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Genus Aconitum in Slovakia: a Phenetic Approach

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Genus Aconitum in Slovakia: a Phenetic Approach ISSN 2226-3063 e-ISSN 2227-9555 Modern Phytomorphology 11: 51–89, 2017 doi: 10.5281/zenodo.834040 RESEARCH ARTICLE Genus Aconitum in Slovakia: a phenetic approach Andriy Novikov * State Natural History Museum NAS of Ukraine, Teatralna str. 18, 79008 Lviv, Ukraine; [email protected] * Andriy Novikov formerly known as Andrew Novikoff starting from 2017 changed spelling variant of his name in accordance to legislation limitations Received: 23.04.2017 | Accepted: 28.06.2017 | Published: 23.07.2017 Abstract Comprehensive investigation on herbarium material was realized and taxonomical structure of the genus Aconitum in Slovakia has been ascertained on the base of phenetic analysis. Three new taxa (i.e. A. degenii subsp. degenii, A. moldavicum subsp. hosteanum, and A. moldavicum nothosubsp. confusum stat. nov.) were rediscovered for this region, and for one of them the new status was proposed. Morphological variation of A. anthora and its subdivision onto infraspecific taxa (subsp. anthora and subsp. jacquinii) are discussed. The new key for identification and maps of distribution are represented. Keywords: Aconitum, Slovakia, morphology, phenetics, distribution, taxonomy Introduction different morphological traits of monkshoods were considered for genus taxonomy by In spite of long history of investigation, different authors, and therefore very often taxonomy of the genus Aconitum L. is still taxonomic ranges vary significantly for the much discussed and remains unresolved. Many same taxonomic units (Götz 1967; Kmeťová taxonomic problems arise from the notorious 1982; Skalický 1990; Kadota 1987; Voroshilov hybridity within the genus and subsequent 1990; Tamura 1995; Tzvelev 2001). Recent origin of number of putative hybridogenic revisions based on morpho-geographical taxa, which form a morphological continuum concept of species (Davis & Haywood 1963) between the parental taxa (Kadota 1987; and concept of infraspecific differentiation Starmühler 2001). Another problem is that (Skalický 1982) led to unification and progress © The Author(s) 2017. Published by Novikoff A.V., State Natural History Museum NAS of Ukraine on behalf of Modern Phytomorphology. This is an open access article under the Creative Commons BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) freely available on https://phytomorphology.org/ . 52 Novikov A. in taxonomy of the genus Aconitum in countries in Skalický (1982) only A. variegatum is of Carpathian region (Mitka 2003, 2008a; mentioned. Kmeťová (1982) mentioned Starmühler & Mitka 2001; Starmühler 2002; in Flora of Slovakia three subspecies of Mitka & Szajna 2009; Boroń 2010; Boroń et al. A. variegatum (subsp. gracile, subsp. dominii, 2011; Novikoff & Mitka 2011; Sutkowskaet al. and subsp. kotulae), but concluded that they 2013; Mitka et al. 2013, 2016; Novikoff et al. make morphological intermediations. 2016; Wacławska-Ćwiertnia & Mitka 2016). Kmeťová (1982) also mentioned that besides Accordingly to Flora of Slovakia (Kmeťová of A. firmum, for Slovakia A. tauricum Wulf. 1982), genus Aconitum here includes 7 taxa (Domin 1935; Skalický 1966) or A. napellus L. (A. lycoctonum L. em. Koelle, A. moldavicum subsp. tauricum (Wulf.) Gáyer (Dostál 1958) Hacq., A. variegatum L., A. lasiocarpum are sometimes considered. Finally, she noted (Rchb.) Gáyer, A. firmum Rchb. subsp. that A. anthora is highly variable taxon and firmum, A. firmum subsp. moravicum Skalický, delimitation of var. jacquinianum G. Beck has and A. anthora L.). Kmeťová (1982) noted poor taxonomic background. that in flora of Slovakia four subspecies of Starmühler (2002) published the key for A. lycoctonum (subsp. vulparia (Rchb.) Schinz identification of Slovakian aconites with 14 et Thell., subsp.puberulum (Ser.) Gáyer, subsp. taxa including 6 hybrids (A. lycoctonum subsp. thalianum (Wall.) Gáyer, and subsp. penninum lycoctonum, A. moldavicum subsp. moldavicum, (Ser.) Gáyer) are sometimes distinguished A. anthora subsp. anthora, A. variegatum subsp. mostly on the base of variation in pubescence. variegatum var. variegatum, A. × pawlowskii For example, subdivision of A. lycoctonum Mitka et Starmühl., A. lasiocarpum subsp. on subsp. vulparia and subsp. puberulum was kotulae (Pawł.) Starmühl. et Mitka, A. × lengyelii accepted by Domin (1935), and subdivision Gáyer nothosubsp. lengyelii (= A. × berdaui of A. lycoctonum on subsp. vulparia, subsp. Zapał. nothosubsp. berdaui in accordance to puberulum, and subsp. penninum – later by Mitka (2003)), A. × lengyelii nothosubsp. Dostál (1958). But Kmeťová (1982) did not walasii Mitka (= A. × berdaui nothosubsp. accept such partition, arguing that considered walasii (Mitka in Starmühler et Mitka) Mitka traits make a morphological continuum in in accordance to Mitka (2003)), A. firmum A. lycoctonum. She also noted that sometimes subsp. firmum, A. firmumsubsp. moravicum, A. lasiostomum Rchb. is reported from A. firmum subsp. maninense (Skalický) adjacent regions, perhaps this species does Starmühl., A. firmum subsp. firmum × A. firmum not occur in Slovakia. For A. moldavicum, subsp. maninense, A. firmum nothosubsp. Kmeťová (1982) reported var. australe paxii Starmühl., and A. firmum nothosubsp. (Rchb. ex Baumg.) Grinţ with villous carpels zapalowiczii Starmühl.). In addition, Mitka (“s chlpatými mechúrikmi”) from Eastern part (2003, 2008a) later reported for Slovakia of Slovakia. In the same time, she suggested 5 more taxa – A. × cammarum L. em. Fries, that A. moldavicum subsp. hosteanum (Schur) A. × triste (Rchb.) Gáyer (also mentioned Graebner et P. Graebner in Aschers. et for Czechoslovakia by Domin (1935)), Graebner most probably does not occur here, A. lasiocarpum subsp. lasiocarpum, A. × gayeri although it was reported for Czechoslovakia by Starmühl. and A. × hebegynum DC. Domin (1935) and Dostál (1958). Taking into account mentioned Domin (1935) and Skalický (1966) publications, the genus Aconitum in flora distinguished 3 species of aconites from of Slovakia could be represented at least by Variegatum group (i.e. A. variegatum, A. gracile 19 taxa. In this paper I provide results of Rchb. and A. dominii Sillinger), which also investigations on morphological variability and were accepted by Dostál (1958), however in taxonomic structure of this genus in Slovakia range of subspecies – subsp. variegatum, subsp. on the base of analysis of herbarium material gracile (Rchb.) Gáyer, and subsp. dominii and published works. (Sillinger) Dostál. consequently. Moreover, Modern Phytomorphology 11, 2017 Genus Aconitum in Slovakia: a phenetic approach 53 Material and methods applied in combination with Euclidian index of similarity. Herbarium investigations were conducted Distribution maps were built in QGIS 2.18 in 2012–2013 in project frames of National (QGIS Development Team 2017) with WGS84 Scholarship Programme of the Slovak Republic (EPSG: 4326) geographical coordinate system entitled “Taxonomy and chorology of the genus and after that transformed in J-TSK_Krovak Aconitum L. (Ranunculaceae) in Slovakian flora”. (EPSG: 102065) projection system, which Preliminary results of this study (supposed is commonly applied in Slovakia for better taxonomic structure of the genus in Slovakia) visualization (Annoni et al. 2001). Maps from were published in 2013 (Novikoff 2013) and Kmeťová (1982) were imported to QGIS as deposited online at http://slovaconitum. independent geotiff layers with Polygonal 1 myspecies.info/ (Novikoff 2013–2017). WGS 84 transformation mode, and after that However, in 2017 obtained data were revised separated layers with landmarks corresponding and reevaluated, all of taxonomic and phenetic to points on that maps were generated. studies were redone. For taxonomic verification IPNI (2017) In general more than 3000 herbarium and The Plant List (2017) databases were vouchers were analyzed from 7 main used. For developing of website, the free CMS repositories (Append. 1): Institute of Botany Scratchpads 2.0 was applied (Smith et al. 2012). SAS (SAV, Bratislava), Comenius University The raw datasets of treats applied for phenetic in Bratislava (SLO), Slovak National Museum analyses (S20, S21, S22, S23, S24, S25, S26, (BRA, Bratislava), Slovak University of S27, S28) and database of analyzed specimens Agriculture in Nitra (NI), Technical University with generated coordinates of locations (S29 in Zvolen (ZV), Pavol Jozef Šafárik University & S30) are freely available in Zenodo and I (KO, Košice), and Museum of Tatra National kindly welcome researchers to use them for any Park (TNP, Tatranská Lomnica). From total investigation purposes. number, 970 specimens were included into chorological database; 450 specimens were included in phenetic database and tested Results with 115 morphological traits (Tab. 1). For different taxonomic groups Lycoctonum,( General analysis was performed for 450 samples Anthora, Cammarum and Aconitum) inside and full dataset of 115 morphological traits the genus, different combinations of treats (Tab. 1). Cluster analysis (both UPGMA and were applied for advanced partial analyses Ward’s methods) showed good delimitation (Tab. 1). Additionaly, main recent literature of main taxonomic groups (i.e. sections and sources (Mitka & Starmühler 2000; Mitka subgenera) in the genus Aconitum, however 2003, 2008a) were analyzed for mention of in most cases did not allow discrimination Aconitum specimens from Slovakia nested in of taxa on species and subspecies levels, as herbaria abroad. Finally, the maps from Flora well as of some hybrid taxa (Figs. 1 & S1). of Slovakia (Kmeťová
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