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Effect of Cold Stratification on Seed Germination of the Multipurpose Fruit Shrub, Ziziphus Lotus (L.) Lam

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Effect of Cold Stratification on Seed Germination of the Multipurpose Fruit Shrub, Ziziphus Lotus (L.) Lam DOI: 10.46909/cerce-2020-013 Original Article Available online: www.uaiasi.ro/CERCET_AGROMOLD/ Print ISSN 0379-5837; Electronic ISSN 2067-1865 Cercetări Agronomice în Moldova Vol. LIII , No. 2 (182) / 2020: 152-159 EFFECT OF COLD STRATIFICATION ON SEED GERMINATION OF THE MULTIPURPOSE FRUIT SHRUB, ZIZIPHUS LOTUS (L.) LAM. (RHAMNACEAE) A. KHELOUFI1,*, L.M. MANSOURI1, K. LAIB1 *E-mail: [email protected] Received: Apr. 30, 2020. Revised: June 12, 2020. Accepted: June 19, 2020. Published online: July 18, 2020 ABSTRACT. Shrubs and trees of the well as seedling total length. 120 days genus Ziziphus are a good example of stratification treatment resulted in the naturally occurring multipurpose plant highest shoot and root length (6.80 cm species with great potential in arid and 9.75 cm, respectively). An overview regions. This study was conducted to on the emergence of Z. lotus seedlings investigate the effect of cold stratification during a 15-day period was also on seed germination and seedling growth illustrated. of Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam. Seeds were Keywords: agriculture; arid region; subjected to 0, 45, 90 and 120 days of buckthorn; Jujube; medicinal plants; seed cold stratification at 5°C. We also quality. examined fruit, kernel and seed morphology. For each treatment period, INTRODUCTION four replicates of 50 seeds were incubated in plastic containers between two layers of moist sand at 15% and under The genus Ziziphus belongs to greenhouse conditions for 15-day period. the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae). At the end of the experiment, the final It is a genus of around 100 species of germination percentage (FGP), shoot deciduous or evergreen trees and length and root length were assessed. The shrubs distributed across the world's results clearly indicated that increasing tropical and subtropical regions duration of cold stratification improved (Kaleem et al., 2014). The fleshy seed germination. The most effective drupes of many species are rich in stratification period was 120 days where sugars and vitamins, and this fact has Z. lotus recorded 83% of FGP and 16.5 cm of total seedling length. Cold for many centuries made Ziziphus stratification treatments significantly important fruit trees. In many increased shoot height, root length, as traditional medicines, extracts from fruits, seeds, leaves, roots and bark of 1 Department of Ecology and Environment, University of Batna 2, Batna, Algeria 152 SEED GERMINATION IMPROVEMENT OF ZIZIPHUS LOTUS (L.) Ziziphus trees are used to alleviate the its highly nutritious fruits providing a effects of insomnia, skin diseases, valuable source of energy, vitamins inflammatory conditions and fever and also income when sold on local (Arndt et al., 2001). For these reasons, markets (Arndt et al., 2001). the Ziziphus trees have a significant Seed establishment is an role to play in the arid lands' important step in the life cycle of integrated economy (Wickens et al., plants (Chambers et al., 1994). 2012). Dormancy is an interruption in the Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam., also development of seed embryos known as jujube, grows generally in (Nikolaeva, 2004). Seed dormancy arid and semi-arid regions and is extends the period of germination widely distributed in China, Iran, over time and contributes to the Africa, South Korea and Europe like persistence of plants in agroecosystems Cyprus, Spain, Greece and Sicily (Long et al., 2015). Several plants (Adeli and Samavati, 2015). In Africa, exhibit a cold stratification Z. lotus is widely distributed in requirement before seed germination Mediterranean region, like Algeria, (Li et al., 1999; Merritt et al., 2007). Morocco, Tunisia and Libya This may be an evolutionary change (Le Houérou, 2001) . Z. lotus is a to ensure seed germination after the shrub 2-5 m in height, with gray and cold winter temperatures, rather than spiny stems, deciduous leaves and before or during winter (Probert, small yellow flowers (Maraghni et al., 2000). Seed germination of Ziziphus 2011). The edible fruit is a dark red species is affected by the initial drupe (1-1.5 cm in diameter) at percentage viability at the time of maturity (Dahlia et al., 2019). Z. lotus seed collection, storage conditions, is an example of multipurpose plants environmental conditions at sowing with great potential and utilization time and treatments applied to break capacity in arid regions. Indeed, Z. dormancy (Azam-Ali et al., 2006). The lotus shrubs inhabit arid environments aim of the present study was, firstly, because of their flexibility in adapting to investigate some morphological to the stress of drought (Refka et al., characteristics of the seeds, secondly, 2013). They play an important role in to assess the seed germination the conservation of soil, with their behavior and seedling establishment strong root system which stabilizes of Ziziphus lotus under different the soil and protects it from erosion. periods of cold stratification. The leaves provide fodder for livestock and the hard wood is used MATERIALS AND METHODS for making agricultural implements, fuel and high-quality charcoal. In Sampling area and many regions, Z. lotus is grown as a morphometric characterization hedge in many regions, with its spines The seeds of Z. lotus used in the producing successful live-fencing and present experiments were obtained from freshly mature and ripe fruits harvested on 153 A. KHELOUFI, L.M. MANSOURI, K. LAIB November 2019, from 10 shrubs (2-3 m harvesting, kernels (stones) were extracted height) growing at 942 m of altitude, in by opening the fruits and removing the the North East of the National Park of pulp using running water. After air dried, Belezma (Batna, Algeria) (Latitude: kernels were broken by pressing them 35°40' N; Longitude 6°11' E). Batna has transversely or longitudinally in a bench two dominant climates, the semi-arid vise. A total of 100 fruits, 100 kernels and climate and the Mediterranean climate. In 100 seeds were used for biometric this study, we have retained the average determinations using a digital caliper annual temperature (15.8°C), average (Fig. 1). The length is a distance between annual maximum temperature (23.2°C), the base and the apex and the diameter in average annual minimum temperature the median region of both fruits and (8.0°C), total annual precipitation and kernels (Kheloufi et al., 2019). Fruit, total rainy days of 67 days during the year kernels and seed weights were also 2019 (WCD Tutiempo, 2020). evaluated. Fruit, kernel and seed size of Z. The fruit sample was obtained by lotus are shown on Table 1. mixing the fruits of the 10 shrubs. After Figure 1 - Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam. shrub, fruits, kernels and seeds Table 1 - Fruit, kernel and seed size of Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam. (n=100) Mean ± SD Minimum Maximum Length (mm) 11.0 ± 0.57 10.1 12.2 Fruit Diameter (mm) 11.2 ± 0.80 10.2 13.7 Weight (g) 0.51 ± 0.10 0.35 0.68 Length (mm) 8.38 ± 0.76 6.72 9.22 Kernel Diameter (mm) 6.91 ± 0.47 6.08 7.79 Weight (g) 0.25 ± 0.06 0.16 0.45 Length (mm) 4.76 ± 0.36 3.98 5.37 Width (mm) 4.04 ± 0.31 3.46 4.59 Seed Thickness (mm) 1.61 ± 0.38 0.94 2.74 Weight (g) 0.028 ± 0.002 0.026 0.031 Each kernel contains 1-2 seeds. 154 SEED GERMINATION IMPROVEMENT OF ZIZIPHUS LOTUS (L.) Experimental design recording a low improvement of 35% and seed germination and 15% FGP, respectively compared Seeds were subjected to 0 (Control), to the control (Table 2). Cold 45, 90 and 120 days of cold stratification stratification is considered the most at 5°C. For each treatment period, four effective way of breaking the replicates of 50 seeds were incubated in plastic containers (18 cm length × 8 cm dormancy in summer annual seeds height × 12 cm width) between two layers and the most temperate perennials of moist sand at 15% (2 cm depth) and (Leadem, 1997; Kheloufi et al., 2019). under greenhouse conditions (temperature However, the patterns of germination of 27 ± 2°C) for 15-day period. At the end response can differ depending on the of the experiment, the final germination environment, geographic distribution percentage (FGP), shoot length (SL) and and phylogenetic relationships (Luna root main length were assessed. Seeds et al., 2012). Grime et al. (1979) were counted as germinated when the reported interspecific variations in the radicle growth reached 2 mm. ability of freshly matured seeds to Statistical analysis germinate immediately. The experiments were conducted In several plants, seed dormancy with four replicates of 50 seeds (n=4) for is an adaptive mechanism to protect the trait seed germination and with 10 seedlings from freezing damage replicates (n=10) for the seedling during the winter (Burke et al., 1976; characteristics, and the results were Kozlowski and Pallardy, 2002). Cold expressed as mean ± standard deviation stratification, usually between 1-10°C, (SD). All the data were subjected to one- can break the dormancy of seed for a way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and number of species (Bewley and Black, Duncan’s multiple range test (p< 0.05) 1994). The optimum stratification using SAS version 9.0 (Statistical Analysis System) (2002) software. period varies between species, and also between different seed lots of the RESULTS AND DISCUSSION same species (Andersson and Milberg, 1998). A 60-day chilling duration Results presented in Table 2 usually helps to prevent embryo dormancy in many plants (Bewley and show that cold stratification treatments had a significant effect (p< 0.0001) on Black, 1994). Many species with strict seed germination of Z. lotus. The primary dormancy however need a highest FGP of 83% was recorded long stratification period of six after 120 days of cold stratification.
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