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Gentrification in the Central Zone of Medina, Saudi Arabia

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Gentrification in the Central Zone of Medina, Saudi Arabia Gentrification in the Central Zone of Medina, Saudi Arabia Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Leicester By Hanadi Alharbi DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY UNIVERSITY OF LEICESTER February 2018 Gentrification in the Central Zone of Medina, Saudi Arabia Hanadi Alharbi Abstract The past fifty years have seen increasingly rapid advances in urbanization and development in Saudi Arabia. Medina is a Saudi city; it is the second most significant holy place after Mecca for all Muslims worldwide because it encompasses the Prophet’s Mosque and the grave of the prophet of Islam, Mohammed. The central research aim of the thesis is to examine whether that redevelopment that has taken place in Medina between the 1970s to 2000s should be viewed as gentrification. The central zone of Medina was identified as a case study for this research. Qualitative mixed-methods research involving structured interviews and content analysis of archival data were used to investigate redevelopments in the central zone of Medina. A semi-structured interview was conducted with elite interviewees - officials and developers - and the non-elite, who are the displaced residents of the central zone of Medina. The main findings of this study show that what has happened in central zone of Medina since the 1970s to the 2000s, when the redevelopment project was completed, constitutes new build gentrification. New build gentrification in the central zone of Medina is oriented towards tourism, as led by individual investors and real state dealers in the 1970s and 1980s and by the central state in the 1990s and 2000s. It was also shown that the touristic gentrification in new build form, which is also taking place in central Medina, has resulted in the full impact of displacement. This result has particular significance with respect to the global debates regarding gentrification research, in that gentrification in the Global South, including the Middle East, occurred simultaneously with that of the Global North. The findings and contributions of this thesis show that gentrified central Medina is a new story of gentrification coming from a Middle Eastern Islamic city in Global ii South, as different than Global north context due to a number of issues such as being the fastest-growing urbanization in the Global South, the type of political systems, decision- making mechanisms in governmental bodies, and the cultural and social structures of communities. iii Acknowledgments In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful. All praises to Allah for the strength and His blessing in completing this thesis. Throughout the period of my doctoral study at the University of Leicester, there were people who helped me. And now I would like to thank them, and express my gratitude for their understanding and kindness. First, I would like to thank my PhD supervisor, Professor Martin Phillips, for his useful feedback that helped to the completion of this thesis. Dr Margaret Byron, my second supervisor, who joined my journey last year – her scientific knowledge and moral support were outstanding. My gratitude goes to my examiners Professor Loretta Lees and Dr Lauren Andres for their ongoing critique and contributions that have greatly improved the standard of this thesis. Dr Gavin Brown was always supportive, and always listened to me. I would also like to extend my thanks to Kerry from the Cartographic & Design Technician unit for her feedback on my maps. Thanks also to Charlotte Langley, the Postgraduate Research Administrator in Informatics for her invaluable assistance, and my lovely friend in the Department of Geography, Hannah Smith. I am deeply indebted to my late husband, and to my father. I am grateful to my husband who encouraged me to go abroad and pursue my dream of a PhD. I am also grateful to my father, whose advice, wisdom, and encouragement has sustained and enriched my life and my PhD journey. I have been very lucky to have so many good friends in the UK and in Saudi Arabia. Much gratitude goes to them all for their kindness, encouragement and support: Koulod, Alex, Hanan, Sarah, Fordos and Aeshah. My heartfelt thanks go to my mother. Though I have been away from her, her unconditional love, support, and faith in me have motivated me to work harder and insist on achieving my goal. My deepest appreciation goes also to my three boys: Mohammad, Sultan, and Rayan, for their love, patience, and company during my study. iv Table of Content ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................................... II ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................................... IV TABLE OF CONTENT ....................................................................................................................... V LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................. VII LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................... VII ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................................... VIII CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY ............................................................................................ 1 1.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. URBANISATION AND GENTRIFICATION: THE GLOBAL NORTH AND SOUTH DEBATES ...................................... 1 1.3. GENESIS AND RATIONALE OF THIS STUDY ............................................................................................. 8 1.3.1. Urbanisation and Revitalisation in Saudi Arabia ............................................................. 10 1.3.2. Medina’s Central Zone as a Single Case Study ................................................................. 15 1.4. THE AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ........................................................................................... 20 1.5. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................................ 20 1.6. OUTLINE OF THE THESIS .................................................................................................................. 22 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................................ 24 2.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 24 2.2. CONCEPTUALIZING GENTRIFICATION: EVOLUTION, DEFINITIONS, AND DEBATES ......................................... 25 2.2.1. The Evolution of Gentrification: Spatial and Temporal Transition .......................................... 29 2.2.2. Consumption and Production as Dynamics of Gentrification .................................................. 31 2.2.3. Debates Surrounding the Consequences of Gentrification ...................................................... 47 2.3. URBANIZATION IN THE MIDDLE EAST ................................................................................................. 55 2.3.1. Urban Development in Islamic Cities ....................................................................................... 57 2.3.2. Spectacular Urbanization in the United Arab Emirates ........................................................... 68 2.4. RELIGIOUS TOURISM, PILGRIMAGES, URBAN DEVELOPMENT, AND TOURISM GENTRIFICATION ..................... 76 2.4.1. The Impact of Pilgrimages and Religious Tourism in the Middle East ..................................... 80 2.5. GLOBAL GENTRIFICATION AND GENTRIFICATION IN ISLAMIC CITIES .......................................................... 83 2.5.1. Debate on Modern Comparative Urbanism ............................................................................ 86 2.5.2. The Debate on Gentrification in Islamic Cities......................................................................... 89 2.6. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................ 90 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................. 92 3.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 92 3.2. RESEARCH QUESTIONS ................................................................................................................... 92 3.3. RESEARCH DESIGN: A QUALITATIVE APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF GENTRIFICATION IN SAUDI ARABIA ............ 95 3.4. A SINGLE CASE STUDY .................................................................................................................... 98 3.5. DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES ....................................................................................................... 99 3.5.1. Archival Data ......................................................................................................................... 102 3.5.2. Interviews .............................................................................................................................. 104 3.6. DATA ANALYSIS..........................................................................................................................
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