNLA National Front for the Liberation of Angola GACACA Traditional Mode of Conflict Resolution and Judiciary System in Rwanda HIPC Highly Indebted Poor Country HIV/AIDS Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus Cum Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome ICTR International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda ICTY International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia IGNU Interim Government of National Unity IMF International Monetary Fund INPFL Independent National Patriotic Front of Liberia JEM Justice and Equality Movement, Sudan LDF Liberia Defence Force LPC Liberia People’s Congress LURD The Liberian United Reconciliation and Democracy vi MDGs Millennium Development Goals MODEL Movement for Democracy in Liberia MNC Movement du Nationale de Congolese PMLA Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola MPRI Military Professional Incorporated America MRND Movement for Revolutionary National Development NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Europe NEPAD New Partnership for African Development NMOG Neutral Military Observer Group, Africa NPRP National Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper NRA National Resistance Army NURC National Unity and Reconciliation Commission NUR National University of Rwanda OAU Organization of African Unity PARMEHUTU Party for the Movement of the Emancipation of the Hutu Race, Rwanda. PRC Provisional Ruling Council RANU Rwandaise Alliance for National Unity RUF Revolutionary United Front, Sierra Leone RPF Rwandan Patriotic Front RTLM Radio et Television Libre de Mile-Collin SADA Southern African Development Association SLM Sudan Liberation Movement, Sudan SPLA Sudan Peoples Liberation Army UNAMIR United Nations Assistant Mission in Rwanda ULIMO-J United Liberia Movement of Johnson ULIMO-K United Liberian Movement for Koromah UNAR Union de Nationale du Rwanda UNHRC United Nations High Commission for Refugees NUTIA National Union for the Total Independence of Angola UNOMUR United Nations Observer Mission for Uganda and Rwanda vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Cover Page i Certification by Supervisor ii Dedication iii Acknowledgements iv List of Abbreviations vii Table of Contents viii Abstract x CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 General Background of Study 1 1.2 Statement of Problem 3 1.3 Research Objectives 5 1.4 Research Questions 5 1.5 Significance of Study 6 1.6 Hypotheses 7 1.7 Research Methods of Study 8 1.8 Scope of Research Study 10 1.9 Limitation of Study 10 1.10 Organization of Study 11 References 13 CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 15 2.1 Diplomacy 16 2.2 Diplomacy and Conflicts: A Global Overview 25 2.3 Diplomacy and Conflicts in Africa 43 2.4 Theoretical Framework 56 References 60 CHAPTER THREE THE ORIGIN AND CAUSES OF CRISES IN RWANDA 70 3.1 Origin of Rwanda 70 3.2 Rwanda under Colonial Rule 73 viii 3.3 Rwanda: From Mandate Territory Status To Trusteeship Territory Status 73 3.4 Rwanda: From Social Groups to Ethnic Identity 78 3.5 The Politics of Inequality in Governance 87 3.6 Leadership Problem, Poor Economy and Rwandan Crisis: An Analysis 91 3.7 Seeds of Discord and Rebellion in Rwanda 96 3.8 Ethnicization and Governance in Rwanda 104 3.9 Rebel Activities in Rwanda 111 References 119 CHAPTER FOUR THE DIPOLMACY OF THE RWANDAN CRISIS 121 4.1 Diplomacy of the Rwandan Crisis 121 4.2 National Interest, Diplomacy and the Rwandan Crisis 147 4.3 African Diplomacy in Rwanda 161 References 168 CHAPTER FIVE GENOCIDE AND DIPLOMACY IN THE RWANDAN CRISIS 172 5.1 The Implications of Rebellion in Rwanda 173 5.2 An Assessment of Diplomacy in Rwanda 178 5.3 Humanitarian Intervention and Diplomacy in the Rwandan Crisis 202 5.4 Diplomacy and Justice System in the Rwandan Crisis 208 5.5 Small States’ Diplomacy and the Rwandan Crisis 219 References 231 CHAPTER SIX SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 236 6.1 Summary of Findings 236 6.2 Summary 241 6.3 Recommendations 251 6.4 Contribution to Knowledge 255 6.5 Suggestion for further research 257 6.6 Conclusion 258 References 261 Appendix I 285 Appendix II 288 Appendix III 290 ix Name: Groupson-Paul OKECHUKWU UC. Matric No: 104609 Title: REBELLION AND DIPLOMACY IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE RWANDAN CRISIS ABSTRACT Rebellion and diplomacy have played considerable roles in international politics in the last two decades. Both phenomena, however, have failed to resolve many crises and conflict of interests that have plagued the African continent. Studies have been done on the causes and effects of these conflicts.
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