WOMEN, WHORLS, AND WHEELS

A THESIS

SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT OF THE DEGREE MASTER OF ARTS

BY

JANILEE LYNN PLUMMER

THESIS CHAIRPERSON: DR. EVELYN BOWERS

BALL STATE UNIVERSITY

MUNCIE, INDIANA

JULY, 2010 Bibliography Acanthus Electronic Document, www.acanthusonline.co.uk/millefleurs.htm, accessed April 30, 2005.

Addyman, P.V. 2001 The Archaeology of York Volume 10: The medieval Walled City north-east of the Ouse. York: Council for British Archaeology.

Allison, Penelope M. 1999 The Archaeology of Household Activities. New York: Routledge.

Almendron.com Bitácora Almendrón Una ventana abierta al mundo artístico, cultural y político. Electronic doccument, http://www.almendron.com/arte/arquitectura/ techumbre/t_03/03_estructura.htm, accessed January 12, 2008

Amos, Alden 2001 The Alden Amos Big Book of Handspinning: Being a compendium of information, advise, and opinions on the noble art and craft. Loveland, Colorado: Interweave Press.

Andersson, Goran N. 2006 Electronic document, http://www.bingeby.com/city-wall-eng.html, accessed August 30, 2007.

Anderson, Hans Christian 1985 The Wild Swans. Woodbury, NY: Barron’s.

Ansari, Nuha 2004 Fodor’s . New York: Fodor’s Travel Publications.

Arbman, Holger 1936 Människoframställning i vår forntida konst. Ur Statens historiska museums samlingar, 4. Stockholm: Wahlström & Widstrand (i kommission). 1937 Schweden und das Karolingische Reich: Studien zu den Handels berbindungen des 9. Jahrhunderts. Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikviets Akademiens Handlingar, 43. Stockholm: Wahlström & Widstrand. 1939 , Sveriges äldsta handelsstad. Stockholm: Bokförlags aktiebolaget Thule.

297 1940 Birka: Untersuchungen und Studien. Stockholm: Almqvist och Wiksell International. 1945 Käringsjön; studier i halländsk järnålder, av Holger Arbman. Med bidrag av R. Sandegren och Hj. Ljungh. Stockholm: Wahlstrom ̤ & Widstrand, i kommission. 1955 Svear i österviking. Stockholm: Natur och kultur. 1961 The . New York: Praeger. 1995 The Vikings. New York: Barnes & Noble Books.

Arbman, Holger, and Alan Binns. 1962 The Vikings. London: Thames and Hudson.

Arbman, Holger, Carl Olof Cederlund, Basil Greenhill, and Owain T. P. Roberts. 1993 The Årby boat. [Stockholm]: Statens historiska museum.

Arbman, Holger, and Mårten Stenberger. 1935 Vikingar i västerled. Stockholm: A. Bonnier.

Arbman, Holger, Wilhelm Holmqvist, and Rolf Hillman. 1947 Sigtuna Mariakyrka: 1247-1947. Sigtuna: Fornhem.

Archer, Léonie J., Susan Fischler, and Maria Wyke 1995 Women in Ancient Societies. New York: Routledge.

Arensberg, Conrad M., and Arthur H. Niehoff. 1963 Technical cooperation and cultural reality. Washington: Dept. of State, Agency for International Development.

Backhouse, Janet 2002 Medieval Rural Life in the Luttrell Psalter. Toronto and Buffalo: University of Toronto Press.

Baines, Patricia 1976 Spinning Wheels, Spinners and Spinning. McMinnville, Oregon: Robin & Russ Handweavers. 1989 Linen Hand Spinning and Weaving, London: B.T. Batsford.

Barber, Elizabeth 1991 Prehistoric Textiles: The Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with Special Reference to the Aegean. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

298 1994 Women’s Work: The First 20,000 Years: Woman, Cloth, and Society in Early Times. New York: W. W. Norton & Company

Barfield, Thomas ed. 1999. The Dictionary of Anthropology. Malden Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers.

Bengans Historiasidor Electronic document, http://wadbring.com/historia/sidor/ragnhild.htm, accessed August 30, 2007.

Best, Michael R., ed. 1986 The English Housewife. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.

Bibliothèque Nationale circa 1200-1299 Manuscript Latin 14284, f. 6v. Electronic document, http:// mandragore.bnf.fr/jsp/switchExpert.jsp?division= Mix&desc =filage&idDesc=2010, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1225-1250 Manuscript Latin7330, f.30. Electronic document, http:// mandragore.bnf.fr/jsp/switchExpert.jsp?division=Mix&desc =filage &idDesc=2010, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1250-1275 Manuscript Latin 17947, f. 4. Electronic document, http://mandragore.bnf.fr/jsp/switchExpert.jsp?division=Mix&desc =labeur&idDesc=1909, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1275-1299 Manuscript Nouvelle Acquisition Latin 868, f. 22 v. Electronic document, http:// mandragore.bnf.fr/jsp/switchExpert.jsp division =Mix&desc=filage&idDesc=2010, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1313 Manuscript Français 13096, f. 25. Electronic document, http:// mandragore.bnf.fr/jsp/switchExpert.jsp?division=Mix&desc=filage &id Desc=2010, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1317 Manuscript Français 2091, f. 115. Electronic document, http:// mandragore.bnf.fr/jsp/switchExpert.jsp? division=Mix&desc= filage& idDesc=2010, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1317 Manuscript Français 2092, f. 24v. Electronic document, http:// visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualiseur?Destination =Mandragore &O=07839065 &E= 1&I=40840&M=imageseule, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1379 Manuscript 12399 f. 157 v. Electronic document, http://visuali seur .bnf.fr/Visualiseur?Destination=Mandragore&O=07904147 &E= 1&I=46177&M=imageseule, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1400-1425 Manuscript Français 22531, f. 12. Electronic document, http://mandra gore.bnf.fr/jsp/switchExpert.jsp?division=Mix&desc= labeur&idDesc=1909, accessed January 22, 2008.

299 circa 1400-1499 Manuscript Français 599, f. 48 v. Electronic document, http:// visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualiseur?Destination=Mandragore&O=7904117&E= 1&I=37929&M=imageseule, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1400-1499 Manuscript Français 616, f. 53 v. Electronic document,http:// visua liseur. bnf.fr/Visualiseur?Destination=Mandragore&O=7827173 &E=1&I= 38116&M =imageseule, accessed January 22, 2008. circa1400-1499 Manuscript Latin 9333, f. 24. Electronic document, http:// visualiseur.bnf.fr/CadresFenetre?O=COMP-15&I=48&M =imageseule, accessed January 22, 2008. circa1400-1599 Manuscript Latin 9673, f. 3. Electronic document, http:// visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualiseur?Destination=Mandragore&O= 08101665&E=2&I=97606&M=imageseule, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1402 Manuscript Français 12420, f. 71. Electronic document, http:// mandragore.bnf.fr/jsp/switchExpert.jsp?division=Mix&desc=quenouille & idDesc= 1579, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1402-1403 Manuscript Français 598, f. 70 v. Electronic document, http:// visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualiseur?Destination=Mandragore&O=8100285&E= 50&I=37808&M=imageseule, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1410-1412 Manuscript Français 2810, f. 157v. Electronic document, http:// mandragore.bnf.fr/jsp/switchExpert.jsp?division=Mix&desc= filage&idDesc=2010, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1425-1450 Manuscript Français 232, f. 2v Electronic document, http://mandragore.bnf.fr/jsp/switchExpert.jsp?division=Mix&desc=labeur &idDesc=1909, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1425-1450 Manuscript Français 62, f. 1. Electronic document, http:// visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualiseur?Destination=Mandragore&O=8100064&E =4&I=18632&M=imageseule, accessed January 19, 2008 circa 1425-1475 Manuscript Français 188, f. 7. Electronic document, http://mandragore.bnf.fr/jsp/rechercheExperte.jsp, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1426 Manuscript Latin 1156 B, f. 176, Electronic document, http:// visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualiseur?Destination=Mandragore&O=7911738&E= 1&I=62197&M=imageseule, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1447-1455 Manuscript Latin 4915, f. 24v. Electronic document, http://mandragore.bnf.fr/jsp/switchExpert.jsp?division=Mix&desc= labeur&idDesc=1909, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1450-1475 Manuscript Français 233, f. 46 v. Electronic document, http:// visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualiseur?Destination=Mandragore&O=8100126&E =12&I=27143&M=imageseule, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1450-1499 Manuscript Français 2643, f. 18. Electronic document, http:// visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualiseur?Destination=Mandragore&O=7827083& E=1&I=42141&M=imageseule, accessed January 22, 2008.

300 circa 1450-1499 Manuscript Français 288, f. 232. Electronic document, http:// visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualiseur?Destination=Mandragore&O=8100205&E= 35&I=28972&M=imageseule, accessed January 21, 2008 1462 Manuscript Français 51, f. 104. Electronic document, http:// visualiseur. bnf.fr/Visualiseur?Destination=Mandragore&O=8100046&E= 71&I=17118&M=imageseule, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1480-1485 Manuscript Français 22971, f. 25. Electronic document, http:// visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualiseur?Destination=Mandragore&O=08100373 &E=22&I=50279&M=imageseule, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1496-1498 Manuscript 143, f. 14 v. Electronic document, http:// visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualiseur?Destination=Mandragore&O=07903724 &E=1&I=23363&M=imageseule, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1500-1599 Manuscript Français 138, f. 8. Electronic document, http://mandragore.bnf.fr/jsp/rechercheExperte.jsp, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1500-1599 Manuscript 617, f. 39. Electronic document, http:// visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualiseur?Destination=Mandragore&O=08101772 &E=26&I=38204&M=imageseule, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1500-1599 Manuscript Français 874, f. 132v. Electronic document, http:// visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualiseur?Destination=Mandragore&O=08005824&E =1&I=39864&M=imageseule, accessed January 22, 2008.

Bibliothèque Royal de Belgique 1530-1540 Royal Manuscript II, f. 158. Electronic document, http:// www. kikirpa.be/www2/cgi-bin/wwwopac.exe?DATABASE=foto & LANGUAGE =0&513832=on, accessed January 28, 2008

Bodleian Library (Oxford) circa 1475-1499 Manuscript Douce 195. Electronic document, http://image. ox.ac.uk/show?collection=bodleian&manuscript=msdouce195, accessed January 13, 2008

Booth, R. K. 1990 York: This history and heritage of a city. London: Barrie & Jenkins.

Bowers, Evelyn J. 1983 Patterns of adult mortality in the Orkney Islands.

British Library circa 1240-1253 Manuscript, Burney 3 f f. 5v. Electronic document, http://www. bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/record.asp? MSID=8789&CollID=18&NStart=3, accessed January 25, 2008.

301 circa 1300-1340 Manuscript Royal 10 E IV. Electronic document, http://www. imagesonline.bl.uk/results.asp?image=024291&imagex=1& searchnum=3, accessed January 22, 2008 circa 1310-1320 Manuscript Stowe 17, f.38 Electronic document, http:// www.imagesonline.bl.uk/results.asp?image=024462&imagex=3 &searchnum=8, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1310-1320 Manuscript Stowe 17, f. 34 r. Electronic document, http://www.images online.bl.uk/results.asp?image=024919&imagex= 12&searchnum=6, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1320-1330 Manuscript Add. 47682, f.6 Electronic document, http:// www.imagesonline.bl.uk/results.asp?image=002513&imagex=1 &searchnum=41, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1320-1340 Manuscript Yates Thompson 20, f. 1. Electronic document, http:// www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/record.asp?MSID= 8112&CollID=58& NStart= 20, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1325-1335 Manuscript Add. 42130, f. 193. Electronic document, http:// www.imagesonline.bl.uk/results.asp?image=003937&imagex=3 &searchnum=6, accessed September 30, 2007. circa 1325-1335 Manuscript Yates Thompson 13, f. 23v. Electronic document, http:// www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscriptsrecord.asp? MSID=8148& CollID=58&NStart=13, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1330-1340 Manuscript Yates Thompson 14, f. 7 r. Electronic document, http:// www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/illmanus/yatethommancoll/p/l argeimage 77607.html, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1360 Manuscript Egerton 1894, f. 9 v. Electronic document, http:// www.imagesonline.bl.uk/results.asp?image=057655&imagex =5&searchnum=8, accessed January 22, 2008 circa 1400-1425 Manuscript Sloane 3451, f.12. Electronic document, http:// www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/record.asp?MSID= 1278& CollID=9&NStart=3451, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1400-1499 Manuscript Royal 16 Gv, f.56. Electronic document, http:// www.imagesonline.bl.uk/results.asp?image=061928&imagex= 17&searchnum=15, accessed January 15, 2008. circa 1414-1423 Manuscript Add. 18850, f.14. Electronic document, http://www.imagesonline.bl.uk/results.asp?image=004713&imagex= 3&searchnum =16, accessed January 22, 2008. 1451 Manuscript Add. 19962, f. 35. Electronic document, http:// www. imagesonline.bl.uk/results.asp?image=061928&imagex=17& searchnum=15, accessed January 22, 2008

302 Broude, Norma, and Mary D. Garrard, eds. 1982 Feminism and Art History Questioning the Litany. New York: Harper & Row.

Brumfield, Elizabeth M. 1991 Weaving and Cooking: Women’s Production in Aztec Mexico. In Gero and Conkey, eds., Engendering Archaeology Woman and Prehistory. 224-251.

Bunyan, John and Izaak Walton 1909 (1678) Pilgrim’s Progress. New York: P.F. Collier & Son.

Burns, Robert 1909-1914 Poems and Songs. The Harvard Classics.

Byatt, A.S. 2004 Introduction. In The Annotated Brothers Grimm. Maria Tatar Editor and translator. Pp xvii-xlvii. New York: W. W. Norton & Company Inc.

Camden, Carroll 1952 The Elizabethan Woman. New York: The Elsevier Press.

Camille, Michael 1998 Mirror in the Parchment The Luttrell Psalter and the Making of Medieval England. Chicago The University of Chicago Press.

Chambers, Robert 1869 Chambers Book of Days A Miscellany of Popular Antiquities in Connection with the Calendar, Including Anecdote, Bibliography, & History, Curiosities of Literature and Oddities of Life and Character. London: W. & R. Chambers.

Chaucer, Geoffrey, T. Betterton, J. Dryden, and T. Morell 1737 The Canterbury tales of Chaucer: in the original, from the most authentic manuscripts; and as they are turn'd into modern language. London: Printed for the editor; and sold by J. Walthoe, in Cornhill; W. Bickerton; in the Strand; and O. Payne, in Round-Court.

Cheltham Library circa 1500 Manuscript 8009, fols 330-372. Electronic document, www.lib. rochester.edu/camelot/teams/thnts.htm, accessed January 20, 2005.

303 Childe, V. Gordon 1942 What happened in history. New York: Penguin Books, Inc.

Clanchy, Michael T. 2003[1974] Letters of Abelard and Héloise. Rev. edition Betty Radice. New York: Penguin Putnam.

Conkey, Margaret W., Joan M. Gero 1997 Programme to Practice: Gender and Feminism in Archaeology. Annual Review of Anthropology 26:411-437.

Crewe, Lindy 1998 Spindle Whorls: A Study of Form Function and Decoration in Prehistoric Bronze Age Cyprus. Jonsered, Sweden: Paul Aströms Förlag.

Crookshank, Margaret 1909 Old-Time Survivals in Remote Norwegian Dales. Folklore 20(3):313-336.

Dahlberg, Frances, ed. 1981 Woman the Gatherer. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Destination 360 Electronic document, http://www.destination360.com/europe/sweden/visby. php, accessed August 30, 2007.

Deremble, Colette, and Jean-Paul Deremble 2003 Vitraux de Chartres. Paris: Zodiaque.

Det Kongelige Bibliotek circa 1400-1450 Manuscript GKS 80 2º 6 r. Electronic document, http://www. kb.dk/permalink/2006/manus/219/eng/, accessed January 25, 2008. circa 1430 Manuscript GKS 79 2º: 17 v. Electronic document, http://www. kb.dk/permalink/2006/manus/218/eng/, accessed January 25, 2008.

Donnelly, Marian C. 1992 Architecture in the Scandinavian Countries. USA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

304 Duke Anton Ulrich Museum 1537 Lucas Cranach Herkules bei Omphale. Electronic document, http:// galeria.klp.pl/p-1915.html, accessed January 30, 2007

Dyce, Alexander and John Skelton 1843 The poetical works of John Skelton: with notes, and some account of the author and his writings. London: T. Rodd.

Dyer, John. 1757 The Fleece: Book 1. The Penn State Archives of Samuel Johnson’s Lives of Poets. Ed. Kathleen Nulton Kemmerer. Electronic Document, http: //www.hn.psu.edu/faculty/kkemmerer/poets/dyer/fleece1.htm> , accessed March 29, 2005.

Economou, George, translator 1996 Piers Plowman: The C Version. Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press. Ektorps borg Electronic document, http://www.olanningen.com/oland/eketorp.htm accessed August 30, 2007.

Ektorp Museum Electronic document, http://www.eketorp.se/, accessed August 30, 2007.

Encyclopedia.com 2008 The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition Electronic document, http:// www. encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Vadstena.html, accessed August 30, 2007.

Etienne, Mona, and Eleanor Leacock 1980 Women and Colonization: Anthropological Perspectives. New York: J. F. Bergin Publishers, Inc.

Etting, Vivian 2004 Queen Margrete I (1353-1412) and the Founding of the Nordic Union. Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill.

Evans, E. Estyn 1957 Irish FolkWays. Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Fitzherbert, Anthony 1882 [1534]The Book of Husbandry. London: Trübner & Co.

305 Fitzwilliam Museum 1238-1252 Manuscript 330.ii. Electronic document, http://www.fitzmuseum. cam.ac.uk/gallery/cambridgeilluminations/themes/4.html#2, accessed January 26, 2007. 1510 Manuscript 159. Electronic document, http://www.fitzmuseum. cam.ac.uk/dept/msspb/opac/cataloguedetail.html?priref=82494&_ function_ =xslt&_limit_=10, accessed January 26, 2007.

Fox, Denton, ed. 1981 The Poems of Robert Henryson. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.

Gaimster, David 2005 A Parallel History: The Archaeology of Hanseatic Urban Culture in the Baltic c. 1200-1600. World Archaeology 37(3):408-423.

Gilfillan, Kobellt 1831 Original Songs. Edinburg: John Anderson.

Glasgow University Library circa 1170 Manuscript Hunter 229 f. 8 r. Elecrtonic Document, http:// special.lib.gla.ac.uk/exhibns/psalter/psalterindex.html, accessed January 22, 2008.

Gosden, Chris 2003 Prehistory A very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press.

Grimm, Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm 1962 The Complete Household Tales of Jakob and Wilhelm Grim. New York: The Heritage Press.

Grinvald, Zeʼev, Mikhaʼel Gonopolski, and Zeʼev Grinald 1995 Itturei halachah = illustrated guides to Jewish law. Shabbos. Jerusalem: Feldheim Publishers

Gudhems Kloster Elecrtonic document,http://web.telia.com/~u50007279/varnhem/gudhem.htm, accessed August 30, 2007.

Gustafson, Gabriel 1906 Norges oldtid: Mindesmaerker og oldsager. Gammel norsk kultur i tekst og billeder. Kristiania: Norsk Folkemuseum.

306 Hall, R.A., and K. Hunter-Mann 2002 Medieval Urbanism in Coppergate: Refining a Townscape. United Kingdom: York Archaeology Trust.

Harvey, John 1957 The Cathedrals of Spain. London: B. T. Batsford Ltd.

Hellberg, Bert, translator 1985 A Complete Guide in English to the Exhibition “Sigtuna in the Middle-Ages,” Sweden: Sigtuna Museum.

Hendon, Julia A. 1996 Archaeological Approaches to the Organization of Domestic Labor: Household Practice and Domestic Relations 25: 45-61.

Herrick, Robert 1648 Hesperides [and His noble numbers], London: John Williams and Francis Eglesfield.

Hill, Bridget 2001 Women Alone: Spinsters in England 1660-1850, New Haven: Yale University Press.

Hjorth, Harriet, and Bibbe Lindström 1976 [1973] Old Sigtuna: yesterday-today, Walks with Harriet Hjorth and Bibbe Lindström, Stockholm: Svantessons Bokrtyckeri,

Hochberg, Bette 1980 Handspindles. Santa Cruz, CA: Bette and Bernard Hochberg

Holbein, Hans 1497-1542 The Spinner. Electronic document, cgfa.acropolisinc.com/hholbein2/, accessed January 22, 2008.

Holloway, Julia Bolton, Constance S. Wright, and Joan Bechtold, eds. 1990 Equally in God’s Image: Woman in the Middle Ages. New York: Peter Lang.

Holland-Crossley, Kevin 1985 Folktales of the British Isles. London: The Folio Society

307 Honeyman, Katrina, and Jordan Goodman 1991 Women’s Work, Gender Conflict, and Labor Markets in , 1500-1900. The Economic History Review 44 (4): 608-628.

Houghton Library circa 1475-1499 Manuscript Lat 250, f. 59. Electronic document, http:// pds.lib.harvard.edu/pds/view/10148946?n=129&imagesize= 1200&jp2Res=.125, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1475-1499 Manuscript Lat 250, f. 11. Electronic document, http:// pds.lib.harvard.edu/pds/view/10148946?n=33&imagesize=1200&jp2Res =.125,accessed January 22, 2008.

Howell, Martha C. 1986 Women, Production and Patriarchy in Late Medieval Cities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Jacobs, Joseph 1971 [1923] Celtic Fairy Tales: being the two collections Celtic fairy tales & More Celtic fairy tales. New York: World.

Kadolph, Sara J 2007 Textiles Tenth Edition. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Klein, Joan Larson, ed. 1992 Daughters, Wives, and Widows Writings by Men about Women and Marriage in England 1500-1640. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

Kolmar, Wendy, and Frances Bartkowski, eds. 2000 Feminist Theory A Reader. California: Mayfield Publishing Company

Labarge, Margaret Wade 1965 A Baronial Household of the Thirteenth Century. New York: Barnes & Noble, Inc.

Lagerquist, Lar O. 2003 A History of Sweden. Sweden: The Swedish Institute.

Lang, James T., and Debbie Caulfield 1988 Viking-age decorated wood: a study of its ornamentation and style. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy

308 Lautier, Claudine 2003 Les vitraux de la cathédrale de Chartres: reliques et images. Paris: Société française d'archéologie.

Leacock, Eleanor Burke 1981 Myths of Male Dominance Collected Articles on Women Cross-Culturally. New York: Monthly Review Press.

Leacock, Eleanor, and Helen I. Safa, eds. 1986 Women’s Work Development and the Division of Labor by Gender. Massachusetts: Bergin & Garvey Publishers, Inc.

Lerman, Nina E., Ruth Oldenziel, and Arwen P. Mohun, eds. 2003 Gender and Technology: A Reader. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press.

Lindeblom, Linda, and Andrine Nilsen 2005 Borgen på Ragnhildsholmen En inmätning. Electronic Document, http://www.ruinportalen. se/ragnhildsholmen.pdf. accessed 30 August 2007.

Liu, Robert K. 1978 Spindle Whorls Part I: Some Comments and Speculations. The Bead Journal (3): 87-103.

Lorénzen, Lilly 1964 Of Swedish Ways. New York: Barns and Noble Books.

MacGregor, Arthur 1982 Anglo-Scandinavian Finds from Lloyds Bank, Pavement, and other sites. York: Council for British Archaeology.

Mainman, A.J. 1993 Pottery from 46-54 Fishergate. York: Council for British Archaeology.

Malinowski, Bronislaw 1922 Argonauts of the western Pacific; an account of native enterprise and adventure in the archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea. London: G. Routledge & Sons.

309 Marks, Richard, and Nigel Morgan 1981 The Golden Age of English Manuscript Painting 1200-1500. New York: George Braziller Inc.

Marwick, Ernest W. 1975 The Folklore of Orkney and Shetland. New Jersey: Rowman and Littlefield.

Massignon, Geneviéve 1968 Folktales of France. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Medieval Electronic document, http://www.bingeby.com/city-wall-eng.html, accessed August 30, 2007

Meiss, Millard 1967 French Painting in the time of Jean De Berry; the late fourteenth century and the patronage of the Duke. London: Phaidon.

Mertes, Kate 1988 The English Noble Household 1250-1600: Good Governance and Politic Rule. New York: Basil Blackwell Inc.

Michelin 2003 The Green Guide Scandinavia Finland. Watford, U.K.: Michelin Travel Publications.

Morgan, Elaine 1972 The descent of Woman. New York: Stein and Day.

Morris, C.A. 1984 Anglo-Saxon and Medieval Woodworking Crafts: the Manufacture and Use of Utilitarian and Domestic Wooden Artifacts in the British Isles, AD 400-1500. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge.

Morrison, Sophia 1911 Manx Fairy Tales. London: David Nutt

Motz, Lotte 1984 The Winter Goddess: Percht, Holda, and Related Figures. Folklore 95(2):151-166.

310 Munro, John H. 2003 Medieval Woolens: Textiles, Textile technology and industrial Organization, c 800- 1500 in The Cambridge History of Western Textiles. David Jenkins editor. Pp. 179-324. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza 1531 Martin van Heemskerck Portrait of a Lady. Electronic document, http:// www.museothyssen.org/thyssen/ficha_obra/305, accessed January 30, 2008. 1537 Hans Cranach Hercules at the Court of Omphale. Electronic document, http://www.museothyssen.org/thyssen/ficha_obra/1090, accessed January 30, 2008.

National Gallery of Art circa 1475-1485 Mittelalterliches Hausbuch. Electronic Document, http://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/hsb_intro.shtm, accessed January 30, 2008.

New York Public Library circa 1300-1315 Manuscript Spencer 002 f. 3. Electronic document, http://digital gallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/dgkey searchdetail.cfm?trg =1&strucID=250763&imageID=427115&word=eve&s=1¬ word=&d=&c=&f=&lWord=&lField= &sScope=&sLevel= &s Label =&total=72&num= 24&imgs=12&pNum=&pos=33#, accessed January 25, 2008. 1445 Manuscript 200 f. 8v. Electronic document, http://app.cul.columbia. edu:8080 /exist/scriptorium/individual/NN-MA-259.xml?, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1450 Manuscript Spencer 33. Electronic document, http://digital gallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/dgkeysearchdetail.cfm?trg=1&strucID= 251708&imageID=427486&total=88&num=20&word=19801&s=1& notword=&d=&c =&f=13&k=0&lWord=&lField=&sScope=Name& sLevel=&sLabel= Boccaccio%2C%20Giovanni&imgs=20&pos=25&e=r, accessed January 2008.

Oakley, Kenneth P. 1966 Man the Toolmaker. Chicago: The University Press of Chicago.

Olaus Magnus 1998 [1555] Description of the Northern Peoples. Rome London: The Hakluyt Society.

311 Olsson, Harald Emil 1947 Hultaby Medeltida Borganläggning. :Jönköpining.: [Omsl.][Illstr.].

Ó Ríordáin, B. 1971 Excavations at High Street and Winetavern Street Dublin. Medieval Archaeology 13:73-85.

Oxford English Dictionary Online (OED) Electronic document, http://80-dictionary.oed.com.proxy.bsu.edu, accessed December 6, 2005. Øye, I. 1988 Textile equipment and its working environment: Bryggen in Bergen, c 1150-1500. Bryggen papers, v. 2. [Bergen]: Norwegian University Press.

Petersen, J. 1951 Vikingstiden Redskaper. Oslo: n.p.

Pierpont Morgan Library circa 1204-1219 Manuscript M.739. Electronic document, http://corsair. morganlibrary.org/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v1=24&ti=1,24&Search %5FArg=spinning&SL=Submit%26LOCA%3D%20Medieval% 20Images%7C0&Search%5FCode=CMD&CNT=50&PID=grtVBV98 UcKfqDt UPX 4SikhMtLJdw&SEQ=20080123150403&SID=5, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1220 Manuscript M.429. Electronic document, http://corsair.morgan library.org/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v1=18&ti=1,18&Search%5FArg= spinning&SL=Submit%26LOCA%3D%20Medieval%20Images%7C0& Search%5FCode=CMD&CNT=50&PID=grtVBV98UcKfqDtUPX4Sikh MtLJdw &SEQ=20080123150403&SID=5, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1244-1254 Manuscript M.0638. Electronic document, http://corsair. morgan library.org/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?Search_Arg=Maciejowski& SL=Submit%26LOCA%3DDept.+of+Medieval+and+Renaissance+ Manuscripts%7C7&Search_Code=CMD&PID=6iY7wSkWOkkCrKYC BoJGh R1Qy78I&SEQ=20080124140544&CNT=50&HIST=1, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1280-1289 Manuscript M.183. Electronic document, http://corsair.morgan library.org/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v1=13&ti=1,13&Search%5FArg= distaff&SL=Submit%26LOCA%3D%20Medieval%20Images%7C0& Search%5FCode =CMD&CNT=50&PID=06KdPEvNuHizelpSa TELAcABFwD-_&SEQ=20080123152139&SID=7, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1285-1295 Manuscript M.34. Electronic document, http://corsair.morgan library.org/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v1=10&ti=1,10&Search%5FArg=

312 spinning&SL=Submit%26LOCA%3D%20Medieval%20Images%7C0& Search%5FCode=CMD&CNT=50&PID=grtVBV98UcKfqDtUPX4Sikh MtLJdw&SEQ= 20080123150403&SID=5, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1340-1360 Manuscript M.456. Electronic document, http://corsair.morgan library.org/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v1=20&ti=1,20&Search%5FArg= spinning &SL=Submit%26LOCA%3D%20Medieval%20Images%7C0 &Search%5FCode=CMD&CNT=50&PID=grtVBV98UcKfqDtUPX4S ikhMtLJdw&SEQ=20080123150403&SID=5, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1345-1355 Manuscript G.24. Electronic document, http://corsair.morgan library.org/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v1=1&ti=1,1&Search%5FArg= spinning&SL=Submit%26LOCA%3D%20Medieval%20Images%7C0& Search% 5FCode= CMD&CNT=50&PID=uKWQImefaLrlEKz6je2hbg X3l1xSv&SEQ=20080123145725&SID=2, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1370-1380 Manuscript M.88. Electronic document, http://corsair.morgan library.org/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v1=26&ti=1 ,26&Search%5FArg= spinning &SL=Submit%26LOCA%3D%20Medieval%20Images%7C0 &Search%5FCode=CMD&CNT=50&PID=grtVBV98UcKfqDtU PX4SikhMtLJdw&SEQ=20080123150403&SID=5, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1400-1403 Manuscript M.785. Electronic document, http://corsair.morgan library.org/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v1=25&ti=1,25&Search%5FArg= spinning&SL=Submit%26LOCA%3D%20Medieval%20Images%7 C0&Search%5FCode=CMD&CNT=50&PID=grtVBV98UcKfqDtUPX4 SikhMtLJdw&SEQ=20080123150403&SID=5, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1405-1415 Manuscript M.1044. Electronic document, http://corsair. morganlibrary. org /cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v1=7&ti=1,7&Searc%5 FArg= spinning&SL=Submit %26LOCA%3D%20Medieval%20 Images %7C0&Search% 5FCode= CMD&CNT=50&PID= grtVBV98UcKfq DtUPX4SikhMtLJdw &SEQ=20080123150403&SID=5, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1415-1425 Manuscript M.192. Electronic document, http://corsair. morganlibrary.org/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v1=15&ti=1,15&Search %5FArg=distaff&SL=Submit%26LOCA%3D%20Medieval%20Images% 7C0&Search%5FCode=CMD&CNT=50&PID=06KdPEvNuHizelp SaTELAcABFwD-_&SEQ=20080123152139&SID=7, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1420-1435 Manuscript M.453. Electronic document, http://corsair.morgan library.org/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v1=19&ti=1,19&Search%5FArg= spinning&SL=Submit%26LOCA%3D%20Medieval%20Images% 7C0&Search%5FCode=CMD&CNT=50&PID=grtVBV98UcKfqDtU PX4SikhMtLJdw&SEQ=20080123150403&SID=5, accessed January 22, 2008.

313 circa 1425-1435 Manuscript M.64. Electronic document, http://corsair.morgan library.org/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v1=23&ti=1,23&Search%5FArg= spinning&SL=Submit%26LOCA%3D%20Medieval%20Images%7C0 &Search%5FCode=CMD&CNT=50&PID=grtVBV98UcKfqDtUPX4 SikhMtLJdw&SEQ=20080123150403&SID=5, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1440-1450 Manuscript M.358. Electronic document, http://corsair.morgan library.org/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v1=11&ti=1,11&Search%5FArg= spinning&SL=Submit%26LOCA%3D%20Medieval%20Images%7C0 &Search%5FCode=CMD&CNT=50&PID=grtVBV98UcKfqDtUPX 4SikhMtLJdw&SEQ=20080123150403&SID=5, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1460-1470 Manuscript G.55. Electronic document, http://corsair.morgan library.org/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v1=7&ti=1,7&Search%5FArg=spindle &SL=Submit%26LOCA%3D%20Medieval%20Images%7C0&Search %5FCode=CMD&CNT=50&PID=lp0KXKcplgEI8uNB6hDmyloHHyize &SEQ=20080123155212&SID=16, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1465-1475 Manuscript M.1093. Electronic document, http://corsair. morgan library.org/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v1=10&ti=1,10& Search %5FArg=spindle&SL=Submit%26LOCA%3%20Medieval %20Images%7C0&Search%5FCode=CMD&CNT= 50&PID=lp0KXK cplgEI8u NB6h DmyloHHyize&SEQ=20080123155212&SID=16, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1465-1480 Manuscript M.854, f. 226r.Electronic document, http:// corsair.morganlibrary.org/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v1=36&ti=1,36&Search %5FArg=distaff&SL=Submit%26LOCA%3D%20Medieval%20Images% 7C0&Search%5FCode=CMD&CNT=50&PID=06KdPEvNuHizelpSa TELAcABFwD-_&SEQ=20080123152139&SID=7, accessed January 22, 2008. 1470 Manuscript M.232, f. 212r. Electronic document, http:// corsair. morganlibrary.org/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v1=8&ti=1,8&Search%5FArg= spinning&SL=Submit%26LOCA%3D%20Medieval%20Images%7C0 &Search%5FCode=CMD&CNT=50&PID=grtVBV98UcKfqDtUPX4Sik hMtLJdw&SEQ=20080123150403&SID=5, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1470-1480 Manuscript M.1001. Electronic document, http://corsair. morganlibrary.org/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v1=10&ti=1,10&Search %5FArg=distaff&SL=Submit%26LOCA%3D%20Medieval%20Images %7C0&Search%5FCode=CMD&CNT=50&PID=06KdPEvNuHizelp SaTELAcABFwD-_&SEQ=20080123152139&SID=7, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1475-1485 Manuscript M.6. Electronic document, http://corsair.morgan library.org/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v1=22&ti=1,22&Search%5FArg= spinning&SL=Submit%26LOCA%3D%20Medieval%20Images%7C0&

314 Search%5FCode=CMD&CNT=50&PID=grtVBV98UcKfqDtUPX 4SikhMtLJdw&SEQ=20080123150403 & SID=5, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1480-1489 Manuscript M.234. Electronic document, http://corsair.morgan library.org/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v1=9&ti=1,9&Search%5FArg= spinning&SL=Submit%26LOCA%3D%20Medieval%20Images% 7C0&Search%5FCode=CMD&CNT=50&PID=grtVBV98UcKfqDt UPX4SikhMtLJdw&SEQ=20080123150403&SID=5 , accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1495-1505 Manuscript H.8. Electronic document, http://corsair.morgan library.org/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v1=8&ti=1,8&Search%5FArg= distaff &SL= Submit%26LOCA%3D%20Medieval%20Images% 7C0&Search%5FCode =CMD&CNT=50&PID=06KdP EvNu HizelpSaTELAcABFwD_&SEQ=20080123152139&SID=7, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1515-1525 Manuscript M.632. Electronic document, http://corsair.morgan library.org/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v1=28&ti=1,28&Search%5FArg =spindle&SL=Submit%26LOCA%3D%20Medieval%20Images% 7C0&Search%5FCode=CMD&CNT=50&PID=0Gxm01STWTNE9k6 jfeiTbc KGGbD7h&SEQ=20080123154643&SID=13, accessed January 22, 2008.

Piggot, Stuart 1965 Ancient Europe from the beginnings of Agriculture to Classical Antiquity. München : Kindler.

Pirani, Emma 1970 Gothic Illuminated Manuscripts. London: The Hamlyn Publishing Group.

Poole R. G. 1989 The Textile Inventory in the Old English Gerefa. The Review of English Studies, New Series 40(160) 469-478.

Postan, M. M. Medieval Woman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Power, Eileen Edna, ed. 1928 The Goodman of Paris (Le Ménagier de Paris): A Treatise on Moral and Domestic Economy by a Citizen of Paris. London: George Routledge and Sons Ltd.

315 Pritchard, Frances and John Peter Wild ed, 2005 Northern Archaeological Textiles. NESAT VII Textile Symposium in Edinburgh, 5th-7th May 1999. Great Britian: Oxbow Books

Raymond, Louis C. 1984 Spindle Whorls in Archaeology (Occasional Publications in Anthropology). Colorado: Museum of Anthropology.

Richards, J. D. 1993 The Bedern Foundry. York: Council for British Archaeology.

Rijksmuseum 1520 Heemskerck Portrait of Anna Codde. Electronic document, http://www .rijksmuseum.nl/aria/aria_assets/SK-A-3519, accessed January 25, 2009. 1570 Pieter Pietersz Man and Woman by a Spinning Wheel. Electronic document, http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/aria/aria_assets/SK-A-3519, accessed January 25, 2009.

Rogers, Charles 1884 Social Life in Scotland from Early to Recent Times. Edinburgh: William Paterson.

Rogers, Nicola S. H. 1993 Anglian and Other Finds from 46-54 Fishergate. London: Council for British Archaeology.

Rogers, Penelope Walton 1989 Textiles, cordage and raw fiber from 16-22 Coppergate. London: Published for York Archaeological Trust by the Council for British Archaeology. 1997 Textile Production at 16-22 Coppergate. York: Published for York Archaeological Trust by the Council for British Archaeology.

Ryder, M. L. 1968 The Origin of Spinning. Textile History (1) 73-82. 1983 Sheep and Man. London: Duckworth.

Salisbury, Eve, ed. 2002 Ballad of a Tyrannical Husband. Kalamazoo, Michigan: Medieval Institute Publications. Originally Published as The Trials and Joys of Marriage.

316 Saltzman, Rachelle H. 1987 Folklore, Feminism, and the Folk: Whose Lore is it?. The Journal of American Folklore 100 (398):548-562.

Schilling, Heinz 1983 The Reformation of the Hanseatic Cities. The Sixteenth Century Journal 14(4):443-456.

Shakespeare, William, and John Henry Pyle Pafford. 1963 The Winter's Tale. London: Methuen.

Seymour-Smith, Charlotte 1986. Dictionary of Anthropology. Boston Massachusetts: G. K. Hall & Co.

Smith, Adam and Andrew Skinner 1999 (1776) The Wealth of Nations Books I-III. London: Penguin Books.

Soffer, Olga 2004 Recovering Perishable Technologies through Use Wear on Tools: Preliminary Evidence for Upper Paleolithic Weaving and Net Making. Current Anthropology 45(3):407-413.

Soffer, O., with J.M. Adovasio and D.C. Hyland 2000 The “Venus” Figurines: Textiles, Basketry, Gender, and Status in the Upper Paleolithic. Current Anthropology 41(4):511-537.

Spector, Janet D. 1983. What This Awl Means: Feminist Archaeology at a Wahpeton Dakota Village. St. Paul Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society Press

St John's College 1325-1350 Manuscript B9. Electronic Document, www.joh.cam.ac.uk/library/ special_collections/manuscripts/medieval_manuscripts/medman/A/B9/B9 flr htm, accessed January 22, 2008. circa1397-1400 Manuscript K.26, f. 5r Electronic document, http://www.joh. cam.ac.uk /library/special_collections/manuscripts/medieval_ manuscripts/medman/K_26.htm, accessed January 22, 2008.

Stenberger, Mårten 1963 Sweden. Ancient Peoples and Places. London: Thames and Hudson. 1964 Det forntida Sverige. Stockholm: Almquist & Wiksell. 1966 Fästningsbyn på Stora Alvaret: Eketorps borg. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell

317 1966 Ölands forntida borgar. Svenska fornminnesplatser, 21. 1969 Eketorp: eine befestigte eisenzeitliche Siedlung auf Öland. Nachrichten von der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen, [1]. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 1970 Eketorp-eine befestigte einsenzeltliche Siedlung auf Öland. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

Stenberger, Mårten, Hans Christiansson, and Brita Malmer 1974 Forntiden och den första kristna tiden.

Stenberger, Mårten, and Ole Klindt-Jensen 1955 Vallhagar: A migration period settlement on Gotland, Sweden.

Swarting, Ingrid 1969 Alvastra Abbey: The First Cistercian Settlement in Sweden. Stockholm: Almquist & Wiksell.

The Catholic Encyclopedia New Advent Electronic document, http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/ 15248c.htm, accessed August 30, 2007.

The Museum Meermanno circa 1180 Manuscript The Hague, KB, 76 F 13. Electronic document, http://collecties.meermanno.nl/handschriften/showmanu?id=1181, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1190-1200 Manuscript The Hague, KB, 76 F 5. Electronic document, http://collecties.meermanno.nl/handschriften/showillu?id=2730, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1400-1500 Manuscript The Hague, MMW, 10 C 23 6R. Electronic document, http://collecties.meermanno.nl/handschriftenshow manu?id=1521, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1450 Manuscript MMW 10 B 34, f. 3r. Electronic document, http:// collecties.meermanno.nl/handschriften /showmanu? id=1503, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1460 Manuscritp MMW 10 F 50 Electronic document, http://www .kb.nl/manuscripts/show/images_text/10+F+50, accessed January 22, 2008. circa 1475-1480 Manuscript MMW 10 A 11, f. 69v. Electronic document, http:// www.mnemosyne.org/mmw/fullsize/mmw_10a11_069v_ min_2.jpg, accessed January 21, 2008.

318 The Open University 1300 Bedlow Anne Marshall, Electronic document, http://www.paintedchurch. org/bledlow.htm, accessed January 22, 2008. 1400-1499 Broughton Anne Marshall, Electronic document, http://www .painted church.org/brougcex.htm, accessed January 22, 2008

Thomas Gale Cengage Learning 1425-1585 To The Skylark. Electronic Document, http://www.litfinder.com / search/worx.asp?R=777571506&act=A70&rothST=spin, accessed March 29, 2005. 1503-1542 Of the Mean and Sure Estate. Electronic Document, www.litfinder. com /search/worx. asp? R=777767675&act=A70&rothST=spin, accessed March 29, 2005

Tiedemann, E.J. and K.A. Jakes 2006 An Exploration of Prehistoric Spinning Technology: Spinning Efficiency and Technology Transition*. Archaeometry 48(2):293-307.

Townsend, Robert M. 1993 The Medieval Village Economy: A Study of the Pareto Mapping in General Equilibrium Models. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Turner, D.H. 1969 Early Gothic Illuminated Manuscripts in England. Great Britain: The Trustees of the British Museum.

Turner, Katy 1980 The Legacy of the Great Wheel: Myths, History and Traditions with Practical Lessons. Missouri: Select Books

Uitz, Erika 1988 The Legend of the Good Woman: Medieval Women in Towns & Cities. New York: Moyer Bell Limited.

Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher 2002 The Age of Homespun Objects and Stories in the Creation of an American Myth. New York: Vintage Books.

University of Rochester Fifteenth Century Manuscript 8009, fols. 370-372. Elecrtonic document www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/teams/thnts.htm, accessed May 1, 2005.

319 Vallinheimo, Veera. 1956. Das Spinnen in Finnland: unter besonderer Berücksichtigung schwedischer Tradition. Kansatieteellinen arkisto, 11. Helsinki: [s.n.].

Visby Tourist 2008 Electronic document, www.bingeby.com., accessed August 30, 2007

Walford, Cornelius 1881 An Outline History of the Hanseatic League, More Particularly in Its Bearings upon English Commerce. Transaction of the Royal Historical Society 9:82-136.

Walton, Penelope 1989 Textiles, Cordage and Raw Fiber from 16-22 Coppergate. England: The Dorset Press.

Walton, Penelope, and John-Peter Wild, 1990 Textiles in Northern Archaeology NESAT III:Textile Symposium in York 6-9 May 1987. Archetype Publications. London. 1997 The Archaeology of York the Small Finds 17/11 Textile Production at 16-22 Coppergate. York: Council for British Archaeology.

Waterman, D.M. 1997 Excavations at Navan Fort 1961-71. Belfast: The Stationary Office.

Watson, Rowan 1984 The Playfair Hours: a Late Fifteenth Century Illuminated Manuscript from Rouen. London: Victoria and Albert Museum.

Web Gallery of Art 1304-1306 Giotto di Bondone No. 3 Scenes from the Life of Joachim: 3 Annunciation to St Anne (detail). Electronic document, http://www. wga.hu/index1.html, accessed January 25, 2009 1420-1430 Virgin at the Spinning-wheel Electronic document, http://www. wga.hu/ frames-e.html?/html/m/master/zunk_hu/zunk_hu1/01spin.html, accessed January 25, 2009 1490-1510 Manuscript lat. I,99 (Grimani Breviary). Electronic Document, http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/zgothic/ miniatur/ 1451-500/21griman/ attribut.html, accessed March 31, 2008 1520 Maerten van Heemskerck Anna Codde Electronic document, http://www. wga.hu/index1.html, accessed January 25, 2009

320 1531 Maerten van Heemskerck Portrait of a Lady with Spindle and Distaff Electronic document, http://www.wga.hu/index1.html, accessed January 25, 2009 1559 Pieter Bruegel Electronic Netherlandish Proverbs Electronic document, http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/b/bruegel/pieter_y/proverb3. html, accessed January 25, 2009 1570 Pieter Pietersz Man and Woman by a Spinning Wheel. Electronic document, http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/p/pietersz/ manwoman.html, accessed January 25, 2009.

Weiner, Annette B., and Jane Schneider, eds. 1989 Cloth and the Human Experience. Washington: Smithsonian.

Wiesner, Merry E. 1986 Working Women in Renaissance Germany. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press

Wilbert, Johannes 1974. The Thread of Life Symbolism of the Miniature Art from Equator. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks.

Wild, John Peter 1988 Textiles in Archaeology.Great Brition: C.I. Thomas & Sons (Haverfordwest) Ltd.

Wilson, Adrian and Joyce Lancaster Wilson 1984 A Medieval Mirror: Speculum Humanae Salvationis, 1324-1500. Electronic document, http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/ book/lookupid?key=olbp31919, accessed January 24, 2008.

Wilson, Barbara Ker 1954 Scottish Folk-Tales and Legends. Oxford University Press.

Winther, Christian 1823 1001 Nats Smukkeste Eventyr [Danish Folktales]. Kjøbenhaven: Glydendal.

Woolley, Linda 2002 Medieval Life and Leisure in the Devonshire Hunting Tapestries. New York: V & A Publications.

321 Wright, Thomas, and James Orchard Halliwell, eds. 1845 Reliquiae Antiquae. Scraps From Ancient Manuscripts, Illustrating Chiefly Early English Literature and the English Language. 2 vols. London: John Russell Smith.

Yalom, Marilyn 2001 A History of the Wife. New York: Harper Collins Publisher.

Young, Michael, A. 2004 Malinowski: Odyssey of an Anthropologist 1884-1920. New Haven: Yale University Press.

322