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Master Thesis in Cultural Encounters Scottish MASTER THESIS IN CULTURAL ENCOUNTERS SCOTTISH MISSIONARIES AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF PRESBYTERIANISM IN MALAWI: THE CASE OF BLANTYRE SYNOD. (60 credits) Eunice M’biya December, 2016. i Abstract This master thesis examines the development of Presbyterianism in Malawi with reference to the Church of Central Africa Presbyterian, Blantyre Synod. Employing a qualitative approach to the research, the study aims at finding out the changes in Presbyterianism, regarding them as a response to the Scottish instituted Presbyterianism. Now that the church is an African church, the paper focuses on the difference between the Scottish and the African Presbyterianism. It looks at both the historical and modern day cultural encounter by employing the archival sources and conducting observations and interviews with the contemporary Presbyterians to determine the changes in Malawian Presbyterian practices, liturgy, leadership, worship and ethics of the church. The purpose of the research is therefore to critically examine how CCAP, as a culture has evolved with passage of time, responding to internal and external factors of indigenization and globalization respectively. The paper gives a background to the formation of the Presbyterian Church in Malawi by looking at the initial missionaries’ encounters with the indigenous Malawians, but also their aims and objectives. It also analyzes Malawian acceptance to Christianity and transformation with regard to Presbyterianism as a part of a cultural encounter. Both cultural encounter and religion enforces a change in the socio-cultural patterns of a society, hence the paper looks at the socio-cultural impacts of the missionaries on the local Malawian religious culture. It looks at the cultural conflict arising as a result of the cultural encounter involving the two different countries, races and religious viewpoints. Using Norbert Elias’s concept of civilization, the study examines the civilization process and an understanding of how cultural changes take place. The study argues that the contemporary Presbyterians have adapted the classical Presbyterianism to their cultural system, making it more Malawian than Scottish. The research found out that the church has changed, succumbing to indigenization and globalization especially in the areas of its leadership, liturgy, worship, ethics, and role of women. This papers’ argument is that these changes describe the responses of the contemporary Malawians to the classical Presbyterianism set by the Scots. These changes are also evident of the cultural conflict that began in the early 1870s when the Scottish missionaries had arrived in Malawi, which continues to exist today, but in different forms and reaction. Key words: mission, culture, religion, Presbyterianism, cultural encounter, cultural conflict. ii Sammendrag Denne masteroppgaven undersøker utviklingen av den presbyterianske kirken i Malawi med særlig vekt på Blantyre Synod, som er en del av Church of Central Africa Presbyterian (CCAP). Ved bruk av kvalitativ metode har oppgaven vært å beskrive endringer i den presbyterianske kirken i Malawi. Endringene blir forstått som en reaksjon på presbyterianske tradisjoner, som skotske misjonærer innførte. Nå er kirken en afrikanisert kirke og oppgaven fokuserer på forskjellen mellom det skotske og det afrikanske presbyterianske systemet. Oppgaven ser på både historiske og moderne kulturmøter ved å bruke arkivkilder og gjennomføre observasjoner og intervjuer med moderne presbyterianere for å avdekke og analysere endringer i praksis, liturgi, ledelse, tilbedelse og etikk i den presbyterianske kirken i Malawi. Formålet med forskningen er derfor å undersøke hvordan CCAP har utviklet seg kulturelt over tid under påvirkning av interne og eksterne faktorer som stedegengjøring (indigenization) og globalisering. Oppgaven gir en bakgrunn for dannelsen av den presbyterianske kirken i Malawi ved å se på de første misjonærenes møte med malawierne. Den fokuserer også på mål og strategi som misjonærer brukte. I tillegg analyserer oppgaven malawiernes aksept av kristendommen og transformasjonen i møte med den presbyterianske misjonen som en del av en kulturmøte. Både kulturmøte og religion utløser en endring i sosiokulturelle mønstre i et samfunn. Derfor ser oppgaven på de sosiokulturelle konsekvenser av misjonen på den lokale malawiske religiøse kultur. Den ser på den kulturelle konflikten som oppsto som et resultat av det kulturmøtet som involverte to forskjellige land, raser og religiøse synspunkter. Masteroppgaven undersøker kulturelle endringer i det malawiske samfunnet som misjonen medførte, og tolker endringene ved bruk av Norbert Elias’ konsept om sivilisasjonsprosesser. Oppgaven argumenterer for at de moderne presbyterianerne har tilpasset den klassiske presbyterianske til deres kultur, noe som gjør den mer malawisk enn skotsk. Disse endringene er kommet som reaksjoner fra moderne malawiere på den klassisk skotske presbyterianisme. I avhandlingen blir disse forandringer i kirkens liv forstått som utløst både av stedegengjøring og globalisering, spesielt i kirkens lederskap, liturgi, gudstjeneste, etikk og kvinners rolle. Disse endringene er også tydelige i den kulturelle konflikten som begynte tidlig på 1870-tallet da de skotske misjonærene hadde kommet i Malawi, som fortsetter å eksistere i dag, men i ulike former og med ulike reaksjoner. iii Stikkord: Misjon, kultur, religion, presbyterianisme, kulturmøte, kulturkonflikt. iv Dedication This paper is dedicated to my caring and loving grandmum, Enert Nkolokosa, Anaphiri. I love you. v Acknowledgements Prof. Birger Løvlie is worthy of a special mention for his supervisory role during the whole process of writing this research paper. Your constructive feedback, encouraging words, provision of resources, guidance, curiosity and patience in times I was very slow gave me the confidence to go through with the research project. To the entire history department staff at Volda University, Thanks for providing academic excellence and making my professional dreams achievable. To Zomba and Limbe CCAP administration and congregation, Thanks for granting me the opportunity to conduct interviews. Special mention should go to Rev. Mmangisa and Rev. Mulere of Zomba and Limbe CCAP respectively for the support provided during this period. To Malawi National Archives staff and friends, thank you for the warm welcome and conducive environment you created during the data collection exercise at the archives. The Mmemo kept me going. Zaithwa Chabvuta and Kettie Kansinde. Thank you for the help during the data collection exercise at the archives. You made it easier and effective. To Mr. and Mrs. Mponda, Receive my heartfelt gratitude for raising a responsible lady that I have become today, encouraging me in my studies and more importantly, for your financial and moral support through my primary, secondary and university studies. You are the best!! To my parents, Martha and Boniface M’biya, thanks so much for the financial, moral support and the prayers, this far the Lord has brought me. I will always remember the prayers you offered for me whenever I came to visit you in Blantyre and I know you pray for me. Stay blessed. To my sisters: Linly, Maggie, Sophie, Ruth and my brothers: Sam and John, thanks for the morale and support in providing information when I myself couldn’t do it. I love you so much! To Steve Kanjoma, thank you for being there when I could not be there. You kept my dreams going. To Tamara Faith Kamanga, thanks for hosting me at your place and for the moral and spiritual upliftment during the period of my research in Zomba. To Foster Gondwe, thank you for offering your time to proof-read my paper. Norma Kachali, Fundi Kayambazinthu and Backster Makungwa, you have been a wonderful and supportive family during my stay in Norway. Thank you. To Jane Mbughi, Ethel Gondwe, Susan Ngwira and Atupere Ngwira, you have been very supportive and loving during my stay far away from home, you rock!! vi List of acronyms ALC African Lakes Company ATR African Tradition Religion British Overseas Management Adminstration (BOMA) CAP Church of Africa Presbyterian CCAP Church of Central Africa Presbyterian CCAPSO Church of Central Africa Presbyterian Students Organization CLAIM Christian Literature Association In Malawi DRCM Dutch Reformed Church Mission EUL Edinburg University Library FMC Foreign Mission Committee MNA Malawi National Archives OT Oral Testimony PIM Providence Industrial Mission PPO Polytechnic Presbyterian Organisation PYO Presbyterian Youth Organization SCOM Student Christian Organization of Malawi UMCA Universities’ Mission to Central Africa WW1 First World War vii Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... ii Sammendrag ................................................................................................................................................ iii Dedication ..................................................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................................... vi List of acronyms .......................................................................................................................................... vii Contents ....................................................................................................................................................
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