Neo-Nationalismus in Der Eu: Sozio-Ökonomische Programmatik Und Praxis

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Neo-Nationalismus in Der Eu: Sozio-Ökonomische Programmatik Und Praxis WORKING PAPER-REIHE DER AK WIEN NEO-NATIONALISMUS IN DER EU: SOZIO-ÖKONOMISCHE PROGRAMMATIK UND PRAXIS Joachim Becker 179 978-3-7063-0739-0 MATERIALIEN ZU WIRTSCHAFT UND GESELLSCHAFT WPR_179_Neo-Nationalismus_B.indd 1 05.09.18 09:13 Materialien zu Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft Nr. 179 Working Paper-Reihe der AK Wien Herausgegeben von der Abteilung Wirtschaftswissenschaft und Statistik der Kammer für Arbeiter und Angestellte für Wien Neo-Nationalismus in der EU: sozio-ökonomische Programmatik und Praxis Joachim Becker Unter Mitarbeit von: Justyna Kajta, Adam Mrozowicki, László Neumann, Koen Smet Oktober 2018 Die in den Materialien zu Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft veröffentlichten Artikel geben nicht unbedingt die Meinung der AK wieder. Die Deutsche Bibliothek – CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Ein Titeldatensatz für diese Publikation ist bei der Deutschen Bibliothek erhältlich. ISBN 978-3-7063-0739-0 Kammer für Arbeiter und Angestellte für Wien A-1041 Wien, Prinz-Eugen-Straße 20-22, Tel: (01) 501 65, DW 12283 Zusammenfassung Die neo-nationalistischen Kräfte haben in den EU-Ländern in den letzten Jahren stark an Einfluss gewonnen. In einzelnen Ländern, wie Ungarn und Polen, stellen sie allein die Regierung, in anderen EU-Staaten sind sie Teil von Koalitionen oder tolerieren diese. Der Aufstieg der neo-nationalistischen Kräfte hat vielfältige Konsequenzen für ArbeitnehmerInnen. Die Studie untersucht derartige Konsequenzen auf dem Gebiet von Staatsreformen, Wirtschafts- und Sozialpolitik sowie Arbeitsbeziehungen. In programmatischer Hinsicht lassen sich neoliberal und nationalkonservativ orientierte Hauptströmungen des Neo-Nationalismus unterscheiden. Ein entsprechendes Klassifizierungsschema liegt der Analyse von Programmen und Regierungspraxis zugrunde. Die Studie gibt einen Überblick über die sozio-ökonomische Programmatik von neo-nationalistischen Parteien in den EU-Ländern. Sie analysiert hierbei den Zusammenhang zwischen der Stellung des jeweiligen Landes in der europäischen Arbeitsteilung und der programmatischen Ausrichtung. In einem zweiten Teil untersucht die Studie detaillierter die Regierungspraxis neo-nationalistischer Parteien an den Beispielen Belgien, Ungarn und Polen. Abstract In recent years, neo-nationalist forces have become significantly stronger in EU countries. In some countries, like Hungary and Poland, they govern alone. In other countries, they are coalition partners or tolerate governments. The rise of neo-nationalist forces has manifold consequences for workers and employees. The study analyses such consequences in the fields of state reforms, labour relations, economic and social policies. Two main currents of neo-nationalisms can be distinguished: a neoliberal and a national-conservative one. In a classificatory scheme, the main elements of neoliberal neo-nationalism and national-conservatism are identified. The classification provides the framework for the analysis of the relevant party programmes and government praxis. The study offers a survey of the socio-economic programmatic vision of the neo-nationalist parties in EU countries. It analyses the relationship between the position of the respective country in the European division of labour and the programmatic orientation. In a second part, the praxis of governments with a strong neo-nationalist orientation is discussed in more detailed case studies on Belgium, Hungary and Poland. Inhalt Executive Summary: Kernthesen (Becker) 1. Einleitung (Becker) .......................................................................................................................... 1 2. Typologie des Neo-Nationalismus (Becker) .................................................................................... 2 3. Europäische Landkarte des Neo-Nationalismus (Becker) ............................................................. 14 3.1. Die westeuropäischen Leitländer: Deutschland und Großbritannien ................................... 15 3.2. Westeuropäisches Zentrum: Österreich, Benelux und Skandinavien ................................... 19 3.3. Niedergehendes Zentrum: Frankreich und Italien ................................................................ 29 3.4. Periphere Eurozone: die Mittelmeerländer - Spanien, Griechenland ................................... 35 3.5. Verlängerte Werkbank: Zentralosteuropa ............................................................................ 38 3.6. Finanzialisierte Peripherie: Baltikum und Südosteuropa ...................................................... 49 3.7. Schlussfolgerungen ................................................................................................................ 52 4. Die Fallstudien: Belgien, Ungarn, Polen ........................................................................................ 54 4.1. Belgien: Die Nieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie (N-VA) und die Regierung Michel (Becker, Smet) ..... 55 4.1.1. Einleitung ............................................................................................................................. 55 4.1.2. Politische Parteien und Konfliktachsen ............................................................................... 55 4.1.3. Der Kontext der Regierungsübernahme.............................................................................. 56 4.1.4. Regieren in einem föderalisierten Belgien .......................................................................... 58 4.1.5. Politische Einbettung und Verantwortung der N-VA .......................................................... 61 4.1.6. Die ökonomischen Strukturen Belgiens .............................................................................. 63 4.1.7. Wirtschafts- und Sozialpolitik der Regierung Michel .......................................................... 65 4.1.8. Das Verhältnis zur Sozialpartnerschaft und die Lohnpolitik................................................ 69 4.1.9. Zusammenfassung ............................................................................................................... 73 4.2. Ungarn: Die Fidesz-Regierung ............................................................................................... 73 4.2.1. Kontext des Fidesz-Wahlsiegs von 2010 (Becker) ......................................................... 73 4.2.2. Das Fidesz-Staatsprojekt (Becker) ................................................................................. 75 4.2.3. Die Wirtschafts- und Sozialpolitik der Fidesz-Regierungen (Becker) ............................ 79 4.2.4. Die ungarische Arbeitsbeziehungspolitik seit 2010 (Neumann) ................................... 84 4.2.5. Zusammenfassung zur Fidesz-Politik seit 2010 (Becker) ............................................... 95 4.3. Polen: Die PiS-Regierung ....................................................................................................... 97 4.3.1. Kontext der Regierungsübernahme von PiS (Becker) ................................................... 97 4.3.2. Das PiS-Staatsprojekt (Becker) ...................................................................................... 99 4.3.3. Die Wirtschafts- und Sozialpolitik der PiS-Regierung (Becker).................................... 104 4.3.4. Zurück nach rechts? Gewerkschaften und rechte Politik in Polen .................................... (Kajta, Mrozowicki) ..................................................................................................... 108 4.3.5. Zusammenfassung (Becker) ........................................................................................ 118 4.4. Kernzüge der Regierungspraxis des Neo-Nationalismus (Becker) ...................................... 120 5. Was können ArbeitnehmerInnenorganisationen tun? (Becker) ................................................. 122 6. Literatur ....................................................................................................................................... 125 Executive Summary: Kernthesen Der Neo-Nationalismus hat in der EU in den letzten Jahren, speziell seit Beginn der großen Krise von 2008 ff., einen Aufschwung erlebt. Neo-nationalistische Parteien sind sein zentraler Träger. Sie haben zunehmend Einfluss auf öffentliche Debatten gewonnen und haben in vielen EU-Ländern ihre parlamentarische Vertretung ausbauen können. Im mehreren EU-Ländern sind sie an Regierungen beteiligt und regieren in einzelnen Fällen, wie Ungarn und Polen, sogar alleine. Im Fall eines maßgeblichen Einflusses auf die Regierungspolitik haben sie einen Umbau des politischen Institutionensystems initiiert, der auch die ArbeitnehmerInnenorganisationen betrifft. Bei ihrem Aufstieg profitieren die neo-nationalistischen Parteien von einer Erosion und Repräsentationskrise der traditionellen christ- und sozialdemokratischen Parteien. Von daher ist ihr Aufstieg auch nicht als ein rein konjunkturelles und kurzlebiges Phämonem einzuschätzen. Die politischen Koordinaten in Europa verändern sich derzeit dauerhaft. Die öffentliche Diskussion zu den neo-nationalistischen Parteien konzentriert sich stark auf die nationalistischen, z.T. auch fremdenfeindlichen Elemente ihrer Programmatik. Doch haben die neo- nationalistischen Parteien eine weit darüber hinausgehende sozio-ökonomische Programmatik, die in einigen Fällen auch schon in Regierungspraxis umgesetzt worden ist. Die neo-nationalistischen Parteien beeinflussen erheblich das politische Umfeld, in dem ArbeitnehmerInnenorganisationen arbeiten. Für ArbeitnehmerInnenorganisationen ist es daher wichtig, sich mit der breiteren Programmtik der neo-nationalistischen
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