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Sistem Perbenihan Kedelai Melalui Sistem Jabalsim Di Sentra Produksi Kedelai Jawa Tengah

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Sistem Perbenihan Kedelai Melalui Sistem Jabalsim Di Sentra Produksi Kedelai Jawa Tengah SISTEM PERBENIHAN KEDELAI MELALUI SISTEM JABALSIM DI SENTRA PRODUKSI KEDELAI JAWA TENGAH SOYBEAN SEED SYSTEM THROUGH JABALSIM (SEED NETWORK BETWEEN FIELD AND SEASON) IN PRODUCTION CENTER IN CENTRAL JAVA Eny Hari Widowati¹, Alfina Handayani¹, Imam Sutrisno² ¹)Balitbang Provinsi Jateng, ²) Balitkabi Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Soybean is the third important food crop after rice and maize. Every year, the more number of populations in Central Java, the more soybean consumption. However, the supply of soybean is not fulfill the needs because the soybean productivity is still low. Low soybean productivity is affected by the unqualified seed.The research was conducted by quantitative descriptive approach for 3 months in Grobogan and Wonogiri Regency. The respondents are farmers, traders and airy companion. The research results showed that the soybeans cropping pattern in Grobogan and Wonogiri held in rainfed on the first and second rainy season from October to March. In the first and second drought season in June to September, soybean is planted in the paddy field. The soybean seed needs were 40 kg/ha in Grobogan and 70 kg/ha in Wonogiri. In a year, soybean seed needs were 2.76114 million pounds. The most crucial seed needs in May, September and October amounted to 1,706,139 kg. Soybean seed system was obtained by storage in the form of dry stover to process from consumption soybean product by sorting in Wonogiri, also to process the cultivated soybean production that using labeled seeds in Grobogan.Recommendation: Local agricultural agencies should be facilitated seed lebelled for supply of seeds that is coached by Bakorluh. Keyword: seed, (Seed network between field and season), production center. PENDAHULUAN bahan pakan ternak dan lain sebagainya. Kedelai merupakan tanaman Kandungan gizi yang terdapat pada kedelai pangan terpenting ketiga setelah padi dan bermanfaat bagi kesehatan manusia karena jagung. Kebutuhan kedelai di Indonesia setiap 100 gram kedelai kering terus meningkat seiring dengan mengandung 34,90 gram protein, 331,00 perkembangan industri pangan dan kalori; 18,10 gram lemak serta mineral dan pertumbuhan jumlah penduduk. Kedelai vitamin lainnya (http://deptan.agribisnis). merupakan komoditas strategis yang Saat ini kebutuhan kedelai lebih eksistensinya sangat diperlukan untuk banyak dipenuhi melalui impor. orientasi pemenuhan kebutuhan bahan pangan pemerintah terhadap impor kedelai setelah beras disamping sebagai bahan merupakan suatu bentuk ketidakmandirian. pakan dan industri olahan. Kedelai Menurut Harefa (2013), ketergantungan digunakan bahan olahan potensial sangat Indonesia terhadap kedelai impor beragam antara lain sebagai bahan baku dikarenakan kedelai lokal yang tidak dapat industri seperti pembuatan tahu, tempe, mencukupi kebutuhan kedelai nasional kecap, tauco, susu kedelai maupun sebagai sementara permintaaan kedelai dalam Jurnal Litbang Provinsi Jawa Tengah, Vol.12 No.2 – Desember 2014 117 negeri sangat tinggi dan meningkat setiap dengan sistem jabalsim karena terdapat tahunnya, kemudahan kedelai impor penangkar formal milik pemerintah yaitu masuk ke pasar Indonesia sehingga Balai Benih dan swasta serta penangkar- harganya lebih kompetitif, sementara penangkar ditingkat kelompok. Peran kebutuhan kedelai lokal tidak dapat penangkar tersebut perlu lebih memenuhi kebutuhan dalam negeri dan dioptimalkan untuk menghasilkan produksi kedelai impor mendominasi pasar benih yang memenuhi 6 tepat yaitu: Indonesia, maka yang terjadi penekanan varietas, mutu, jumlah, harga, waktu dan produksi kedelai lokal. tempat. Tujuan: Menganalisa sistem Salah satu aspek yang berpengaruh perbenihan melalui sistem produksi terhadap peningkatan produksi adalah jabalsim. faktor benih. Benih merupakan faktor input produksi yang harus tersedia pada waktu METODE PENELITIAN yang tepat, berkualitas dengan jumlah yang Penelitian bersifat deskriptif cukup. Tetapi kondisi ini belum dapat analitis, yang menurut Whitney adalah terpenuhi karena benih kedelai peka sekali pencarian fakta dengan intepretasi yang terhadap periode penyimpanan sehingga tepat dengan tujuan untuk mendapatkan hal ini menyebabkan kebutuhan benih deskripsi, gambaran, atau lukisan secara bermutu belum bisa terpenuhi. Ketidak- sistematis, faktual dan akurat mengenai mampuan menyediakan benih kedelai fakta-fakta, sifat-sifat serta hubungan- berkualitas disebabkan permasalahan yang hubungan antar fenomena yang diselidiki dibedakan menjadi dua aspek, yaitu aspek (Natzir, 1988). penyerapan oleh petani dan aspek Penelitian dilaksanakan di pengadaan dan penyaluran oleh institusi Kabupaten Grobogan dan Wonogiri perbenihan (lembaga penelitian, dinas dengan metode purposive sampling, yakni terkait, BUMN, KUD, swasta, BPSB). pengambilan yang dilakukan secara Penyediaan benih kedelai di Jawa sengaja dengan tujuan tertentu. Kabupaten Tengah pada umumnya menggunakan Wonogiri dan Grobogan merupakan sentra sistem jabalsim dengan menggunakan produksi terbesar. Penelitian dilaksanakan benih lokal tetapi sistem yang digunakan selama empat (4) bulan dari bulan Juni ini masih belum bisa memenuhi kebutuhan sampai dengan September 2013. benih baik kuantitas maupun kualitasnya Metode pengambilan sampel pada musim tanam. Disatu sisi varietas dilaksanakan dimasing-masing kecamatan unggul kedelai telah dirilis oleh Balitkabi sentra produksi kedelai dan sentra produksi sejumlah 73 yang memiliki berbagai benih, Pemilihan responden meliputi: 1) keunggulan, antara lain: daya hasil tinggi, Petani; 2) Pedagang benih; 3) Penangkar umur genjah, tahan terhadap penyakit serta benih; 4) Petugas BPSB Kabupaten; 5) kemampuan adaptasi berbagai lingkungan. Petugas Kebun Benih Palawija; 6) Petugas Sistem produksi varietas unggul pada Dinas Pertanian Provinsi; 7) Petugas Dinas umumnya dilakukan dengan menggunakan Pertanian Kabupaten; 8) Penyuluhan sistem formal tetapi sistem ini belum bisa Pertanian Lapangan; 9) PT Shangyangsri; berkembang hal ini tentu berkaitan dengan 10) PT Pertani. Dengan memperhatikan tingkat adopsi petani terhadap varietas keragaman dan sumberdaya yang ada. unggul baru dan sistem perbenihan yang Teknik Pengumpulan Data masih tergolong lemah. dilakukan dengan Survey, yaitu penelitian Jawa Tengah memiliki potensi yang memanfaatkan informasi dan data untuk mengembangkan perbenihan kedelai primer yang diperoleh secara langsung dari 118 Jurnal Litbang Provinsi Jawa Tengah, Vol.12 No.2 – Desember 2014 subyek yang diteliti melalui wawancara umur muda fisik masih kuat dan bisa dengan menggunakan pertanyaan- melakukan banyak pekerjaan. Seperti pertanyaan yang terstruktur dalam dikutip dari BPS Indonesia (2013) kuesioner serta Indepth interview dengan Penduduk muda berusia dibawah 15 tahun responden kunci, yang terdiri atas Dinas umumnya dianggap sebagai penduduk Pertanian Kabupaten. yang belum produktif karena secara Untuk menganalisa Sistem jabalsim ekonomis masih tergantung pada orang tua digunakan analisa deskriptif kuantitatif atau orang lain yang menanggungnya. dengan menggunakan data primer dan Pengalaman usahatani kedelai rata- sekunder yang meliputi waktu tanam, rata lebih dari 20 tahun. Semakin lama realisasi luas tanam, luas panen, kebutuhan pengalaman berusahatani akan benih, ketersediaan benih, prosesing berpengaruh pada ketrampilan petani perbenihan dan alur pemasaran. dalam mengelola sumber daya yang dimilikinya. Penelitian yang dilakukan HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN oleh Darmasetiawan dan Wicaksono Karakteristik Petani Di Lokasi (2012) menunjukkan bahwa faktor internal Penelitian antara lain pengalaman usahatani ternyata Berdasarkan hasil analisa data berpengaruh nyata terhadap peningkatan diketahui rata-rata umur petani kedelai mutu tembakau. Namun demikian lamanya berada pada usia produktif. Menurut Van pengalaman berusahatani seringkali den ban dan Hakwiks (1999), Usia tenaga menjadikan petani beranggapan apa yang kerja yang produktif berumur 16-64 tahun. dilakukan sudah tepat dan hanya Usia produktif sangat berpengaruh berpegang pada cara-cara lama dalam terhadap kinerja seseorang terutama dilihat melakukan budidaya yang berakibat pada dari faktor fisik dan kematangan dalam kurangnya keinginan untuk melakukan berpikir karena hal ini akan berpengaruh inovasi, hal tersebut sejalan dengan pada pengembangan inovasi dalam penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Isyanto melakukan usahatani khususnya untuk (2012) yang menunjukkan bahwa menangkarkan benih, hal ini terlihat di pengalaman usahatani ternyata tidak kelompok tani Kabupaten Grobogan berpengaruh nyata terhadap produksi padi memiliki kemauan yang kuat untuk di Kabupaten Ciamis. melakukan penangkaran kedelai. Pada Tabel 1. Karakteristik Petani di Lokasi Penelitian Lokasi Rerata Wonogiri Grobogan Umur (tahun) 56 47 Pengalaman usahatani (tahun) 25 22 Pendidikan SMA SD Tanggungan keluarga 3 3 Sumber : Data diolah 2013 Jurnal Litbang Provinsi Jawa Tengah, Vol.12 No.2 – Desember 2014 119 Tingkat pendidikan petani di penanaman terbesar terdapat di bulan Kabupaten Grobogan terbesar adalah SD, Oktober, Desember, Pebruari dan untuk Kabupaten Wonogiri sebagian besar Maret berturut-turut sebesar 35.591 berpendidikan SMA. Hal ini sejalan ha, 10.680 ha, 17.450 ha dan 15.702 dengan kondisi tingkat pendidikan ha. Sementara itu, penanaman masyarakat Jawa Tengah secara umum 58 kedelai di MK I dan MK II dilahan persennya masih memiliki tingkat sawah sebesar 70.986 ha tersebar di pendidikan SD. Tingkat pendidikan seluruh kecamatan Kabupaten berpengaruh pada tingkat penerimaan Wonogiri. Penanaman kedelai pada petani terhadap teknologi, perubahan MK
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