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DE SOFTWARE-UPDATE DIE DE WERKELIJKHEID HEEFT VERANDERD 1 Adam Fisher, Valley of Genius: The Uncensored History of Silicon Valley (As Told by the Hackers, Founders, and Freaks Who Made It Boom, (New York: Twelve, 2017), 357. 2 Fisher, Valley of Genius, 361. 3 Dit segment is gebaseerd op een interview van mij met Sanghvi, en op verscheidene boeken, artikelen en video’s over de begindagen van Facebook, waaronder: Daniela Hernandez, ‘Facebook’s First Female Engineer Speaks Out on Tech’s Gender Gap’, Wired, 12 december 2014, https://www.wired.com/2014/12/ruchi-qa/; Mark Zucker berg, ‘Live with the Original News Feed Team’, Facebookvideo, 25:36, 6 september 2016, https://www.facebook.com/zuck/ videos/10103087013971051; David Kirkpatrick, The Facebook Effect: The Inside Story of the Company That Is Connecting the World (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011); INKtalksDirector, ‘Ruchi Sanghvi: From Facebook to Facing the Unknown’, YouTube, 11:50, 20 maart 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=64AaXC00bkQ; TechCrunch, ‘TechFellow Awards: Ruchi Sanghvi’, TechCrunch-video, 4:40, 4 maart 2012, https://techcrunch.com/video/techfellow-awards-ruchi- coders-noten.indd 2 16-05-19 09:20 sanghvi/517287387/; FWDus2, ‘Ruchi’s Story’, YouTube, 1:24, 10 mei 2013, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i86ibVt1OMM; alle video’s geraadpleegd op 16 augustus 2018. 4 Clare O’Connor, ‘Video: Mark Zucker berg in 2005, Talking Facebook (While Dustin Moskovitz Does a Keg Stand)’, Forbes, 15 augustus 2011, geraadpleegd op 7 oktober 2018, https://www.forbes.com/sites/ clareoconnor/2011/08/15/video-mark-Zucker berg-in-2005-talking- facebook-while-dustin-moskovitz-does-a-keg-stand/#629cb86571a5. 5 Ruchi Sanghvi, ‘Facebook Gets a Facelift’, Facebook, 5 september 2006, geraadpleegd op 18 augustus 2018, https://www.facebook.com/ notes/facebook/facebook-gets-a-facelift/2207967130/. 6 Brenton Thornicroft, ‘Something to Consider before You Complain about Facebook’s News Feed Updates’, Forbes, 2 april 2013, geraadpleegd op 18 augustus 2018, https://www.forbes.com/sites/ quora/2013/04/02/something-to-consider-before-you-complain-about- facebooks-news-feed-updates/#7154da847938. 7 Mark Zucker berg, ‘An Open Letter from Mark Zucker berg’, Facebook, 8 september 2006, geraadpleegd op 18 september 2018, https://www. facebook.com/notes/facebook/an-open-letter-from-mark-Zucker- berg/2208562130/. 8 Evan Asano, ‘How Much Time Do People Spend on Social Media?’, SocialMediaToday, 4 januari 2017, geraadpleegd op 18 augustus 2018, https://www.socialmediatoday.com/marketing/how-much-time- do-people-spend-social-media-infographic. 9 Facebook spreekt niet openlijk over de nuances met betrekking tot de rangschikking van de items in de feed, maar spreekt soms over de algemene details, zoals in: Miles O’Brien, ‘How Does the Facebook News Feed Work? An Interview with Dan Zigmond, Head of Facebook News Feed Analytics’, Miles O’Brien Productions, 30 maart 2018, geraadpleegd op 18 augustus 2018, https://milesobrien.com/how-does- the-facebook-news-feed-work-an-interview-with-dan-zigmond-head- of-facebook-news-feed-analytics/; Will Oremus, ‘Who Controls Your Facebook Feed’, Slate, 3 januari 2016, geraadpleegd op 18 augustus 2018, http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/cover_story/2016/01/ how_facebook_s_news_feed_algorithm_works.html. 10 Janko Roettgers, ‘Facebook Says It’s Cutting Down on Viral Videos as 2017 Revenue Tops $40 Billion’, Variety, 31 januari 2018, coders-noten.indd 3 16-05-19 09:20 geraadpleegd op 18 augustus 2018, https://variety.com/2018/digital/ news/facebook-q4–2017-earnings-1202683184/. 11 Clive Thompson, ‘Social Networks Must Face Up to Their Political Impact’, Wired, 5 februari 2017, geraadpleegd op 18 augustus 2018, https://www.wired.com/2017/01/social-networks-must-face-political- impact. 12 Mark Zucker berg, ‘Building Global Community’, Facebook, 16 februari 2017, geraadpleegd op 18 augustus 2018, https:// www.facebook.com/notes/mark-Zucker berg/building-global- community/10154544292806634/. 13 Marc Andreessen, ‘Why Software Is Eating the World’, The Wall Street Journal, 20 augustus 2011, geraadpleegd op 18 augustus 2018, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1000142405311190348090457651225 0915629460. 14 John Morris, ‘How Facebook Scales AI’, ZDNet, 6 juni 2018, geraadpleegd op 18 augustus 2018, https://www.zdnet.com/article/ how-facebook-scales-ai/. 15 Erwin C. Surrency, ‘The Lawyer and the Revolution’, American Journal of Legal History 8, nr. 2 (april 1964), 125-135. 16 Mijn beschrijving van Moses’ werk put uit: Robert A. Caro, The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York (New York: Knopf, 1974), 850-884; David W. Dunlap, ‘Why Robert Moses Keeps Rising from an Unquiet Grave’, The New York Times, 21 maart 2017, geraadpleegd op 18 augustus 2018, https://www.nytimes. com/2017/03/21/nyregion/robert-moses-andrew-cuomo-and-the-saga- of-a-bronx-expressway.html; Sydney Sarachan, ‘The Legacy of Robert Moses’, PBS, 17 januari 2013, geraadpleegd op 18 augustus 2018, http://www.pbs.org/wnet/need-to-know/environment/the-legacy-of- robert-moses/16018/. 17 Er zijn er veel meer dan 250; ze zijn moeilijk te tellen, deels doordat bedrijven en programmeurs voortdurend nieuwe bedenken voor speciale doelen. Twee pogingen om ze te tellen zijn: Robert Diana, ‘The Big List of 256 Programming Languages’, DZone, 16 mei 2013, geraadpleegd op 18 augustus 2018, https://dzone.com/articles/big- list-256-programming; en ‘How Many Programming Languages Are There in the World?’, CodeLani, 17 november 2017, geraadpleegd op 18 augustus 2018, http://codelani.com/posts/how-many-programming- coders-noten.indd 4 16-05-19 09:20 languages-are-there-in-the-world.html. 18 Fred Brooks, The Mythical Man-Month: Essays on Software Engineering (New York: Addison-Wesley, 1975), 7-8. 19 Jon Carroll, ‘Guerrillas in the Myst’, Wired, 1 augustus 1994, geraadpleegd op 18 augustus 2018, https://www.wired.com/1994/08/ myst/. 20 Daniel Hillis, The Pattern on the Stone: The Simple Ideas That Make Computers Work, 2e druk (New York: Basic Books, 2014), locatie 112 van 2741, Kindle. 21 Maciej Cegłowski, ‘The Moral Economy of Tech’, Idle Words (blog), geraadpleegd op 18 augustus 2018, http://idlewords.com/talks/sase_ panel.htm. 22 Joseph Weizenbaum, Computerkracht en mensenmacht: van oordeel tot berekening (Amsterdam: Contact, 1984). 23 Seymour Papert, Mindstorms: Children, Computers, and Powerful Ideas (New York: Basic Books, 1980), 23. 24 Daniel Kohanski, The Philosophical Programmer: Reflections on the Moth in the Machine (New York: St. Martin’s, 1998), 160. 25 INKtalksDirector, ‘Ruchi Sanghvi: From Facebook to Facing the Unknown.’ 26 Barry A. Stevens, ‘Probing the DP Psyche’, Computerworld, 21 juli 1980, 28. 27 ‘Degrees in Computer and Information Sciences Conferred by Degree-granting Institutions, by Level of Degree and Sex of Student: 1970–71 through 2010–11’, National Center for Education Statistics, geraadpleegd op 16 augustus 2018, https://nces.ed.gov/programs/ digest/d12/tables/dt12_349.asp. 28 Roger Cheng, ‘Women in Tech: The Numbers Don’t Add Up’, CNET, 6 mei 2015, geraadpleegd op 16 augustus 2018, https://www.cnet.com/ news/women-in-tech-the-numbers-dont-add-up/. 29 ‘Employed Persons by Detailed Occupation, Sex, Race, and Hispanic or Latino Ethnicity’, Bureau of Labor Statistics, geraadpleegd op 16 augustus 2018, https://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat11.pdf. 30 Rani Molla, ‘It’s Not Just Google—Many Major Tech Companies Are Struggling with Diversity’, Recode, 7 augustus 2017, geraadpleegd op 16 augustus 2018, https://www.recode.net/2017/8/7/16108122/major- tech-companies-silicon-valley-diversity-women-tech-engineer. coders-noten.indd 5 16-05-19 09:20 31 Alyssa Mazzina, ‘Do Developers Need College Degrees?’, Stack Overflow (blog), 7 oktober 2016, geraadpleegd op 16 augustus 2018, https://stackoverflow.blog/2016/10/07/do-developers-need-college- degrees. 32 Erin Carson, ‘When Tech Firms Judge on Skills Alone, Women Land More Job Interviews’, CNET, 27 augustus 2016, geraadpleegd op 16 augustus 2018, https://www.cnet.com/news/when-tech-firms-judge-on- skills-alone-women-land-more-job-interviews. 33 Douglas Rushkoff, Program or Be Programmed: Ten Commands for a Digital Age (New York: OR Books, 2010), 133. 2. DE VIER GOLVEN CODERS 1 Andrew Myers, ‘Period of Transition: Stanford Computer Science Rethinks Core Curriculum’, Stanford Engineering, 14 juni 2012, geraadpleegd op 16 augustus 2018, https://engineering.stanford.edu/ news/period-transition-stanford-computer-science-rethinks-core- curriculum. 2 Chris Dixon, ‘How Aristotle Created the Computer’, The Atlantic, 20 maart 2017, geraadpleegd op 16 augustus 2018, https:// www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/03/aristotle- computer/518697. 3 Bryony Norburn, ‘The Female Enigmas of Bletchley Park in the 1940s Should Encourage Those of Tomorrow’, The Conversation, 26 januari 2015, geraadpleegd op 16 augustus 2018, https:// theconversation.com/the-female-enigmas-of-bletchley-park-in-the- 1940s-should-encourage-those-of-tomorrow-36640; Sarah Rainey, ‘The Extraordinary Female Codebreakers of Bletchley Park’, The Telegraph, 4 januari 2015, geraadpleegd op 16 augustus 2018, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/11308744/The- extraordinary-female-codebreakers-of-Bletchley-Park.html. 4 Jennifer S. Light, ‘When Computers Were Women’, Technology and Culture 40, nr. 3 (juli 1999), 455-483. 5 Charles E. Molnar en Wesley A. Clark, ‘Development of the LINC’, in A History of Medical Informatics, red. Bruce I. Blum, Karen A. Duncan (New York: ACM Press, 1990), 119-138. 6 John Markoff, ‘Wesley A. Clark, Who Designed First Personal Computer, Dies at 88’, The New York Times, 27 februari 2016, coders-noten.indd 6 16-05-19 09:20 geraadpleegd op 16 augustus 2018, https://www.nytimes. com/2016/02/28/business/wesley-a-clark-made-computing-personal- dies-at-88.html. 7 Mary Allen Wilkes, ‘Conversational Access to a 2048-Word Machine’, Communications of the ACM 13, nr. 7 (juli 1970), 407-414.
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