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Manuel pratique pour les interventions sur le patrimoine culturel subaquatique Le patrimoine culturel subaquatique et les Règles de la Convention de 2001 de l'UNESCO Édité par Thijs J. Maarleveld, Ulrike Guérin et Barbara Egger UNESCO Publié en 2013 par l’Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’éducation, la science et la culture 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France © UNESCO 2013 Tous droits réservés ISBN: 978-92-3-001128-4 Titre original : Manual for Activities directed at Underwater Cultural Heritage. Guidelines to the Annex of the UNESCO 2001 Convention. Publié en 2013 par l’Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’éducation, la science et la culture Approuvé par le Conseil consultatif scientifique et technique de la Convention sur la protection du patrimoine culturel subaquatique (2001) Auteurs : Eusebio Dizon, Barbara Egger, Dolores Elkin, Pilar Luna Erreguerena, Robert Grenier, John Gribble, Ulrike Guérin, Emad Khalil, Martijn Manders, Thijs Maarleveld, Jean-Bernard Memet, Jasen Mesi´c, Xavier Nieto Prieto, David Nutley, Iwona Pomian, Della Scott-Ireton, Athena Trakadas et Robert Veccella. Editeurs : Prof. Dr. Thijs Maarleveld, Dr. Ulrike Guérin, Barbara Egger Responsable scientifique : Prof. Dr. Thijs Maarleveld Secrétaire de rédaction: Arturo Rey da Silva Les désignations employées dans cette publication et la présentation des données qui y figurent n’impliquent de la part de l’UNESCO aucune prise de position quant au statut juridique des pays, territoires, villes ou zones, ou de leurs autorités, ni quant au tracé de leurs frontières ou limites. Les idées et les opinions exprimées dans cette publication sont celles des auteurs ; elles ne reflètent pas nécessairement les points de vue de l’UNESCO et n’engagent en aucune façon l’Organisation. Photo de couverture : © E. Trainito. Evaluation de l’état d’une épave datant du IIIe siècle après J.-C. découverte dans la baie de Salinedda, Sardaigne, Italie. Mise en page et création graphique : ATIG, S.L. Graphisme de la couverture : ATIG, S.L. Impression : ATIG, S.L. Imprimé en Spain Depuis l’entrée en vigueur de la Convention de 2001 sur la protection du patrimoine culturel subaquatique, la communauté internationale dispose enfin d’un ensemble complet d’instruments légaux dans le domaine de la culture. Les principales conventions culturelles de l’UNESCO couvrent les aspects cruciaux de notre patrimoine partagé. Cela va des sites naturels et construits aux expressions intangibles et contemporaines à la protection contre les trafics illicites et à celle des biens menacés par les conflits armés. Conçues pour fonctionner de manière complémentaire, ces conventions constituent un puissant outil pour la sauvegarde de la diversité culturelle qui est aujourd’hui largement reconnue comme vitale au développement durable de toutes les sociétés. La Convention de 2001 est centrée sur un élément souvent négligé du patrimoine culturel mondial : les anciennes épaves, villes englouties, grottes inondées et autres restes subaquatiques chargés d’une signification culturelle ou historique pour l’humanité. Ce nouvel instrument légal vise à assurer à ces trésors sous-marins la même protection universelle que l’on accorde au patrimoine terrestre. Un autre de ses objectifs principaux est de faciliter la coopération entre les nations, si indispensable à une sauvegarde réelle du patrimoine subaquatique. En soutenant ainsi et en guidant le développement d’une archéologie subaquatique durable et responsable, l’UNESCO espère mettre un frein aux dégâts provoqués par les intrusions humaines et le pillage illicite, afin de préserver ce patrimoine irremplaçable pour les générations futures. Dans la décennie écoulée depuis son adoption, la Convention sur la protection du patrimoine culturel subaquatique et son Annexe ont été mondialement reconnues comme la principale référence pour la sauvegarde des sites archéologiques sous-marins. C’est une source de grande satisfaction et un encouragement pour l’UNESCO et pour tous ceux qui se sont engagés dans la protection du patrimoine. Le présent manuel est destiné à aider les spécialistes et les responsables de prise de décisions à comprendre les « Règles relatives aux interventions sur le patrimoine culturel subaquatique » contenues dans l’Annexe de la Convention et à faciliter leur application pratique au jour le jour. Une équipe internationale d’archéologues renommés a assisté l’UNESCO pour la préparation de ce manuel. Nous leur sommes très reconnaissants de leur dévouement et de leur collaboration. J’espère très sincèrement que cette nouvelle publication de l’UNESCO conduira à une mise en œuvre plus efficace et plus large de la convention de 2001 Irina Bokova Directrice générale de l’UNESCO 7 Ce manuel est le résultat d’un effort pour établir des procédures de pointe pour la gestion et la protection des sites archéologiques suba- quatiques à la lumière de la Convention de 2001 de l'UNESCO sur la protection du patrimoine culturel subaquatique. Il est destiné à servir d’outil de référence pour les gestionnaires de sites, les parties prenantes et les partenaires dans la protection du patrimoine cul- turel subaquatique et toutes les personnes responsables de cours de Préface formation en archéologie subaquatique. Plus spécifiquement, son contenu élargit et illustre les trente-six règles relatives aux interventions sur le patrimoine culturel suba- quatique présentées dans l’Annexe de la Convention, et totalement approuvées en mai 2011 par les membres du Comité consultatif sci- entifique et technique de la Convention. L’UNESCO souhaite remercier le royaume de Norvège pour son gé- néreux soutien, Thijs Maarleveld, professeur d’archéologie maritime et président du Comité international ICOMOS pour le patrimoine culturel subaquatique, pour ses conseils, ainsi que l’équipe interna- tionale de dix-huit archéologues renommés et le personnel éditorial qui ont contribué à mener à bien ce projet. Francesco Bandarin Sous-Directeur général pour la Culture 1 9 LE CONTEXTE LEGAL 15 I. LES PRINCIPES GENERAUX 19 La préservation in situ, première option (Règle 1) 20 L’exploitation commerciale (Règle 2) 29 Limiter les impacts (Règles 3 et 4) 37 Les restes humains et lieux sacrés (Règle 5) 42 La nécessité d’une réglementation (Règle 6) 47 Le principe du partage de connaissances (Règle 7) 49 La coopération internationale (Règle 8) 56 II. LE DESCRIPTIF DU PROJET 61 La fonction, la soumission et la disponibilité du descriptif du projet (Règle 9) 61 Le développement et l’évaluation d’un projet (Règle 10) 64 des matières Table Le suivi et l’adaptation du descriptif du projet (Règles 11 et 12) 74 Le descriptif du projet en cas d’urgence (Règle 13) 75 III. LES ETUDES PREALABLES 79 L’évaluation du site (Règle 14) 81 Les études de base (Règle 15) 90 Inventorier le patrimoine culturel subaquatique 100 IV. LES OBJECTIFS, LES METHODES ET LES TECHNIQUES 111 Accorder les objectifs avec les méthodes et les techniques (Règle 16) 111 Les méthodes et les techniques de travail 113 V. LE FINANCEMENT 127 La planification financière (Règle 17) 127 La collecte de fonds (Règle 18) 136 La planification des événements imprévus (Règle 19) 146 VI. LA DUREE DU PROJET – LE CALENDRIER 151 Le calendrier du projet (Règle 20) 151 La durée du projet 155 Le plan d’urgence (Règle 21) 160 VII. LES COMPETENCES ET LES QUALIFICATIONS 163 Les spécialistes de l’archéologie subaquatique (Règle 22) 163 L’équipe du projet (Règle 23) 172 Assurer le plaisir du public 176 VIII. LA PRESERVATION ET LA GESTION DU SITE 179 La préservation (Règle 24) 179 La gestion du site (Règle 25) 201 11 IX. LA DOCUMENTATION 223 Le programme de documentation (Règles 26 et 27) 224 Les techniques de documentation 228 Les observations sur site 232 X. LA SECURITE 239 Le plan de plongée du projet (Règle 28) 240 XI. L’ENVIRONNEMENT 257 La politique environnementale (Règle 29) 257 La vie marine, les sites archéologiques, la gestion de sites et les politiques de l’environnement 259 L’impact des activités offshore et de la pêche sur le patrimoine culturel subaquatique 267 XII. LE RAPPORT 273 Les considérations générales sur les rapports (Règle 30) 273 La structure d’un rapport (Règle 31) 277 Les directives de rédaction de rapports 285 XIII. LA CONSERVATION DES ARCHIVES DE PROJET 289 Les considérations générales sur les archives de projet (Règle 32) 289 La composition des archives du projet (Règle 33) 292 Les directives d’archivage (Règle 34) 295 L’accès professionnels et du public aux archives du projet 302 XIV. LA DIFFUSION 305 Informer le public (Règle 35) 305 La synthèse finale (Règle 36) 314 REGLES 319 REFERENCES 323 AUTEURS 341 12 Le contexte légal es « Règles relatives aux inter- ventions sur le patrimoine cultu- Lrel subaquatique » contiennent des normes pratiques et des directives éthiques pour le travail archéologique. Elles définissent la préparation d’un projet archéologique, les compétences et les qualifications des professionnels legal Contexte intervenants, le financement et la do- cumentation des travaux entrepris. Les 36 règles réglementent la gestion responsable du patrimoine culturel subaquatique, qu’il se trouve dans les © UNESCO. Siège de eaux maritimes ou intérieures. Elles présentent un sys- l’UNESCO à Paris, France. tème d’opération directement applicable et constituent un document de référence majeur dans le domaine de l’archéologie subaquatique. Ces Règles font partie intégrante d’un instrument légal plus vaste, la Convention de l’UNESCO sur la protection du patrimoine culturel subaquatique (2001). Ceci leur confère un statut légal spécial. Tout État qui ratifie la Convention1 se trouve de ce fait légalement lié par les Règles. Les États qui ne sont pas des États parties à la Convention peuvent toutefois déclarer qu’ils les res- pectent aussi en tant que meilleure pratique. Le développement historique des Règles Depuis 1956, les « Recommandations de l’UNESCO sur les principes internationaux applicables aux fouilles archéologiques » s’appliquent aux sites subaquatiques situés dans les eaux territoriales. Toutefois, il restait un besoin urgent d’assurer la protection du patrimoine culturel situé dans les eaux internationales par un ins- trument légal à portée plus large.
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