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Mémoire De Fin D'études University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest Department of Anatomy and Histology Diploma-Thesis The use of connected devices for the optimization of racing performances in horses Experimental study on different physiological and biomechanical parameters Emma Aimonetti Supervisor: Dr. Gerics Balázs Assoc. professor Budapest 2019 1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 4 2 Literature Review ..................................................................................... 5 2.1 Assessment of the fitness level of the horse ............................................................. 5 Basics parameters to evaluate .............................................................................. 5 2.2 The musculo-skeletal system ................................................................................. 12 Muscle physiology ............................................................................................... 12 Energy supply during exercise ............................................................................ 14 Definition of muscle stiffness .............................................................................. 18 2.3 Relation between Cardiac output, Recovery heart rate time and Muscle stiffness 23 From a physiological point of view .................................................................... 23 2.4 Overtraining in race horses .................................................................................... 26 2.5 Training basic principle, initial conditioning ......................................................... 30 3 Materials and methods ........................................................................... 37 3.1 Arioneo Company and its Equimetre® device ....................................................... 37 Presentation of the equipment and its application ............................................. 37 3.2 Horses ..................................................................................................................... 41 3.3 Protocol .................................................................................................................. 42 3.4 Experimental conditions ......................................................................................... 43 Type of training tracks ........................................................................................ 43 3.5 Heart rate monitoring and post exercise recovery time.......................................... 43 3.6 Locomotor parameters monitoring ......................................................................... 44 3.7 Statistics ................................................................................................................. 45 4 Results ...................................................................................................... 45 4.1 Physiological parameters........................................................................................ 45 4.2 Biomechanical parameters ..................................................................................... 46 4.3 Performance parameters ......................................................................................... 48 5 Discussion ................................................................................................. 49 5.1 Strength and Limitations of the protocol................................................................ 49 5.2 Discussion of the results ......................................................................................... 51 Physiological parameters ................................................................................... 51 Biomechanical parameters ................................................................................. 52 Performance parameters .................................................................................... 53 5.3 Continuity and orientation for the future................................................................ 54 6 Conclusion ............................................................................................... 57 7 References ................................................................................................ 58 8 Appendices ............................................................................................... 65 9 Acknowledgement ................................................................................... 72 10 Abstract .................................................................................................... 73 1 List of abbreviations HR Heart Rate BPM Beat Per Minute HRV Heart Rate Variability ANS Autonomic Nervous System ATP Adenosine Tri-Phosphate ADP Adenosine Di-Phosphate RR Respiratory Rate VO2max Maximal oxygen consumption CRT Cardiac Recovery Time VLA4 Velocity at which blood lactate concentration was 4 mmol litre−1 H+ Hydrogen Ion MCT Monocarboxylate Transporter CRH Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone ACTH Adreno Corticotropic Hormone HPA Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal OTS Overtraining syndrome SS Stamina Score O2 Dioxygen Ca2+ Calcium ion K+ Potassium ion CRT Capillary Refill Time PCV Packed Cell Volume SAA Serum Amyloid A CO Cardiac Output SV Stroke Volume LRC locomotor-respiratory coupling 2 List of figures and tables Number Figure Page 1 Calculation of the Root Mean Square of Successive Differences (RMSSD) 6 2 Phases during reestablishment of homeostasis after introduction of a stress 8 factor. 3 Overview diagram of the hormonal response to acute exercise on the muscle 9 metabolism 4 The organization of skeletal muscle contractile proteins from the gross to the 13 molecular level, 5 Comparison table of type 1 and type II 14 6 Fuel source and energetic pathway in the myocyte 16 7 Overview of muscle physiology at the level of the whole organism 17 8 Physical impairment leading to muscle stiffness 22 9 Possible mechanisms of muscle stiffness 22 10 Interrelated aspects of physical 26 11 Major signs and symptoms of overtraining in humans 27 12 Physiological and behavioral signs of OTS in horses 29 13 Estimated Heart Rates at Different Exercise Intensities 31 14 Characteristics of the 5 training zone 33 15 V200 data from a local stable, and the corresponding paces required for ideal 34 stamina development 16 Indication of recovery threshold after 15min 35 17 Presentation of the Orscana® sensor, positioned under the horse blanket. 37 18 Positioning of the Equimetre® on the horse, 38 19 Equimetre® device 39 20 Arioneo platform, accessible from a computer, where the data obtained during 40 the training are listed. 21 Presentation of the horses used during the study 41 22 Exercise record sheet filled for each horse before monitored training with 42 Equimetre 23 Speed, Heart rate, Stride length and stride frequency parameters collected and 44 analyzed by the Arioneo software 24 Graphical representation of the results obtained from the correlation between 45 recovery time and the training zone in which the horse is exercising 25 Results of the correlation between recovery time and the training zone in 46 which the horse is exercising 26 Evolution of the speed, in parallel with the evolution of the stride regularity, 46 Liquor training. 27 Evolution of the stride regularity according to the speed, from Liquor training 47 28 Results obtained from the correlation of the stride regularity with the stride 47 frequency and the stride length 29 Average HR according to the covered distance. Different zones are delimited 48 according to the HR values. From Liquor training 30 Stride length according to the covered distance, Liquor training. 49 31 Overview of different standardized exercise protocols for racing horses. De 50 mare, 2017. 3 1 Introduction Racehorses are amazing athletes, selected and trained to fulfil their best potential. In order to perform at their maximum capacity, their physical and mental health should be the priority of trainers, jockeys, owners, vets, farriers, and any professional around them. This goes by an accurate assessment of their physiological needs, and the establishment of a specific program adapted to their actual level of training, considering each individual separately. Nowadays, the use of connected tools / wearable technologies is at disposition to help optimizing the fitness and health status of horses during physical training. Electronic monitor systems have been on the market for a few years, and are helping to assess the fitness of the horse by using a scientific approach. Responses of the musculoskeletal, nervous, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems to exercise are co-dependent, and physiological and biomechanical parameters are intimately correlated. Overtraining and non-adapted training ultimately lead to physical imbalance, causing muscle soreness, decreased performance and in worst case, fatal injury of the athlete. The present study focuses on two aspects of equine performances: a) The following three locomotor parameters, recorded by an electronic monitor device are evaluated: regularity, frequency and length of the stride. b) The maximal heart rate reached during exercise - recorded by the same device, and the recovery time of the horse will also be studied. We ask the following questions: Is the regularity of the stride inversely proportional to the stride length and stride frequency? Do horses exercising in the “red zone” have a longer recovery time? Finally, we will present an example of training analysis - which can be performed with
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