JEE 7 (1) 2018 : 60 - 69

Journal of Economic Education

http://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/jeec

Analysis of Soybean’s Marketing Power to Support the Enhancement of Production in

Renie Oelviani, Ratih Kurnia Jatuningtyas

Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Jawa Tengah, .

Article Info Abstract ______Article History: Soybean is one of the strategic commodities in Indonesia. Various Received February internal and external constraints are found in Indonesia’s soybean 2018 Accepted April 2018 production. This study aims to analyze the marketing power for Published June 2018 supporting the enhancement of soybean production in Central Java. ______Keywords: The location selection was done purposively in Grobogan and Soybean, SWOT Wonogiri Districts which are soybean centers in Central Java. The Analysis, Marketing. ______study was conducted in 2014 through a focus group discussion (FGD) approach involving 17 key persons. The data obtained were analyzed using SWOT analysis. The result of SWOT analysis shows that soybean strength priorities in marketing to support the enhancement of soybean production in Central Java are (1) developing seed center to manage the availability of soybean needs in Central Java, including to develop and improve the quantity and quality of soybean produced by the farmers. , (2) soybeans price change based on its quality attributes (3) restriction for importing soybeans to stimulate local soybean cultivation; (4) requiring local soybean promotion agencies to explore potentials and educate the industry and community about local soybeans, (5) group learning and development for the farmer to obtain the best soybean prices, (6) soybean purchasing program at the local government production center for the local soybean processing industry.

© 2018 Universitas Negeri

 Alamat korespondensi: p-ISSN 2301-7341 Jl. Soekarno Hatta KM.26 No.10, Tegalsari, Bergas Lor, Bergas, Sikunir, Bergas Lor, Bergas, Kab. Semarang, Central Java 50552 e-ISSN 2502-4485 E-mail: [email protected]

60

Renie Oelviani & Ratih Kurnia Jatuningtyas. / Journal of Economic Education 7 (1) 2018 : 60 - 69

INTRODUCTION of self-sufficient inability. This condition will also deplete the nation’s foreign exchange. Soybean Soybean is one of the strategic self-sufficiency is also essential to support commodities, preceded by rice and corn. agroindustry, improve employment opportunities, Although this plant has never been the main and save nation’s foreign exchange (Supadi, source of food compared to rice, soybean is still 2009). deemed to be strategic since it is an affordable To solve the problem, Agricultural source of vegetal protein, has a high economic Ministry has issued policy concerning the state of value, and significantly sought after by people to soybean self-sufficiency. The instrument of this fulfill their nutrition needs. (Direktorat Pasca policy is implemented by conducting Mass Panen Tanaman Pangan, 2012). For Indonesian, Intensification Program (Inmas), Special soybean becomes the source of raw material for Intensification Program (Insus), Sekolah Lapang tofu, tempe, , and livestock food Pengelolaan Tanaman Terpadu/ SL PTT (Field industries, and Indonesia is the largest tempe Educational Institute of Integrated Agriculture producer in the world and the largest market of Management), and the expansion of plantation soybean in Asia (BPS, 2017). areas (PAT). Nevertheless, the policy Acknowledging that the role of soybean is implementation specifically in regards of soybean strategic, rest assured that the demand of soybean cultivation development still faced with some every year increases alongside the surge of obstacles as follow: (1) the problem of high level population in Indonesia. This continuous of soil acidity on the expansion of new plantation demand enables the domestic production of areas, (2) the high risk of erosion on the new soybean. In 2016, the production of soybean plantation areas due to the bumpy or hilly texture stood at 859.653 tons of dried seeds (BPS, 2017), of the land, (3) and according to prediction figure in 2017, the limited availability of prime seedlings national production of soybean was at 542.446 with both sufficient quantity and precise quality tons and a plunge of production number occurred of time as per demands, (4) the limited ability of between the year of 2016 and 2017 at 36,90. The farmers to access technology, and (5) the low direct consumption of soybean was price within the level of farmers (Sudaryanto et approximately 1,8 million tons (Susenas, 2017), al., 2001). hence the production of soybean within the Due to some obstacles mentioned, the price country only can cover approximately 50% of becomes both an interesting and classical problem consumption. Therefore, there is still a deficit of which affects farmers’ decision to produce soybean every year forecasted to be at the number soybean (Darmadjanti, 2005). In some cases, of around 1,05 million tons, in which it needs to farmers have a low bargaining power hence the be fulfilled by imports (BPPP, 2014). price is determined by sellers one-sidedly (Rante, The dependence towards imported soybean 2013). This phenomenon also occurs in Central will affect the national economy, and if this Java, in which soybean production is centered to condition continues, it may threaten national Grobogan and that resilience status and disturb social, economic, and experience the lack of production issue to fulfill political stability, thus followed by people’s the needs of industries where soybean becomes welfare to be at stake (Supadi, 2009). Budi and the source of raw material. This results in the use Aminah (2010) stated that soybean self- of imported soybean to support the demand. The sufficiency becomes essential due to two reasons: dependency to imported soybean is caused by the (1) social and economic aspects will be affected fact that soybean within local production scale is due to the decrease of soybean production only planted at least two times per cultivation demand, looking at the fact that soybean is an seasons, hence the demand is more likely to affordable source of protein sought by people; and increase every time. Therefore, there is a (2) the position of the country will be weak with relatively high gap between demand and the possibility of impact to wider aspects because production, resulting the need to turn to imported 61

Renie Oelviani & Ratih Kurnia Jatuningtyas. / Journal of Economic Education 7 (1) 2018 : 60 - 69

soybean as the alternative to fulfill the need of for Crops and Livestocks of ),Bulog soybean industries. Divisi Regional Jawa Tengah(BulogCentral Java Many discussion and research had been Regional Division); and Private bodies such as: done to tackle this problem concerning soybean Koperasi Pengrajin Tahu Tempe Indonesia, commodity. The aim of this research is to analyze KOPTI (The Union of Tofu and Tempe Producer to what extent is the power of soybean marketing in Indonesia), tofu/tempe entrepreneurs, seeds to support the enhancement of soybean entrepreneurs, and soybean farmers. production in Central Java, hence it is expected to retrieve policy recommendation to improve the SWOT Analysis production of soybean in Central Java. SWOT analysis utilized in this research is the identification of factors systematically to METHODS formulate company’s strategies (Rangkuti, 2005). The use of this analysis method is based on the The research was conducted in Grobogan logic to enhance strengths and opportunities, but and Wonogiri Regency in the year of 2014. The at the same time minimize weaknesses and location was selected purposively since the two threats. After identifying both internal and regency were the central production of soybean in external factors, categorized in strengths, Central Java. This location was expected to weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, then the represent the soybean agribusiness description strategies can be determined to reap benefits from due to its wide outreach of contribution given by the opportunities available, as well as to minimize the two regencies to Central Java. or even eradicate the threats. The strengths of Two types of research data obtained were organization are the positive sides of the as follow: (1) Primary data obtained from Focus organization/community itself that can guide Group Discussion (FGD) and interview with toward wider opportunities utilized to develop keypersons including a range of topics such the business. The weaknesses of organization are strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats what the organization is lacking in regards of the formulation to improve soybean production in skill and resources. SWOT matrix helps the Central Java, (2) Secondary data from BPS, formulation of alternatives or strategies according Agricultural Institution (Dinas Pertanian of to the combination between the four factors; and district’s monography strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats data. by the development of four types of strategies, as The samples are 17 keypersons involving follow: SO (Strengths – Opportunities), WO governmental bodies: Dinas Pertanian Tanaman (Weaknesses – Threats), ST (Strengths – Threats), Pangan dan Hortikultura Provinsi Jawa Tengah and WT (Weaknesses – Threats) (Rante, 2013) as (Agricultural Agency for Crops and Horticulture depicted by Table 1. in Central Java), Dinas Koperasi dan UMKM The collected data by FGD are identified Provinsi Jawa Tengah (The union and UMKM and analyzed using SWOT analysis method. The Agency of Central Java), Balai Pengawasan dan analysis begins with identifying aspects of Sertifikasi Benih Jawa Tengah, BPSB strengths and weaknesses. (Supervision and Seedling Certification Association), Badan Ketahanan Pangan Jawa RESULT AND DISCUSSION Tengah, BKP (Food Resilience Board), Balai Karantina Pertanian Kelas 1 Semarang The identification of internal and external (Agriculture Quarantine Level 1 Semarang), constrains in soybean production requires the Dinas Pertanian Tanaman Pangan dan knowledge of soybean’s strengths on the market Hortikultura Kabupaten Grobogan (Agircultural to enhance soybean production in Central Java. Agency for Crops and Horticulture of Wonogiri The analysis of internal and external factors Regency), Dinas Pertanian Tanaman Pangan dan employed SWOT analysis method. The findings Peternakan Kabupaten Pati (Agriculture Agency of identification process through FGD showed 62

Renie Oelviani & Ratih Kurnia Jatuningtyas. / Journal of Economic Education 7 (1) 2018 : 60 - 69

that soybean is divided into two focus Governmental supports are vital to which are soybean germination for seeds and optimize the available land. The distinct varieties local soybean cultivation to control imported of soybean are one of the government’s measures soybean. Both focuses are inseparable because to support soybean germination. Until the year of soybean produced in production central is also 2011, government had released 73 prime soybean divided into two, soybean germination for seeds varieties with abundant superiority (Balitkabi, and consumption. 2012), in which more than 15 varieties are developed for soybean germination around Soybean Germination (Seeds-Based Business) Indonesia. However, Grobogan, Anjasmoro, and The abundant natural resources potential is Malika varieties are among the most sought after not enough to boost farmers’ interest or by farmers for soybean plantings (Fachrudin, entrepreneurs in soybean germinations business. 2000). According to the research by Bastuti Central Java has the land potential of 1.7754.297 (2014), the use of Grobagan variety in soybean ha that is suitable to cultivate soybean by the germination in Central Java reached 71,34% and form of paddy fields, dry land (farm, mixed farm, the rest were Anjasmoro and Wilis varieties. and plantation), and abandoned dry land Prime varieties are the innovation of technology (bushlands, scrubbed bushes, and grass fields that are easily adopted by farmers and are giving (BBSDLP, 2008). That means the land potential a significant contribution (Marwoto, 2005). to increase soybean production is still available though very competitive.

Table 1. SWOT Matrix Opportunities Threats IFAS External Factors Analysis of External Factors Analysis of EFAS Strengths Threats

Kekuatan (Strength) SO Strategy – Comparative ST Strategy – Mobilization Internal Factor Advantage Creating strategies to minimize Analysis of Strengths Creating strategies using strengths weaknesses by utilizing to determine opportunities opportunities Weaknesses WO Strategy – Disinvestment/ WT Strategy – Damage Control InternalFactorAnalysis Investment Creating strategies to minimize of Strengths Creating strategies using strengths weaknesses by avoiding threats to avoid threats

The limited number of soybean seeds Some notable obstacles in seeds germination entrepreneurs is one of the obstacles germination business are the limited capital, urgently needed to be solved. Government has limited facilities and infrastructures, attempted to boost the number of seeds unsustainable production, difficulty in germination entrepreneur for soybean, whereas in determining markets’ needs and fear of failures. the year of 2017 and 2018, 50% of the allotted The minimum profit reaped by the business soybean cultivation in the year of 2017 went to owners compared to rice results in the lack of seeds germination, quality test assistance for interest toward soybean seeds germination seeds certification, seeds storage facilities, business (Sudaryanto and Swastika, 2016). transport assistance for seeds supervising officer, Looking at this condition, measures are necessary and coaching for productivity improvements of to boost the business interest through farmer self-maintained soybean plantation (DitJend communities by building networking system of Tanaman Pangan, 2015). seeds certification in between seasons and between regions (jabalism). Therefore, seeds 63

Renie Oelviani & Ratih Kurnia Jatuningtyas. / Journal of Economic Education 7 (1) 2018 : 60 - 69

germination recommendation becomes essential harvest on the previous harvesting season, from to be implemented by farmers/farmers’ union other farmers from the same or different regions, who will start this business. According to or from purchasing to sellers who obtained the Suyamto (2011), solving the problem concerning seeds from other regions and from the previous the seeds germination business requires the harvesting season (jabalism). The system of support of human resources to perform jabalism, has developed due to the nature of revitalization of seeds germination through soybean that is easily decayed and the power of research and innovation development. sprouting is easily decreasing, and the difference The higher price of soybean seeds of agriculture climate or harvesting seasons compared to consumable soybean should be the between regions (Saleh, 2008). Unfortunately, the thruster of the number of entrepreneurs that drawbacks of jabalism system is the lack of produce seeds to be germinated. In fact, the quality control consideration which is predicted higher demand of seeds has not been fulfilled yet. to significantly contribute to the lower production According to Hartawan (2017), the majority of and productivity of soybean in the level of farmers in Indonesia used seeds from their own farmers (Nugraha et al. 1995).

Table 2. SWOT Analysis of Seeds Germination in Production Central in Central Java Internal Factors Strengths Weaknesses The availability of sufficient natural Limited facilities and infrastructure on resources the site Governments support Limited capital The simplicity of seeds germination Unsustainable production recommendation Limited seeds germination entrepreneurs The availability of wide areas The difficulty in predicting the markets’ The availability of planting season needs Seeds germination has a fully-equipped Fear of risks facilities Seeds cultivation innovation External Factors Opportunities Threats High demands Pests The availability of PAT program Farmers prefer Jabal seeds, freshly Higher price of seeds cultivated Collaborations between seeds germination Limited seeds resource entrepreneurs Damaged Long process of certification and the short period of validity (3 months) Unstable price Abundance seeds available

The high demand of soybean seeds is due rest are from their own crops/saved seeds to the implementation of the government (33.3%). Looking at the condition, coaching program is one of the opportunities to improve program and support from all involving the existence of seeds germination entrepreneurs. institutions are necessary to increase the interest According to Purba (2013), farmers who use of seeds entrepreneurs and to increase the ease to labeled seeds generally received seeds through obtain good quality seeds which eventually government assistance or result of collaboration profiting to the entrepreneurs themselves. with government body/private (66,7%), while the 64

Renie Oelviani & Ratih Kurnia Jatuningtyas. / Journal of Economic Education 7 (1) 2018 : 60 - 69

The external factors as the threats toward soybean within the country. The high natural the existence of seeds germination based on the resources potential should enable the fulfillment FGD result are pests, climate anomaly, limited of soybean demand within the country, in fact, seeds resources, damaged irrigation, and long soybean harvest in Central Java within the last process of certifications but short validity period. five years dipped as big as 4,09% (Pusdatin, According to Rasyid (2013), to obtain good 2016). This condition is due to the plunging quality seeds, some requirements that need participation of farmers in cultivating soybean as attention are the selection of area which has a a result of unsatisfactory result from the suitable climate, the soil fertility, availability of cultivation (Zakaria, 2010) water, free from pests and weeds, planted within Based on the opportunities point of view, a precise distance, and the precise period of soybean seeds business has some aspects that can harvest and drying process until the water content be done as an effort to increase soybean is approximately 10%. The limited source of production. Soybean seeds business in Sulawesi seeds on the site is caused by the disconnection of Tenggara has a good development prospect, since seeds production chain (Garnowo, 2016) and the it generates a hefty profit financially at around lack of socialization hence farmers adopt less MBCR 4,65 (Abidin and Harnowo 2010). The prime quality of seeds (Deptan, 2006). huge profit obtained by seeds germination business in by R/C ratio is 3,07 (Suardana, The Development of Local Soybean to Control 2016). This business can be a profitable business if the Volume of Imported Soybean being done in Central Java since both season and The rocketing demand of consumable geographical condition are very supportive to soybean has yet resulted to the triumph of cultivate soybean (Sutrisno, 2015).

Table 3. SWOT Analysis of Local Soybean Development to Control Imported Soybean Internal Factors Strengths Weaknesses The tremendously high demand of soybean The implementation of soybean HPP Rp. 7.600 is Some local businesses that are feasible to be not maximally impacting farmers developed Businesses with the tendency to injure local farmers Farmers cansell soybean to any seller without Soybean cultivation is still done traditionally contract binding Unavailability of institutional body within the level 3 harvesting seasons are available of farmers High rainfall tendency especially during harvest season External Factors Opportunities Threats Some farmers are involved in the marketing Fluctuating price causing farmers’ reluctance to community to obtain maximum price of cultivate soybean soybean Competitiveness between corn and mung bean A relatively high profit margin for intermediary Soybean are not always available in the agriculture agents market, especially outside the industrial area The abundance of research and development The increasing price of soybean globally concerning local soybean production The incoming imported soybean with lower price The implementation of zero percent policy for imported soybean

65

Renie Oelviani & Ratih Kurnia Jatuningtyas. / Journal of Economic Education 7 (1) 2018 : 60 - 69

The advantages from the soybean seeds Central Java is approximately 425 kg for 65.278 ha business is expected to be able to support soybean of plantation areas (Sutrisno, 2015). cultivation within the level of farmers. However, The demand of soybean is not completely this turns hopeless with the implementation of fulfilled by certified seeds, although the use of government policy regarding imported tariff certified seeds will significantly contribute to the custom of soybean. This policy causes the inability improvement of productivity (Ditjen Tanaman of local soybean to compete with imported Pangan, 2015). Only 2% of farmers use quality soybean. Imported soybean has dominated 72% of soybean seeds (Suastika & Kariada, 2012). national soybean market, hence making consumers According to Baehaki (2002), less than 10% of and producers to opt for imports (Wulandari, farmers use prime seeds (certified) in which 2017). This phenomenon will impact to the farmers generally use previous crops yield or their country’s dependence on imported soybean and own crops and purchasing from sellers from crops thus causing calamity if the global price is by other areas based on the previous harvesting extremely high due to the plummeted stocks season. This situation is due to the unavailability (Supadi, 2009). of quality soybean seeds when needed and the The consumption of local soybean becomes distribution chain of seeds from the production the measure to control imported soybean. It center to farmers level is too far hence the quality supported by Sari (2015) in her research that of seeds has decreased. Indonesian consumption of soybean is Seed centers within soybean production significantly influenced by imported soybean, center is one of the alternatives to tackle the income per capita and soybean price. This means problem of seeds unavailability. Grobogan that the amount of imported soybean will surge Regency has begun to pioneer the establishment of significantly alongside the level consumption of seed center within these past years. Seed center is people. Based on the research done by Permadi functioned as the center to manage the availability (2015), it was described that the large harvest area of seeds, develop and improve the quantity as well impacts negatively to the imported soybean as quality of soybean seeds cultivated from volume, hence the increase of harvesting area will entrepreneurs, and the center of education-based decrease the volume of imports. This research is community or seeds entrepreneurs. It is expected also supported by Suryana (2007) and Malian et. that other production centers can establish similar Al (2004) who stated that commodity production seed center to support seeds germination center, of food is affected significantly by the vast service and seeds germination entrepreneurs and harvesting areas, which then influence the imports jabal soybean, quality control assistance for bulked of the commodity. soybean, stocks system assistance for soybean seeds and the assistance of soybean seeds demand Marketing Strategy of Soybean Seeds (Distan KP Kabupaten Grobogan, 2017). Germination Soybean marketing can be the measure to Market Strategy for Local Soybean Product increase production in Central Java. The high The core problem of national soybean demand of soybean seedscan be a booster to production is the decrease of production level aside farmers to become seeds entrepreneurs. Every from the increase of soybean consumption. year, farmers will need seeds at least two times for Soybean production is predicted to plummet to the their plantation, especially within the central average of 1,49% while the consumption of production areas such as Grobogan, Pati, soybean will boom to the average of 1,73% (BPS, Purworejo, Wonogiri and . The 2017). The increase of consumption within the overall demand of soybean in Indonesia is country causes the increase volume of imports approximately 34.000 tons/years with the need for approximately 3,57% per year. The ending stock of cultivation at around 48.500 ha, assuming each 1 soybean is relatively smaller, which is less than 2% ha producing 0,7 tons (Suastika, 2012). On the toward the total supply and continuously other hand, the demand of soybean seeds in 66

Renie Oelviani & Ratih Kurnia Jatuningtyas. / Journal of Economic Education 7 (1) 2018 : 60 - 69

decreasing volume at around 4,25% per year promotional body for processed product based (BPPP, 2014) from local soybean (Balitkabi, 2017). The supply Some strategies based on SWOT analysis on of local soybean within the processed product local soybean markets are: (1) the policy to expand industries need to be enhanced to decrease imports planting areas (PAT) that needs to be followed by and increase and boost farmers’ interest in planting the availability of seeds, (2) the needs of soybean. The dependence on imported soybean promotional body for local soybean to extract the will increase the price of imported soybean that potential of local soybean and educate the use of impacts on the higher price of the product itself, local soybean within people and industries, (3) this condition will disturb national stability purchasing in the production central from local (Bubun, 2018). government for local soybean processing Government needs to strive on competitive industries, (4) the restriction of imported soybean price of soybean to attract farmers on soybean to stimulate local soybean consumption, (5) cultivation. The measures that can be done is pricing policy to be reevaluated and adjusted reevaluating the policy of soybean pricing. The according the quality attribute (e.g. soybean-based pricing can be made by adjusting price based on its tofu’s price will be determined according to its quality attribute, for example, the price of protein content, and soybean for seeds is according consumable soybean will be determined by the to the level of dryness. nutrients and the price of seeds is determined by The promotional body for local soybean is the quality of dryness level. Nowadays, farmers necessary to enhance the potential as well as still refer to the government regulation from educate people in general. The information Permendag No. 1 Year 2015 about Pricing and concerning the difference of local soybean and Purchasing Soybean by farmers in accordance to imported soybean can be one of the appeals as to soybean price security within the level of farmers, why people resort to consume local soybean. in which the price stood at Rp. 7.700,-/kg. The According to Agung (2000), tempe produced from reality shows that the price is in line with farmers’ local soybean contains a higher and healthier interest in cultivating the commodity. Damardjati content of nutrition and organoleptic, due to the et al. (2005) explained that unsuitable pricing is antinutrient compounds contained in local deemed to be the disincentive causing the decrease soybean can significantly be reduced. On the other of soybean cultivation area. The lower price of hand, according to the research by Badan Tenaga imported soybean compared to local product also Nuklir Nasional (Batan), Harry Is Mulyana, becomes the disincentive for farmers to contribute appraised that transgenic nutrient content of in soybean production. This condition heightens imported soybean was lost due to the distribution the drastic decrease of soybean plantation areas process of soybean (Ozal, 2012). According to within the periode of 1990-2005 (Sudaryanto, research done by Yuwono (2012), 10 varieties of 2016). local soybean that had been evaluated contained higher chemical properties compared to imported CONCLUSIONS soybean. Product socialization specifically local Information about problems and obstacles, soybean processed products need to begin from the as well as potential and opportunities of the local government. The program of buying from the markets of soybean in the production central of production central from the local government is Central Java, both internal and external are part of the promotional strategy to improve the divided into two focuses which are soybean for popularity of local soybean. The image of local seeds germination and consumption. Based on the soybean is deemed inferior in the eye of processing SWOT analysis, the main strategy as the industries due to the high level of water (Budhi, alternative measures to increase soybean as seeds 2010). Dinas Pertanian Kabupaten Grobogan has production and the development of local soybean begun to establish what is called Rumah Kedelai to control imported soybean commodity are as (Soybean House) which functions as the follow: (1) the establishment of seed center to 67

Renie Oelviani & Ratih Kurnia Jatuningtyas. / Journal of Economic Education 7 (1) 2018 : 60 - 69

control the availability of soybean to fulfill the Balitkabi. 2017. Rumah Kedelai Grobogan Promosikan demand in Central Java, in which the program Kedelai Lokal. also entails the development and improvement of http://balitkabi.litbang.pertanian.go.id/berita/r quality and quantity of soybean produced by the umah-kedelai-grobogan-promosikan-kedelai- lokal/. Accesed in 1 August 2018. producer, (2) the pricing mechanism of soybean Balitkabi. 2012. Deskripsi Vaeietas Unggul Kacang- adjusted according to the quality attributes, (3) the Kacangan dan Umbi-Umbian. Balai Penelitian restriction of imported soybean to stimulate local Tanaman Kacang-Kacangan dan Umbi-Umbian. cultivation, (4) the need of promotional means for Kementerian Pertanian. Badan Penelitian dan local soybean within industries and community, Pengembangan Pertanian. (5) the education directed to farmers community Bastuti, Tri Purwanti. 2014. Sistem Perbenihan and other means of coaching to obtain the best Mendukung Keberlanjutan Produksi Kedelai di price for soybean, (6) the program of buying the Jawa Tengah. Prosiding Hasil Penelitian product from production central by local Tanaman Aneka Kacang dan Umbi 2014. Balitkabi, . (582-590). governments for processed products based on local Bubun, Sukardi, dan Ono Suparno. 2018. Kinerja soybean. Rantai Pasok Kedelai di Kabupaten Grobogan. Jurnal Aplikasi Manajemen dan Bisnis, Vol. 4 REFERENCES No. 1, January 2018 Budhi, Gelar Satya dan Mimin Aminah. 2010. Abidin, Z dan Harnowo, D. 2014. Jurnal Pengkajian Swasembada Kedelai: Antara Harapan dan Dan Pengembangan Teknologi Pertanian Kenyataan Forum Penelitian Agro Ekonomo. 17(3):243–49. Volume 28 No 1. July 2010 : 55 - 68. Ari Agung, IGA. 2000. Pengaruh Pengasaman dan Damardjati, D.S., Marwoto, D.K.S. Swastika, D.M. Lama Fermentasi dalam Pembuatan Tempe Arsyad, dan Y. Hilman. 2005. Prospek dan arah Kedelai terhadap Kadar Senyawa Antinutrisi pengembangan agribisnis kedelai. Badan Litbang Tanin dan Tingkat Kesukaan Konsumen (Tesis). Pertanian. Departemen Pertanian, . Unair. . Deptan. 2006. Arah dan Strategi Sistem Perbenihan Badan Pengkajian Dan Pengembangan Kebijakan Tanaman Nasional. Departemen Pertanian. Perdagangan Kementerian Perdagangan.2014. Jakarta. 53p Analisis Outlook Pangan 2015 – 2019. Pusat Dinas Pertanian Tanaman Pangan Kabupaten Kebijakan Perdagangan Dalam Grobogan.https://rumahkedelaigrobogan.com/[ Negeri.http://bppp.kemendag.go.id/media_cont Accessed in July 2018] ent/2017/08/Analisis_Outlook_Pangan_2015- Direktorat Pasca Panen Tanaman Pangan. 2012. 2019.pdf. [Accessed in May 2018] Rencana Strategi Direktorat Pasca Panen Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia. 2017. Pengeluaran Tanaman Pangan. Direktorat Pasca Panen Untuk Konsumsi Penduduk Indonesia. Tanaman Pangan. Direktorat Jenderal Tanaman BBPPSLP. 2008. Potensi dan Ketersediaan Lahan untuk Pangan. Kementerian Pertanian.2012 Pengembangan Kedelai di Indonesia. Balai Besar Ditjen Tanaman Pangan. 2015. Pedoman Teknis Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Pemberdayaan Penangkar Benih Tahun Lahan Pertanian. Warta Penelitian dan Anggaran 2015. Jakarta. Pengembangan Pertanian30, 3–5. Fachruddin, Lisdiana, Ir. 2000. Budidaya Kacang – Budhi, G.S. dan M. Aminah. 2010. Swasembada Kacangan. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta. Kedelai antara Harapan dan Kenyataan. FAE, Harnowo Didik, J. Rachman Hidajat , dan Suyamto. Pusat Analisis Sosial Ekonomi dan Kebijakan 2016. Kebutuhan dan Teknologi Produksi Benih Pertanian, Bogor. 28(1):55-68. Kedelai. Kedelai: Teknik Produksi dan Baehaki, A. 2002. Review pemuliaan tanaman dalam Pengembangan : 383 – 415. industri perbenihan di Indonesia. p. 1-6. Dalam: http://balitkabi.litbang.pertanian.go.id/wpconte E. Murniati et al. (Eds.). Industri Benih di nt/uploads/2016/03/dele_17.didikh-1.pdf Indonesia: Aspek Penunjang Pengembangan. [accesse in 9 May 2018] Laboratorium Ilmu dan Teknologi Benih, BDP- Hartawan, Rudi dan Edy Marwan. Model Distribusi Faperta IPB, BogorBadan Pusat Statistik. 2017. Benih Kedelai Label Biru Dengan Sistem Statistik Konsumsi. Jabalsim Dan Jabalsim Terkendali Di Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Timur. Jurnal 68

Renie Oelviani & Ratih Kurnia Jatuningtyas. / Journal of Economic Education 7 (1) 2018 : 60 - 69

Media Pertanian Vol. 2 No. 2 Year 2017: 73 – Produksi, Konsumsi dan Impor Kedelai. 2015. 84. Jurnal Kajian Ekonomi. Juli Vol III No 5. Badan Pengkajian Dan Pengembangan Kebijakan Suardana, I Ketut, I Gusti Agung Ayu Ambarwati dan I Perdagangan (BPPP). 2014. Dewa Putu Oka Suardi. 2016. Analisis Nugraha, U.S., H. Smalders, and N Saleh. 1995. Seed Usahatani Penangkaran benih Kedelai. Ejurnal quality of secundery food crops in Indonesia. Agribisnis dan Agrowisata. Volume 5 No 1. Paper at the Workshop on Integrated Seed Januari 2016 : 1 – 9. Systems Suastika, I.B. dan I.K. Kariada. 2012. Kajian sistem Marwoto dan Y Hilman. 2005. Teknologi Kacang – penyediaan benih unggul bermutu kedelaI dalam Kacangan dan Umbi-umbian Mendukung mendukung program strategis peningkatan Ketahanan Pangan. Kinerja Balai Penelitian produksi kedelai di wilayah Bali. Pros. Seminar Kacang – Kacangan dan Umbi – Umbian 2003 – Kedaulatan Pangan dan Energi Universitas 2004. Balitkabi. Malang. 20 hlm. Trunojoyo Madura. Ozal, Dimasyq.2012. Ini Perbedaan Kedelai Lokal Sudaryanto, T., I.W. Rusastra dan Saptana. 2001. dengan Impor. Kompas, 2012. Hal/Kol : Perspektif Ekonomi Kedelai di Indonesia. FAE, Sumber: Senin, 13 Agustus 2012 Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sosial www.kompas.com Ekonomi Pertanian, Bogor. 19(1):1-20. http://bisniskeuangan.kompas.com/read/2012/ Sudaryanto, Taslim dan Dewa K.S. Swastika. 2016. 08/1 Ekonomi Kedelai di Indonesia. Pusat Analisis 3/10071160/Ini.Perbedaan.Kedelai.Lokal.denga Sosial-Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pertanian, n.Impor. Bogor. Pusdatin. 2016. Outlook Komoditas Subsektor http://balitkabi.litbang.pertanian.go.id/wpconte Tanaman Pangan Kedelai. 2015. Pusat Data dan nt/uploads/2016/03/dele_1.tahlim-1.pdf. Sistem Informasi Pertanian. Kementerian [accessed in 1 Agustus 2018]. Pertanian. Supadi. 2009. Dampak Impor Kedelai Berkelanjutan Permadi, Galih satria. 2015. Analisis Permintaan Impor Terhadap Ketahanan Pangan. Analisis Kedelai Indonesia. Jurnal ekonomi Regional Kebijakan Pertanian. Volume 7 No. 1, Maret Volume 10 No 1. Maret 2015: 23 – 30. 2009 : 87-102.. Purba, Resmayeti. 2012. Peluang Pengembangan Sutrisno, Imam, Eny Hari Widowati, dan Fahrur Rozi. Penangkar Kedelai Di Banten. Prosiding 2015. Optimalisasi Sistem Jabalsim Dalam Seminar Hasil Penelitian Tanaman Aneka Memenuhi Kebutuhan Benih di Jawa Tengah. Kacang dan Umbi 2012: 668 – 672. Prosiding Seminar Hasil Penelitian Tanaman Rangkuti, Freddy. 2005. Analisis SWOT: Teknik Aneka Kacang dan Umbi: 386 – 393. Membedah Kasus Bisnis -Orientasi Konsep Suyato. 2011. Revitalisasi Sistem Perbenihan Tanaman Perencanaan Strategis Untuk Menghadapi Abad Pangan. Jurnal Iptek Tanaman Pangan. Vol 6 21. Jakarta:PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama . (1): 1 – 13. Rante Y. 2013. Strategi Pengembangan Tanaman Wulandari, Susi Sinta. 2017. Kebijakan Pemerintah Kedelai Untuk Pemberdayaan Ekonomi Rakyat Indonesia Dalam Melindungi Petani Lokal Dari Di Kabupaten Keerom Provinsi Papua. Jurnal Ancaman Impor Kedelai Amerika Serikat Tahun Manajemen Dan Kewirausahaan, Vol.15, NO. 2012-2016. Jom Fisip Vol. 4 No. 2 – Oktober 1, MARET 2013: 75-88. 2017: 2 – 15. Rasyid, Harun.2013. Peningkatan Produksi Dan Mutu Yuwono, Fraksi Sudarminto Setyo, Kartika Ken Hayati Benih Kedelai Varietas Hitam Unggul Nasional dan Siti Narsito Wulan. 2012. Karakterisasi Sebagai Fungsi Jarak Tanam Dan Pemberian Fisik, Kimia Dan Fraksi Protein 7s Dan 11s Dosis Pupuk P. Jurnal Gamma. Maret 2013 : 46 Sepuluh Varietas Kedelai Produksi Indonesia. - 63 . Jurnal Tek. Pert. Vol 4(1): 84 - 90 Saleh, Nasir. 2008. Penggunaan Benih Sehat sebagai Zakaria, Amar K. 2010. Kebijakan Pengembangan Sarana Utama Optimasi Pencapaian Budidaya Kedelai Menuju Swasembada Melalui Produktivitas Kedelai. Iptek Tanaman Pangan Partisipasi Petani Jurnal Litbang Pertanian, Vol. 3 No. 2 – 2008: 229 – 243. 29(4), 2010: 147 - 153. http://pangan.litbang.pertanian.go.id/files/vol- Yoko, B., Syaukat, Y. dan Fariyanti, A. 2014. ”Analisis 3-no-2-09-nasir.pdf. Efisiensi Usahatani Padi di Kabupaten Lampung Sari, Putri Meliza, hasdi Almon, Efrizal Sofyan. Tengah”. Jurnal Agribisnis Indonesia, 2(2): 127 Analisis Faktor – Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi 69