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The Sub-Regional Management of an Internal Conflict in Africa: an Analysis of Djibouti Peace Initiative in the Somali Conflict (May-August, 2000) ^

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The Sub-Regional Management of an Internal Conflict in Africa: an Analysis of Djibouti Peace Initiative in the Somali Conflict (May-August, 2000) ^ K ^ U S E in t h e ubkakv oNtr A l THE SUB-REGIONAL MANAGEMENT OF AN INTERNAL CONFLICT IN AFRICA: AN ANALYSIS OF DJIBOUTI PEACE INITIATIVE IN THE SOMALI CONFLICT (MAY-AUGUST, 2000) ^ BY HASSAN FARAH U HIRWA A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN INTERNATIONAL STUDIES AT THE INSTITUTE OF DIPLOMACY AND INTERNATIONAL'STUDIES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI tiJjVSRSlTV OF NAIROBI tAb( AFRICANA COLLECTION OCTOBER 2001 DECLARATION This dissertation is my original work and has not been submitted for a degree to any university. Q.Ck/2^.. f Hassan Fa rah Shirwa Date This dissertation has been submitted for examination with my approval ‘\s a university supervisor UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI 6AS f AFkICANA COLLECTION Lj. r d Zbo I Date 1 DEDICATION To my mum and dad 11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank Allah who gave me this opportunity to study. Second, I would like to acknowledge with gratitude all those people who helped in executing this remarkable work, particularly those who are not mentioned here. My sincere gratitude goes to my supervisor, Dr. Makumi Mwagiru for his tireless effort in guiding me to accomplish this work on time. Had not been his support, guidance and co-operation, the work would have been extremely difficulty. I am also very grateful to German Academic Exchange Seivice for sponsoring my studies. They have been really very honest in word and deed in supporting my studies. 1 particularly thank Ms. Katherina Wanjohi-Bur and Ms. Mailo for their support, guidance and sympathy whenever I visited their office. I am also grateful to the entire staff and students of the institute of Diplomacy and international studies for their support and friendship during my studies in that institute. 1 am particularly thanking Professor Nyunya, Mr. G. K. Ikiara, Mr. Chris Abong'o, Dr. Hassouna, Dr, Nyinguro, and Ms. Ngoloma for their assistance and advice in one time or another. Special thanks go to my classmates, Mr. John Wamway, Mr. Julius Githuku and Mr. Bernard Ocheing for their advice, support and co-operation throughout the academic year. Last but not least, I would like to thank sincerely my wife, Seinab Abdulahi Buie Who withstood with me during my studies by bringing up the children without me for almost two years. Her support and patience towards me were remarkable. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 Acknowledgements--------------------------------------------------------------------------- iii Table of Contents------------------------------------------------------------------------------ v List of Abbreviations-------------------------------------------------------------------------vi CHAPTER ONE THE SOMALI CONFLICT AND SUB-REGIONAL PEACE INITIATIVES Introduction------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 The Problem------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3 Objectives of the Study-------------------------------------------------------* \-------------- 5 Justification of the Study-----------------------------------------------^ -------------------- 5' Literature Review- — 6 Theoretical Framework 18 Hypothesis-------- ------ -------------------------------- <4 ^ 21 Methodology----------------------------------------- --------------- 21 Chapter Outline ------------------------------- ----------------- 22 CHAPTER TWO THE SOMALI CONFLICT: An Overview of Causes, Dynamics and Consequences Introduction-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23 Brief Social and Geographical Description of Somalia -------------- ------------------23 Historical Background of the Somali Conflict--------------------------------------------34 Events that Precipitated the Collapse of the Somali State........................................35 The consequences of the Somali Conflict-------------------------------------------------39 CHAPTER THREE THE SOMALI CONFLICT AND EXTERNAL INFLUENCE Introduction--------------------------------------------------------------- 46 The internationalisation of Internal Conflicts: Some Theoretical Approaches.......46 The Internationalisation of the Somali Conflict........................................................49 Agents that Internationalised the Somali Conflict------------------- ------------------- 50 A Strategic Map of Internal and External Actors in the Somali Conflict------------58 CHAPTER FOUR AFRICAN SUB-REGIONAL APPROACHES TO CONFLICT MANAGEMENT Introduction------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 74 Sub-regionalism: Towards a Theoretical Approach....................... 74 Peace in Africa. Whose Obligation?--------------------------------------------------------76 Sharing the Burden of Peace: UN, OAU and Sub-regional Organisations..............79 The United Nations............................... 80 The OAU and Sub-regional Organisations: Supplant or Supplement?--------------82 The Inter-governmental Authority on Development (IGAD)....... ............................89 v CHAPTER FIVE SUB-REGIONAL ATTEMPTS TO MANAGE THE SOMALI CONFLICT: A Case Study of Djibouti-Led IGAD Peace Process on Somalia (May-August, 2000) Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------98 Sub-regional Peace Initiatives before the Peace Process in May-August, 2000---- 98 Djibouti One and Two Conferences (1991)............................................ .................. 98 The Ethiopian Sponsored Sodere Peace Process (1996-1997)................................ 101 The Peace Process on Somalia (May-August, 2000)-------------------------------------102 Premeditation Stage---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 103 The Mediation----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 109 The Post Mediation Stage--------------------------------------- ----------------------------- 1 14 CHAPTER SIX CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF DJIBOUTI-LED IGAD PEACE PROCESS ON SOMALIA (MAY-AUGUST, 2000) Introduction-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 123 Djibouti Mediation in the Somali Conflict: Theory and Practice............................ 123 The Ripe Moments---------------------------------------------------------- 124 Motives of Djibouti to Mediate the Somali Conflict..................... 124 Selection of the Parties------------------------------------------------------------------------ 127 (Im) partiality----------------------------------------------- 127 Tracks of Diplomacy Used in the Mediation Process-------------------- 128 IGAD and Djibouti Peace Process on Somalia......................................—................133 Hypotheses Revisited................................................................................. .................135 CHAPTER SEVEN CONCLUSION: Conflict and Sub-regional Peace Initiatives in the Horn of Africa Introduction--------------------------------------------------------------------------- -.............146 Findings of the Study...................................................................................................147 Recommendation------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------151 BIBLIOGRAPHY------------------------------------------------------- ------- ---------------153 IV LIST OF ABREVIATIONS AMU Arab Magreb Union ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations ECOMOG ECOWAS Monitoring Group ECOWAS Economic Community of West African states CIS Commonwealth of Independent States EAC East Africa Community EPLF Eritrean People's Liberation Front EPRDF Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front FRUD front Pour la Restauration de 1' Unite e de la Democratic IGADD Inter-governmental Authority on Drought and Desertification IGAD Inter-governmental Authority on Development IMC International Medical Corps IPF IGAD Partners Forum LAS League of Arab States LGS Liaison Group on Somalia MSF Medicine San Frontiers NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement OAS Organisation of American States OAU Organisation of African Unity OIC Organisation of Islamic Conference OLF Oromo Liberation Front ONLF Ogaden National Liberation Front OSCE Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe PLO Palestine Liberation Organisation RRA Rahanwein Resistance Army SACB Somali Aid Co-ordinating Body SADC Southern Africa Development Council SCF Save the Children Fund SCS Standing Committee on Somalia SNF Somali National Front SNM Somali National Movement SPM Somali Patriotic Movement SRRC Somali Reconciliation and Restoration Council SSDF Somali Salvation Democratic Front TPLF Tigray People's liberation Front TNG Transitional National Government UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNITAF United Nations International Task Force UNOSOM United Nations Operation for Somalia u s e United Somali Congress vi CHAPTER ONE THE SOMALI CONFLICT AND SUB REGIONAL PEACE INITIATIVES Introduction The end of the Cold War is welcomed on the assumption that it would reduce the frequency o f wars in the world. True, to some extent, it led to the decline of inter-state conflicts. But on the other side, it opened Pandora's box in terms of the frequency of intra-state conflicts. This is well manifested in Africa where the right for political participation
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