Harbor Expansion Project FEEALI, FAAFU ATOLL

Maldive Transport and Contracting Company Pte Ltd

Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Harbor Expansion project FEEALI, FAAFU ATOLL

January 2012 c

Declaration of the Project Proponent and commitment letter

Re: EIA report for proposed harbor expansion project at Faafu Feeali

As the proponent of the proposed project We guarantee that We have read the report and to the best of Our knowledge all non-technical information provided here are accurate and complete. Also We hereby confirm Our commitment to finance and implement all mitigation measures and the monitoring program as specified in the report

Signature:

Name:

Designation:

Date:

Declaration of the Consultant

I certify that statements made in this Environment Impact Assessment Report Harbor Expansion project at Feeali, Faafu Atoll, to best of my knowledge are true, complete and correct.

Name: Hussein Zahir

Consultant Registration Number: 04-07

Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 1 1. INTRODUCTION ...... 4 a) Purpose of the Report and Need for the EIA ...... 4 b) Structure of the Report ...... 4 2. PROJECT SETTING ...... 6 a) Environment Protection and Preservation Act of Maldives ...... 6 b) Third National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP III) ...... 7 c) National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) ...... 8 d) Protected Areas and Sensitive Areas ...... 10 e) Cutting down, uprooting, digging out and export of trees and palms from one island to another ...... 10 3. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 12 a) Project Proponent ...... 12 b) The Project ...... 12 c) Need for the Project ...... 12 d) Location and Extent of Site Boundaries ...... 13 e) Construction Phase and Schedule for Implementation ...... 14 f) Major Inputs ...... 16 i) Mobilization and material unloading ...... 16 ii) Workforce ...... 16 iii) Heavy machinery and power generation ...... 16 g) Construction methods ...... 16 i) Excavation method ...... 16 ii) Construction of wharf and harbor protection structure ...... 17 h) Major Outputs ...... 17 i) Harbor design ...... 17 ii) Dredge material ...... 18 iii) Risks Associated with the Project ...... 18 4. Methodology ...... 21 5. Public Consultation ...... 23 a) Institutional Arrangements ...... 23 b) Community consultations and stakeholder meetings ...... 23 c) Consultation with MHE ...... 25

d) Outcome of the consultation meetings ...... 25 6. Existing Environment ...... 26 a) General Setting ...... 26 b) Geographical location and general setting of Faafu. Feeali ...... 27 c) Climate and Oceanography ...... 27 i) Wind climate ...... 27 ii) Tide ...... 32 iii) Wave ...... 34 d) Beach Environment ...... 37 e) Marine Surveys ...... 40 i) Coral reef and sea grass meadows ...... 41 ii) Reef fish community ...... 43 iii) Seawater quality ...... 44 f) Hazard vulnerability, area vulnerable to flooding and storm surges ...... 45 g) Social Environment ...... 48 h) Terrestrial Environment ...... 49 i) Built Environment ...... 49 i) Breakwaters ...... 49 ii) Quay walls ...... 50 iii) Harbor basin and entrance channel ...... 50 7. Environmental Impacts ...... 52 a) Limitation and uncertainty of impact prediction ...... 53 b) Construction Impacts ...... 53 i) Schedule, logistics and loading and unloading construction materials ...... 54 ii) Construction materials and solid waste ...... 54 iii) Impacts due to construction methods ...... 54 iv) Impact on vegetation ...... 55 v) Coastal structures ...... 55 vi) Social impacts, noise and air pollution ...... 56 vii) Effects on Groundwater Quality ...... 56 c) Operational Impacts ...... 56 i) Waste water disposal or littering of the harbor ...... 57 ii) Positive social impacts ...... 57 d) Impact Analysis ...... 57 8. Mitigation Plan ...... 61

9. Alternatives ...... 66 a) Breakwater types ...... 66 b) Quay wall ...... 66 c) Design ...... 66 d) Disposal of dredged material ...... 66 e) The no project scenario ...... 67 10. Monitoring and Reporting ...... 68 11. Conclusions ...... 70 12. Appendices ...... 71

List of Tables

Table 1Construction schedule for Feeali harbor expansion project ...... 15 Table 2 The four seasons experienced in the Maldives ...... 28 Table 3 Frequency distribution of wind ...... 30 Table 4 Magnitude of the dominant tidal constituents for the tide at Ibrahim Nasir International Airport ...... 33 Table 5 Water levels relative to MSL for Feeali ...... 33 Table 6 Seasonal wind and wave climate around southern atolls of Maldives ...... 33 Table 7 Summary of reef fish census ...... 44 Table 8 Seawater quality parameters tested and their results at the sampling locations at Feeali (data analysis was carried out using portable water test probe Hanna Multi-probe water test kit. Values are means. N=10 for each location) ...... 45 Table 9 Impact prediction categorized ...... 52 Table 10 Leopold matrix for Feeali harbor expansion project ...... 59 Table 11 Mitigation measures proposed for the harbor restoration works at Feeali ...... 62 Table 12 Monitoring program and cost for individual parameters ...... 69

List of Figures

Figure 1Existing location of the harbor, direct physical impact area (expansion area) and possible sediment plume projection associated with dredging works...... 13 Figure 2 Location of beach profiles and GPS coordinates ...... 22 Figure 3 Reef survey and water samplings locations and GPS coordinates (image source: www.planning.gov.mv) ...... 22 Figure 4 Geographic location of Maldives in Indian Ocean ...... 26 Figure 5 Geographic location of North of Nilandhe Atoll in the Maldives chain of atolls (A), Map of North Nilandhe Atoll showing the locatio of Feeali (B) and satellite image of Feeali (C)(image source: www.planning.gov.mv) ...... 27 Figure 6 Time series plot of wind speed data from Jan 02 – Dec 06 ...... 29 Figure 7 Wind speed and direction at Ibrahim Nasir International Airport for various seasons ...... 30

iii

Figure 8 Power spectral density graph for the wind speed data from Ibrahim Nasir International Airport for the period between the years 2002 and 2006 ...... 31 Figure 9 Power spectral density graph for the wind direction data from Ibrahim Nasir International Airport for the period between the years 2002 and 2006 ...... 32 Figure 10 Spectral density for the tide (year 2007) from Ibrahim Nasir International Airport ...... 33 Figure 11 Wave height and period distribution in the southern parts of Maldives (DHI 1999) ...... 36 Figure 12 Assumed wave climate of the reef system ...... 37 Figure 13 Existing jetty area viewed from southern corner of the island (A), Reclaimed land process at the southern corner of the island (B), Shoreline area east of existing jetty observed with erosion (C) and Rocky-shingle beach observed at the south eastern side of the island (D) ...... 37 Figure 14 Eastern side of the island observed with erosion; part of dredged material from initial harbor development project disposed at this area (A), northern side shoreline observed with wide beach (B), north western side of the island where the garbage disposal area is located (C) and north western side shoreline leading to western side of the existing harbor (D) ...... 39 Figure 15 Beach profile 1 ...... 39 Figure 16 Beach profile 2 ...... 40 Figure 17 Beach profiles 3 ...... 40 Figure 18 Beach profile 4 ...... 40 Figure 19 Results of photo quadrats at the three monitoring sites at Feeali ...... 41 Figure 20 Live coral composition recorded at all three sites (R1 = 3.9%, R2 = 3.6% and R3 = 37.9%) ...... 42 Figure 21 General condition at site R1 ...... 42 Figure 22 General condition at site R2 ...... 42 Figure 23 General condition of R3 ...... 43 Figure 24 Reef slope west of existing jetty ...... 43 Figure 25 Tsunami hazard zones, category 5 is the highest risk zone while 1 is the lowest (figure derived from UNDP report on Disaster Risk Profile for Maldives November 2006) ...... 46 Figure 26 Track of severe storms affecting Maldives during 1877-2004 ...... 47 Figure 27 Cyclone Hazard Zoning (figure derived from UNDP report on Disaster Risk Profile for Maldives November 2006) ...... 47 Figure 28 Surge Hazard Zones (figure derived from UNDP report on Disaster Risk Profile for Maldives November 2006) ...... 48 Figure 29 Vegetation at the harbor expansion area (mostly composed of Sea hibiscus and Sea lettuce trees) ...... 49 Figure 30 Breakwater at Feeali harbor was constructed using rock boulders ...... 50 Figure 31 Main Quay wall of the harbor ...... 50 Figure 32 Harbor basin as viewed from the existing breakwater and basin near proposed harbor expansion area also showing the entrance channel ...... 51 Figure 33 Location for setting up of silt screen ...... 65

List of Appendices

Appendix 1 Terms of Reference (TOR) Appendix 2 Site Plan Appendix 3 Bathymetry and shoreline map Appendix 4 Breakwater and Quay Wall Design Details Appendix 5 List of people met Appendix 6 Drogue tracks Appendix 7 References

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. This Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report is to fulfill the regulatory requirements under the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act of Maldives prior to the proposed harbor expansion at Feeali in Faafu Atoll. 2. Project proponent of the proposed harbor restoration project is Ministry of Housing and Environment. The construction contract for the project was awarded to Maldives Transport and Contracting Company. LaMer Group Pvt Ltd is assigned the EIA Consultancy. 3. Feeali is located in Faafu atoll, 113 km from Male’. Nearest inhabited island is F. Bilehdhoo (16.9 km on the south western side). In terms of geographic coordinates, it is located at 3° 16' 10'' N and 73° 0' 8'' E. Nearest island is F. Vilin’gilivarufinolhi, located 0.65 km north east of Feeali. 4. The proposed development project involves extension of Feeali harbor to the northwestern side by including the existing reclaimed area and lagoon on that side. Under the proposed project, the new section of the harbor will have a length of 61m while width will be approximately 75 m. The total length of quay wall constructed as part of harbor expansion is 122.6 m. Two breakwater segments, will be constructed one on each side (northwest and southwest) of the existing breakwater, along its length, with lengths of 112.2m and 29.68 m each. An area of 2500m2 of the existing reclaimed area will be excavated during the expansion work. Maintenance dredging will be carried out at areas where necessary (shallow area in existing harbor basin). 5. The existing harbor facility is located at the southwestern side of the island and is accessed by an entrance channel south of the harbor. The project boundaries are existing harbor area, reclaimed area northwest of the existing harbor, shoreline northwest of the harbor up to the western corner of the island and reef at this proposed expansion and reclamation area. The proposed project’s scope includes harbor expansion work as well as maintenance dredging of existing harbor to increase the width of existing harbor basin to 75 m. The sediment plume generated due to proposed dredging works is envisaged to be directed south westwards. 6. The existing harbor will be expanded northwestwards to 61m under the proposed project by excavating the existing reclaimed area on that side of the harbor. Breakwater constructed of rock boulders will be located at the north western and northeastern side of existing breakwater. The proposed project will increase the current size of the harbor to 152m. When completed the harbor will have one entrance (existing entrance) protected by a small sized breakwater. 7. The existing breakwaters will be joined to two new breakwater segments on the north and south western side of the existing structure to form a total breakwater of 257m.

Total quay wall length after completion will be 244m. The entrance channel will be protected by a short breakwater wall on both sides at the point where the channel meets the harbor basin. Proposed revetment on the northwestern side of the harbor will have a length of approximately 20m while that on the southwestern side (constructed adjacent to the breakwater on the side of the entrance channel) will have a length of approximately 15m. Design depth of entrance and basin is -3MSL. 8. Approximately 17,500m3 of dredged material will be generated by the maintenance dredging works. 3,000m3 of this sand will be used for backfilling works of the quay wall while the remaining 14,500m3 of sand will be stock piled at the western side reclaimed land, thereby avoiding the need for disposal (as requested by the community in the stakeholder consultation meeting). 9. The proposed harbor expansion area involves incorporating the existing reclaimed area to the northwest of the harbor. The finish design depth of the harbor basin and entrance channel will be -3MSL (areas shallower than -3MLS will be deepened to design depth at the burrow area). 10. Existing environment was examined to identify significant environmental components that would be affected and to establish a baseline condition of the site. Available and relevant literature on environmental impacts associated with similar projects was evaluated to identify possible impacts. Oceanographic data and information on local hydrodynamics were qualitatively assessed to determine the current pattern around the island which was based on monsoonal wind patterns, wind generated waves, tidal flushing, geographic setting, the topography of the lagoon and shape of the shoreline. 11. The reef flat area in front of the harbor had relatively good live coral cover in comparison to the other two sites surveyed (near the existing jetty and entrance channel to existing harbor). Acroporids of digitate, branching and tabulate forms dominated the live coral cover in this area. 12. Since the project is an expansion project, environmental impacts associated with the proposed project are considered minor to moderate. Significant environmental components that are likely to be affected include sea water quality and coral community and at the harbor front area and harbor expansion area. The most significant impact associated with the project would be impact on these habitats from sedimentation. Dredging and excavation often carry a heavy load of sediments increasing sediment load in the water column causing discoloration due to suspended sediments of the impact area for a prolonged period. Since the project is small in scale in addition to restoration in nature, the extent of sediment plume is expected to be small and limited to the harbor basin and vicinity. 13. Mitigation measures have been provided for impacts associated with the project related works that have been categorized as minor to moderate. Impact mitigation measures and monitoring is carried out to compare predicted and actual impacts occurring from

project activities to determine the efficiency of the mitigation measures. It has to be noted that no EIA has been carried out for the development of the harbor and no environmental monitoring has been done since the completion of harbor, and extent of changes to habitats such as sea grass, coral reef and shoreline is not known. 14. The project also brings about increased positive benefits such as greater space within the harbor easing the current issue of overcrowding of berthing area due to small size of the harbor. 15. Stakeholder consultations were carried out as part of the EIA process. All stakeholders were in favor of the project and stated that the initial design had been discussed with them. They also stated that the ideas they proposed towards the initial design have now been incorporated into the current design. The main issue raised by the stakeholders was the backspill of sediments from the proposed reclaimed area into the harbor basin through the opening on the northwestern side. They stated that they would like to propose the construction of a low crested wall at this opening to minimize spill of sediments into the basin. The community also requested to stockpile the dredged material at the western side of the harbor since coastal protection for dredged material disposal is not included in the scope of work. 16. With due consideration to main environmental components identified and the magnitude of impacts on these components from the proposed developments, the consultant concludes that the project components and designs are feasible and appropriate mitigation measures are given to correct and minimize unfavorable environmental consequences. Furthermore, the public and community consultation responses were in favor of the project due to the socio-economic benefits foreseen to the community from a functional harbor.

1. INTRODUCTION

Faafu Feeali harbor expansion project involves extending the existing harbor 61m to the western side. The project also includes the construction of revetments and breakwater to protect the expansion area. This project is being undertaken as part of the National Harbor Reconstruction Project conducted by the Ministry of Housing and Environment. The construction contract was awarded to Maldives Transport and Contracting Company (MTCC) and the environmental assessment component of the project was awarded to LaMer Pvt Ltd through tender process by MTCC.

a) Purpose of the Report and Need for the EIA This EIA covers the environmental reporting requirements in preparation for harbor expansion project as stipulated by the environmental regulations of Maldives. Coastal developments such as harbors development that are likely to have significant impacts on the environment are required to submit an EIA or IEE report by Environmental Act of Maldives. Article 5 (a) of the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act of Maldives (Law No. 4/93) provides for an impact assessment study to be submitted to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) before implementation of any activity that may have a significant impact on the environment. The Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation of Maldives (EIA Regulations, MEEW, 2007) provides a list of development proposals requiring environmental impact assessment reports which are outlined in Schedule D of the regulation. As per this list, EIAs are mandatory for harbor development projects or renovation works.

Therefore, in accordance with the above requirements and procedures to follow under the EIA regulations, a scoping meeting to discuss the development proposal and determine the Terms of Reference (TOR) for the EIA report was held between the Client (Ministry of Housing and Environment, MHE), LaMer Group Pvt Ltd as the EIA Consultant, representative of contractor (MTCC), representatives from Island Council and representatives from Environment Protection Agency (EPA) on 21st November 2011. This report provides the results of the field work carried out on Feeali in December 2011 and associated public and community consultations that followed based on the TOR approved by EPA.

b) Structure of the Report The structure of this report follows the Terms of Reference (TOR) discussed in the presence of the developer, the EIA consultant, representative from MHE and representatives of EPA. Upon submission of a draft TOR by the EIA consultant it was approved by the EPA on 5th December

2011, based on discussions between the consultant, the client and the other stakeholders. The approved Terms of Reference (TOR) for this report is attached in Appendix 1 of this document.

2. PROJECT SETTING

The project conforms to the requirements of the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act of the Maldives, Law no. 4/93. The EIA has been undertaken in accordance with the EIA Regulation (MEEW, 2007) of the Maldives by a registered consultant. Furthermore, the EIA adheres to the principles underlined in the regulations, action plans, programs and policies of the following Government Ministries.

 Ministry of Housing and Environment  Ministry of Home Affairs

a) Environment Protection and Preservation Act of Maldives The Articles of the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act (Law No. 4/93) addresses the following aspects of environmental management:

 Guidelines and advice on environmental protection shall be provided by the concerned government authorities.  Formulating policies, rules and regulations for protection and conservation of the environment in areas that do not already have a designated government authority already carrying out such functions shall be carried out by MEEW (now known as MHE).  Identifying and registering protected areas and natural reserves and drawing up of rules and regulations for their protection and preservation.  An EIA shall be submitted to MHTE (now MHE) before implementing any developing project that may have a potential impact on the environment.  Projects that have any undesirable impact on the environment can be terminated without compensation.  Disposal of waste, oil, poisonous substances and other harmful substances within the territory of the Maldives is prohibited. Waste shall be disposed only in the areas designated for the purpose by the government.  Hazardous / Toxic or Nuclear Wastes shall not be disposed anywhere within the territory of the country. Permission should be obtained for any trans‐boundary movement of such wastes through the territory of Maldives.  The Penalty for Breaking the Law and Damaging the Environment are specified.  The Government of Maldives reserves the right to claim compensation for all damages that are caused by activities that are detrimental to the environment.

The proposed harbor expansion project at Feeali will fully abide by the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act. Disposal of oil, chemicals and other hazardous materials will

be strictly controlled and managed. Such materials will not be disposed at inappropriate locations in the local or the regional vicinity, but will be transported to a designated waste disposal site, in Faafu Atoll or any other government approved disposal site. In any event, hazardous wastes such as oils and chemicals which are not allowed disposal at site will be transported to Thilafushi for appropriate disposal.

b) Third National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP III) The Third National Environment Action Plan (NEAP III) of Maldives sets out the agenda for environmental protection and management in the Maldives for the period of 2009 – 2013. This plan targets to achieve six major measurable environmental results that matter to the people of the Maldives, through a set of ten principles and thirty goals.

Under the NEAP III, the following principles shall be adhered to in environment protection and environmental management.

1. Environmental protection is the responsibility of every individual 2. Achieve results 3. Promote and practise sustainable development 4. Ensure local democracy 5. Inter-sectoral co-ordination and co-operation 6. Informed decision making 7. Precaution first 8. Continuous learning and improvement 9. Right to information and participation 10. Environmental protection complements development

Targeted results to be achieved and the goals set to achieve these results are:

 Resilient Islands:  Protection of critical infrastructure and human settlements,  Increased resilience of coral reef systems to climate change,  Reduced climate-change related risks to human health, fisheries and food production and the tourism sector  Preparedness for natural disasters and mitigation of such disasters.

 Rich Ecosystems:  Improved scientific knowledge and better access to information for biodiversity conservation,

 Improvement of institutional and legislative systems to enable biodiversity conservation,  Protection and restoration of coral reefs, vegetation, terrestrial ecosystems and islands and wetlands and mangrove ecosystems  Control of invasive species

 Healthy Communities:  Proper solid waste and hazardous waste management,  Safe use of and disposal of chemicals and clean air

 Safe Water:  Provision of safe drinking water,  Protection of groundwater and the seas  Operationalize wastewater treatment to maintain resilience of water resources and coral reef biodiversity in the face of climate hazards

 Environmental Stewardship:  Efficient Environmental Administration,  Effective environmental legislation,  Strengthened Environmental Impact Assessments and capacity to plan and manage environmental education and public awareness programmes,  Environmental research  Environmental information

 Carbon Neutral Nation:  Country wide awareness on what being Carbon neutral means and the importance and advantages of becoming carbon neutral,  Advance Energy Security  Establish an Efficient Transport Network

NEAP III provides the basis for environmental planning, budgeting, performance measurement, and accountability.

c) National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) Biological diversity on a whole refers to the total variety of life on earth; inclusive of genetic, species and ecosystem diversity. Earths’ ecosystems are made up from the linkage of biodiversity at various levels and provide the supplies and services crucial for human well being. Past, present

and future generations have been, are and will be dependent on these systems remaining healthy and robust, thus ensuring the need and significance of conservation of these systems.

UNEP initiated work on the Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD) to address the need of conservation of these resources on a global scale. CBD was opened for signature on 5 June 1992 and Maldives became a signatory on 12th June 1992, followed by ratification on the 28th of October 1992. One of the most important obligations on signing CBD was the development of a National Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan. Work on formulation of the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan of the Maldives (NBSAP) commenced in 1996.

The objective of NBSAP was to “achieve biodiversity conservation and sustainable utilization of biological resources in the Maldives” by integration of biodiversity conservation into all areas of national planning, policy development and administration (MHAHE, 2002). The goals of NBSAP are:

1. Conserve biological diversity and sustainably utilize biological resources 2. Build capacity for biological diversity conservation through a strong governance framework and improved knowledge and understanding 3. Foster community participation, ownership and support for biodiversity conservation

These goals are achieved through the following objectives and actions:

 Integration of biodiversity conservation into the national development process, by formulation and adoption of suitable development planning procedures, land use plans and strengthening of the EIA process  Adoption of policies and management systems for sustainable use of resources, by development of consistent and appropriate national and sectoral policies and better management practices  Establishment of measures for in-situ and ex-situ conservation by means of protected areas, suitable quarantine facilities, strengthened coral reef conservation measures and mechanisms for protecting wetlands and mangrove areas  Management of threats and threatening processes by actions taken at the national and international levels  Adoption of economic incentives via establishment of various methods to value biodiversity  Improvement of knowledge and understanding and increased awareness by means of various research activities and awareness raising programmes aimed at all levels of society (grassroots to policy level)  Strengthening legal and institutional frameworks and developing human resources by reviewing existing laws and regulations, strengthening enforcement and implementation capability, capacity building and effective communication and coordination

 Building financial capacity through annual government budget contributions, conservation funds and international funding donors  Increasing community participation via development of co-management partnerships and skills development, empowerment and mobilization of local communities  Implementation of NBSAP will be lead by the Ministry of Home Affairs, Housing and Environment with active participation from relevant agencies

d) Protected Areas and Sensitive Areas Under Article 4 of the Environment Protection and Preservation Act, the Ministry of Environment (now MHE) is vested with the responsibility of identifying and designating protected areas and natural reserves and drawing up of rules and regulations for their protection and preservation.

e) Cutting down, uprooting, digging out and export of trees and palms from one island to another Pursuant to law number 4/93 (Environment Protection and Preservation Act of Maldives), the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water (now MHE) has passed a by-law with the purpose of educating developers on the importance of trees. This includes best management practices for maintaining trees and provides standards for preservation of trees in the Maldives and set down rules and regulations to be adhered to prior to commencing of felling, uprooting, digging up and exporting of trees and palms from one island to another in Maldives.

The by-law states that the cutting down, uprooting, digging up and exports of trees and palms from one island to another can only be done if it is absolutely necessary and there is no other alternative.

It further states that for every tree or palm removed in the Maldives two more should be planted and grown on the island. The by-law prohibits the removal of the following tree types:

 The coastal vegetation growing around the islands extending to about 15 meters into the island are protected by this by-law;  All the trees and palms growing in mangrove and wetlands spreading to 15 meters of land area is protected under this by-law;  All the trees that are in a designated protected area;  Trees that are being protected by the Government in order to protect species of animal/organisms that live in such trees;  Trees/palms that are unusual in structure

The new quay wall and harbor front will be aligned to existing harbor quay wall and minimal vegetation will be cleared.

3. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

a) Project Proponent Project proponent of the proposed harbor expansion project is Ministry of Housing and Environment (MHE).The contractor of the project is Maldives Transport and Contracting Company (MTCC).

b) The Project The proposed development project involves extension of Feeali harbor 61m to western side. This project is being undertaken as part of the National Harbor Reconstruction Project conducted by the Ministry of Housing and Environment. The existing harbor at Feeali was constructed in 2007. The length of the harbor basin was approximately 91 m and the width was approximately 75 m. The quay was constructed with concrete piles and the breakwater was constructed with granite rocks.

Under the proposed project, the additional length to the harbor is approximately 61 m. The length of the proposed quay wall (concrete sheet piles) constructed as part of harbor expansion is 61.03 m. Two breakwater segments (armor rocks), will be constructed on either sides of the existing breakwater segment on the southern side. A longer segment of 112.2 m will be constructed on the northwest side of the existing breakwater segment while a shorter segment of 29.6 m will be constructed on the southwest side.

The area excavated as part of the expansion has a dimension of approximately 60m by 75m. In addition, within the existing harbor basin a strip of 15m by 90 m would be excavated to obtain a harbor basin width of 75m. The harbor basin would be deepened to a depth of -3m MSL. Maintenance dredging will be carried out where necessary.

c) Need for the Project Fishing is one of the major economic activities in the island of Feeali. There are approximately 47 sea-going vessels that are used at the island which include large and small vessels from inter atoll cargo carriers to small dinghy sized vessels. Currently the size of the harbor is not adequate for the number of vessels using the harbor.

d) Location and Extent of Site Boundaries Feeali is located in Faafu atoll, approximately 113 km from Male’. It is one of the five inhabited islands in the atoll. The length and width of the island is 525 m and 425 m respectively, with an area of approximately 17 hectares. It is the smallest inhabited island in the atoll. In terms of geographic coordinates, it is located at 3° 16' N and 73° 0' E. Nearest island is F. Vilin’gilivarufinolhi, located 0.65 km north east of Feeali. Nearest inhabited island is F. Bileiydhoo which is located 16.9 km south west of Feeali.

The existing harbor facility is located at the southwestern side of the island and is accessed by an entrance channel south of the harbor.

The project boundaries are existing harbor area, reclaimed area northwest of the existing harbor, shoreline northwest of the harbor up to the western corner of the island and reef at this proposed expansion and reclamation area (see Figure 1). The proposed project’s scope includes harbor expansion work as well as maintenance dredging of existing harbor to increase the width of existing harbor basin to 75 m. The sediment plume generated due to proposed dredging works is envisaged to be directed south westwards during NE monsoon (based on wind and swell wave induced currents).

Current direction

Indirect impact area

Current direction Direct physical impact area

Figure 1Existing location of the harbor, direct physical impact area (expansion area) and possible sediment plume projection associated with dredging works.

e) Construction Phase and Schedule for Implementation The harbor expansion project at Feeali is estimated to last 12 months. Below are the major sub components of the construction stage. Table 1 provides the expected work program and work schedule for the project.

 Mobilization, material unloading - Mobilization - Site setup - In-survey and setting out work  Dredging of expansion area  Placing and laying of quay walls  Construction of breakwater  Construction of revetment  Demobilization - Out survey - Removal of temporary structures - Demobilization

Table 1Construction schedule for Feeali harbor expansion project

f) Major Inputs

i) Mobilization and material unloading

All material for the proposed project will be transported to the site on landing crafts and barges. All the material for the project will be unloaded at existing harbor front area. Temporary construction yard and storage site can be set up in the vicinity of the project site (existing reclaimed land). Major vegetation clearance (vegetation at existing reclaimed land; mostly sea hibiscus and sea lettuce trees will be removed) will not be required for construction site setting and construction material storage.

ii) Workforce

The total workforce for the project is estimated at 30-35 workers. All workers will be accommodated in existing residential houses. Food and other facilities will be met by existing facilities on the island. No additional temporary sheds or accommodation units will be constructed. A container-based office unit will be located at the project site as the site office. Major concrete works necessary for the construction works (assumed to be only capping beam sections) will be carried out at the temporary construction yard (near the project area at existing harbor front area).

iii) Heavy machinery and power generation

Heavy machineries used for the project are excavators, cranes and hoppers, wheel loader and trucks. Excavators will also be used for construction of harbor protection walls. Power for the project site will be met by the island’s existing power house and portable generator. All fuel for the project will be stored in barrels (diesel for excavators, cranes and trucks).

g) Construction methods

i) Excavation method

The proposed harbor expansion area involves incorporating an area of 2500m2 of the existing reclaimed area (reclaimed during the initial harbor construction project) and lagoon area northwest of the harbor. Since the proposed expansion area will have a width of 75m, approximately 75m width of area will be excavated at the northwestern side of the existing

harbor. Initially interim bonds will be reclaimed for the excavator and heavy vehicles to travel. Afterwards excavation works will be carried out. All dredged material will be temporarily stored at the harbor front area (land side). At areas where depth exceeds 1.5m, excavation will be carried out on a barge.

The finish design depth of the harbor basin and entrance channel will be -3MSL (areas shallower than -3MLS will be deepened to design depth). Part of the dredged material will be used for back-filling side of the harbor up to the western corner of the island (for protection of side quay wall structure ) and back filling the harbor front area of the expansion area (refer Appendix 3 for bathymetry details of the harbor). Surplus dredged material will be disposed at the western side of the island starting from western side quay up to the western tip area near the football ground.

ii) Construction of wharf and harbor protection structure

Concrete elements for the quay wall will be caste off site and transported when required. The element toe area will be deepened and leveled. After placing the elements, the toe area will be refilled and tie rods will be used to fix and anchor the L section to anchor slabs. This will be followed by the joining together of quay wall with a capping beam which are caste on site.

The side quay wall will be constructed at the northwestern side of the harbor, approximately 61.6m length. Revetment structures will be constructed at north and southwestern sides of the harbor to protect the reclaimed area. The breakwater segments will be constructed using rock boulders. The breakwater segment to the northwest of the existing breakwater will have a length of 112.2m and that on the southwest side will have a length of 29.6m (Refer Appendix 4 for details of quay wall and breakwater segments).

h) Major Outputs

i) Harbor design

The existing harbor will be expanded 61m to the northwest under the proposed project by utilizing the existing reclaimed area and lagoon on that side of the harbor. The proposed new quay wall will follow the same line as the existing quay wall; therefore a wider harbor front area will be attained. Breakwater constructed of rocks will be located at the north and south western side of the harbor. The proposed project will increase the current size of the harbor to 152m. Entrance to the harbor will be from the already existing entrance channel on the south side of the harbor (Refer Appendix 2 for site plan).

The existing breakwaters will be joined to two new breakwater segments on the north and south western side of the existing structure to form a total breakwater of 257m. Total quay wall length after completion will be 244m. The entrance channel will be protected by a short breakwater wall on both sides at the point where the channel meets the harbor basin. Proposed revetment on the northwestern side of the harbor will have a length of approximately 20m while that on the southwestern side (constructed adjacent to the breakwater on the side of the entrance channel) will have a length of approximately 15m. Design depth of entrance and basin is -3MSL.

ii) Dredge material

Dredge material removed from the expansion area and entrance will be used for back filling side quay wall area on northwest side of the harbor and harbor front area at the expansion area. Surplus dredged material will be disposed at the western side of the island; starting from western side quay wall to western tip area of the island near the football ground. Approximately 17, 500m3 of dredged material will be removed during the dredging works (lagoon and existing reclaimed land west of harbor). From this volume, approximately 3,000m3 of material will be used for back filling works and side quay protection. Remaining 14, 500m3 of material will be disposed at the western side of the island starting from the western side quay wall and up to the western corner of the island.

iii) Risks Associated with the Project

Only minor to moderate risks are envisaged due to the proposed project. Since excavators will be used for the dredging works, sedimentation is inevitable and this is an impact that will be unavoidable. It has to be noted that moderate amount of dredging works will be required. The main work will be construction of breakwaters and quay walls. Seawater quality deterioration and sedimentation impacts are envisaged. Physical impact by excavation works will be experienced at the north western side of the existing harbor. No impact is envisaged on coastal vegetation, except for few shrubs and bushy vegetation at proposed location (vegetated area post reclamation). No additional impacts are envisaged on the shoreline or littoral movement.

4. Methodology

The approach to data collection and compilation of this report includes;

 Consultation and discussion with the design consultants and engineers with regard to design and work methodology that would be used to implement the proposed activities  Examination of proposed project activities,  Examination of the existing environment to identify significant environmental components that would be affected,  Consultation with major stakeholders to exchange information on the project and to follow the procedures required for the report, and  Evaluation of available and relevant literature on environmental impacts associated with similar projects.

Information on existing environment was collected during the field visit to the project site during December 2011. General information on the existing environment was based on available secondary data, such as climatic data for Male’ atoll in general (National Meteorological Centre at Hulhule) because no site specific data was available. Due to the general uniformity of the climatic data along Maldives, climatic data from Ibrahim Nasir International Airport were considered applicable to the site given the lack of availability of site specific data and also the short time available for the preparation of the report to collect such data.

Nearest tide station is at Ibrahim Nasir International Airport and data collected from this station was used for evaluating tide related components of the project.

Oceanographic data and information used to determine the current pattern around the island was also based on monsoonal wind patterns, wind generated waves, tidal flushing, geographic setting, the topography of the lagoon and shape of the shoreline.

Beach profiles were taken using a digital level. Initially shoreline survey is carried out using GPS and afterwards beach profile locations are decided based on location of harbor. All beach profiles are aligned perpendicular to the beach. Location of beach profiles and GPS coordinates are given in Figure 2.

An underwater camera with housing was used to take a series of photographs for assessing reef benthic community. Randomly selected 20 quadrats were sampled within a 5 meter belt. Three sites were selected for reef benthic community assessment: 1. western side of the existing jetty, (R1), 2. Near entrance to existing harbor (R2) and 3. south west of existing harbor (R3) (Figure 3). Coral point count with excel extension (CPCe) was used to assess the benthic cover. Water samples were also collected during the survey from two locations, 1. inside the harbor basin (W1) and 2. outside the harbor area (W2) (Figure 3).

P2 P1: 3oo 16’04”N, 73 00’10”E P2: 3oo 16’06”N, 73 00’13”E P1 P3: 3oo 16’15”N, 73 00’03”E P4: 3oo 16’17”N, 73 00’05”E

Figure 2 Location of beach profiles and GPS coordinates

R1: 3oo 16’03”N, 73 00’11”E R2: 3oo 16’02”N, 73 00’07”E R3: 3oo 16’05”N, 72 59’56”E W1: 3oo 16’05”N, 73 00’03”E W2: 3oo 16’01”N, 73 00’01”E

R3 R1 W2 R2

Figure 3 Reef survey and water samplings locations and GPS coordinates (image source: www.planning.gov.mv)

5. Public Consultation

As part of the public consultation process for this harbor expansion project, relevant stakeholders from the public and private sector were consulted and discussions were exchanged on project activities. The need, justifications and approval of the proposed activities from the perspective of relevant institutions were inclusive of this consultative process. The consultative process is based on meetings and discussions with representatives of relevant stakeholders. Perceptions of the community in the vicinity of the proposed project site based on specific focus groups such as Council officials, and other relevant key individuals from the island were also included in this consultative process. List of people met in this consultative process is given in Appendix 5.

a) Institutional Arrangements Feeali is administratively located in Faafu Atoll (Central Province of Maldives). As with all other atolls of the Maldives, the island community is governed through the Ministry of Home Affairs and the National Office of the Central Region. Day-to-day administration and management of the island community needs together with routine reporting to relevant ministries or other institutions in Male’ is managed by the Island Councilor and with support from the Council Office administrative staff.

Feeali harbor expansion project is being carried out under the National Harbor Reconstruction Project. The project is implemented by Construction and Infrastructure Department of Ministry of Housing and Environment. The contractor for the project is MTCC. A site office will be established at the project area, where information about the project and progress of the project will be available to the community where necessary.

b) Community consultations and stakeholder meetings Consultation with the council and members of community was held at Feeali Council office on 12th December 2011. Members of the meeting were informed about the process of EIA and the government regulations on Environmental Protection. The council including chief Councilor of Feeali was also consulted on the design aspects of the harbor. The participants of the meeting were briefed about the design of the harbor and components of the project.

The members of the harbor committee informed that initial design was discussed with the committee and the changes that they have proposed are now included in the design. Therefore design wise they are in consent for the project.

The issues raised by the members of the meeting are concerning the opening at the western side of the harbor (7.62m) and dredged material disposal. In regards to the opening of the proposed harbor at the western side the EIA consultants informed that if this area is closed flushing will be reduced and in turn will cause degradation of harbor basin water. The members of the meeting stated that the island is predominantly involved in yellowfin tuna fishery and vessels are out in the fishing grounds or areas where fishery is good. Therefore fish for daily use is caught from the existing harbor basin where a school of Scads is present from the time since the initial harbor development works were completed. According to the members of the meeting this artisanal fishery provides daily sustenance of Feeali population. According to the members of the meeting; the reason why the Scad schools have not dispersed back to reef habitat is due to the murky basin waters. In the event the water gets cleared the chances of the school staying is minor. Also some of the members stated that the current direction at the northern side is westwards and moves southwards at the western side; therefore are concerned with sediment spill in to the basin. The members therefore requested whether a low crested wall can be constructed at the opening to mitigate this issue.

In regards to dredged material disposal location; the members of the meeting stated that during the initial harbor development project dredged material was disposed at harbor area and eastern side of the island and coastal protection was done. According to the members of the meeting just after a year almost all dredged material disposed at the side was eroded. Therefore the members of the meeting requested that if coastal protection is not included in the scope of work for the dredged material disposal area they prefer to have the dredged material stock piled near the western side of the harbor.

The council members stated that anchor blocks are lined along the centre of the harbor basin to minimize anchor ropes at the basin. Since the basin will be expanded these blocks has to be moved closer to the quay wall (appropriate distance for 100ft vessels). The EIA consultants informed that the council should consult with contractor in regard to such issues. If the work does not involve additional cost to the contractor they usually assist in these kinds of issues.

The EIA consultants inquired about harbor management issues. The council members stated that the harbor will be managed by the council; in this regard harbor management guidelines are formulated by council. Fish landing is not allowed in the harbor; fish landing and sometimes material loading unloading is done at the eastern side jetty.

The EIA consultants informed that almost throughout the periphery of the island is covered in waste and inquired whether waste collection or dumping sites are demarcated. The council members stated that proper waste management is not carried out at the island. Waste collection site was demarcated earlier but since disposal mechanism is not in place site has expanded to almost all around the island. Waste dumped at the northern and eastern side is washed away to western and southern side with the water current. Also the reef slope area near the existing jetty

` and entrance channel of the harbor is littered with solid waste. The council members stated that they are planning to protect the disposal area with concrete well wall but due to budgetary difficulties this work is on hold.

The EIA consultants also inquired about land use plan of harbor area. The Council members stated that at present a land use plan is available but areas for facilities such as ferry terminals is not yet demarcated.

c) Consultation with MHE Construction and Infrastructure Department (CID) of MHE was consulted in regards to the harbor expansion project at Feeali. The main issue raised by the community regarding disposal of dredged material and opening at the western side of the island was discussed. The personnel from CID stated that the ministry will consider suggestions by the community in regards to disposal of dredged material. According to the personnel from CID considerable amount of dredged material will be required for backfilling harbor front and side quay wall area.

In regards to the opening of at the western side CID informed that EIA consultant can propose a low crested obstruction at the opening at western side if it is considered to be necessary.

d) Outcome of the consultation meetings Major outcome of the consultation meetings is issue of dredged material disposal.

 Community in consent to the harbor expansion project.  Dredged material disposal issue: Dredged material to be stock piled at the harbor front area (reclaimed land).  Low crested breakwater can be constructed at the western side opening to mitigate against sediment spill in to basin.

6. Existing Environment

a) General Setting The Maldives archipelago consists of a double chain of coral atolls, 80 – 120km wide stretching 860km from latitude 7° 6’ 30” N to 0° 41’ 48” S and longitude 72° 32’ 30 E to 73° 45’ 54” E (Ministry of Construction and Public Works, 1999). The double chain of the Maldivian atolls lies on the parallel submarine ridges in the central part of Indian Ocean known as Laccadive-Chagos ridge. The archipelago comprises 25 natural atolls (Naseer, 2004) grouped into 20 administrative units (see Figure 4). The atolls are separated by east-west running deeper channels. The atolls vary in shape from circular and oval to elliptical. The atolls contain 1190 islands, of which only 198 are inhabited. The total reef area of Maldives is 4,493.85km2 while the total land area is 227.45km2 (Naseer, 2004). Approximately 80% of Maldivian land area is less than 1m above mean sea level.

The characteristics of reefs and coral islands of the Maldives vary considerably from north to south. The atolls to the north are broad banks discontinuously fringed by reefs with small coral islands and with numerous patch reefs and faros (the word faros is derived from the Maldivian word “faru”) in the lagoon. To the south the depth of atoll lagoon increases, faros and patch reefs are rare in the lagoon, the continuity of the atoll rim is greater and a large proportion of the perimeter of the atolls is occupied by islands (Woodroffe, 1992). The islands have shallow reef flats on their seaward side, some with shingle ramparts at the seaward limit of the reef flat. The islands and the shingle ramparts owe their origin to the deposition of shingle or coral debris during storms. A number of islands can be found on a single reef. These islands may be separated by shallow passages that run across the reef flat. The width of some of these passages could be less than 100m while some passages are over a few hundred meters wide.

Figure 4 Geographic location of Maldives in Indian Ocean

b) Geographical location and general setting of Faafu. Feeali Feeali is located in North Nilandhe Atoll (Faafu Atoll), approximately 113 km from Male’. Figure 5 shows the geographic location of North Nilandhe Atoll, Feeali and a satellite image of Feeali. Nearest inhabited island is F. Bileiydhoo which is located 16.9 km south west of Feeali. In terms of geographic coordinates, it is located at 3° 16' 10'' N and 73° 0' 8'' E. Nearest island is F. Vilin’gilivarufinolhi, located 0.65 km north east of Feeali. The island is situated on a single reef complex with the island on the centre of the reef. The reef system which hosts the island of Feeali is approximately 1.49 km long and 0.62 km at the widest area. Two channels on either side of the island; Miyaru kandu on the north side and Feeali kandu on the southern side separates the island from the adjacent reefs on the atoll rim.

Figure 5 Geographic location of North Nilandhe Atoll in Maldives chain of atolls (A), Map of North Nilandhe Atoll showing the location of Feeali (B) and satellite image of Feeali (C)(image source; www.planning.gov.mv)

c) Climate and Oceanography i) Wind climate

Wind climate in the Maldives is dominated by the Indian monsoon climate South West (SW) monsoon and North East (NE) monsoon. The Indian monsoon system is one of the major climate systems of the world, impacting large portions of both Africa and Asia (Overpeck et, al., 1996). The monsoon climate is driven by the atmospheric pressure differences that arise as a result of rapid warming or cooling of the Tibetan Plateau relative to the Indian Ocean (Hastenrath 1991; Fein and Stephens 1987). During the summer of northern hemisphere the Tibetan Plateau warms rapidly relative to the Indian Ocean which results in an atmospheric

pressure gradient (Low pressure over Asia and high pressure over the Indian Ocean) between the Asian landmass and the Indian ocean, which drives the prevailing wind from south to westerly directions. The period during which prevailing winds are from south to westerly direction is known as the SW monsoon. In the winter of northern hemisphere the continent cools relative to the ocean. This reverses the pressure gradient (low pressure over the Indian Ocean high pressure over the Asian landmass) and the prevailing winds become northeasterly. The period during which prevailing winds are from northeasterly directions is known as NE monsoon. The transitions from NE to SW monsoon and vice versa are distinctly different from SW or NE monsoon. During these transition periods the wind becomes more variable.

The SW monsoon lasts between May and September while the NE monsoon lasts between December and February. The period between March and April is the transition period from the NE monsoon to SW monsoon known locally as the Hulhangu Halha, while the transition period from SW monsoon to NE monsoon is known as Iruvai Halha. Iruvaihalha lasts from October to November (Table 2). The SW monsoon is generally rough and wetter than the NE monsoon. Storms and gales are infrequent in this part of the world and cyclones do not reach as far south as the Maldivian archipelago (Ministry of Construction and Public Works, 1999).

Table 2 The four seasons experienced in the Maldives

Season Month December NE-Monsoon January February Transition Period 1 March April May June SW-Monsoon July August September Transition Period 2 October November

A detailed analysis of the wind climate for Male’ Atoll was carried out using daily averaged wind data from Ibrahim Nasir International Airport from 2002 – 2006 (Figure 6). In this analysis wind directions and speed were plotted as wind rose diagrams and the frequency distributions of the wind speeds from different directions were obtained. A spectral analysis of the wind speed data was also performed to determine the cyclic nature of the winds.

Wind speed (m/s) 4

0 1/1/02 1/1/03 1/1/04 1/1/05 1/1/06 Date Figure 6 Time series plot of wind speed data from Jan 02 – Dec 06

Wind rose plot (Figure 7) and the frequency distribution of the wind speed (Table 3) shows that the prevailing directions of the westerly winds are between WSW and WNW. Wind from these directions sums up to 47.85% of the year. The prevailing directions of easterly winds are between ENE and E that sums up to 22.24% of the year. Winds from all other directions sums less than 30% of the year. These prevailing westerly and easterly directions are also the directions from which the strongest winds blow. Wind speed distribution (Table 3) shows that for winds stronger than a light breeze (>8m/s), the westerly prevailing wind directions contribute up to 52.56% while the easterly prevailing directions contribute up to 39.49%. Based on these results it is evident that the winds at Feeali are almost confined to 5 directions, WSW, W, WNW, WNW and E.

315 45

270 90

m/s 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% <=1 >1 - 2 >2 - 3 >3 - 4 >4 - 5 >5 - 6 >6 - 7 >7 - 8 >8 - 9 225 135 >9 - 10 >10 - 11 >11 - 12 >12 180

Figure 7 Wind speed and direction at Ibrahim Nasir International Airport for various seasons

Table 3 Frequency distribution of wind

Wind Frequency of occurance Direction Speed (m/s) 123456789101112Sum (%) N 0.06% 1.34% 1.22% 0.47% 0.12% 0.06% 3.26% NNE 0.81% 0.99% 1.11% 0.58% 0.06% 3.55% NE 0.58% 0.87% 1.05% 0.81% 0.70% 0.23% 4.25% ENE 0.47% 1.63% 1.92% 2.50% 3.20% 2.15% 1.16% 0.41% 0.17% 13.62% ENE 0.17% 0.93% 1.16% 1.28% 1.80% 1.69% 1.05% 0.29% 0.17% 0.06% 8.61% ESE 0.35% 0.29% 0.12% 0.06% 0.17% 0.99% SE 0.06% 0.06% 0.23% 0.35% SSE 0.52% 0.12% 0.06% 0.06% 0.06% 0.81% S 0.06% 0.47% 0.76% 0.47% 0.12% 0.06% 0.06% 1.98% SSW 0.06% 0.81% 0.99% 0.64% 0.23% 0.12% 0.17% 3.03% SW 0.35% 1.28% 0.58% 0.35% 0.17% 2.74% WSW 1.63% 2.21% 2.62% 1.98% 0.93% 0.47% 0.17% 0.12% 10.13% W 2.27% 4.07% 4.48% 5.70% 3.73% 2.27% 1.16% 0.70% 0.12% 0.06% 24.56% WNW 0.06% 1.40% 1.75% 2.68% 3.08% 1.98% 1.16% 0.87% 0.12% 0.06% 13.15% NW 0.29% 1.05% 1.34% 1.51% 0.70% 0.76% 0.58% 0.06% 6.29% NNW 0.81% 0.99% 0.29% 0.29% 0.29% 2.68% Sum (%) 0.70% 13.85% 19.73% 19.50% 18.39% 13.97% 8.15% 3.67% 1.57% 0.41% 0.06%

Spectral analysis of the wind speed data for the period between the years 2002 and 2006 indicates that the changes in seasonal wind patterns have very regular periods. The strongest four peaks

on the power spectral density graph (Figure 8) Tp1, Tp2, Tp3 and Tp4 corresponds to periods of 4.0months, 6.1months, 2.4months and 1.6months respectively. The strongest of these periods is the 4 monthly period which has a magnitude 1.3 times higher than that of the 6 monthly period.

250

200

150

for Speed 100

Power Spectral Density 50

0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 Frequency (1/day)

Figure 8 Power spectral density graph for the wind speed data from Ibrahim Nasir International Airport for the period between the years 2002 and 2006

Examining the spectrum for the wind direction data (Figure 9) indicates that although the predominant period for wind speed is 4 months, the wind directions change on a predominantly 6 month period. The magnitude of the 6 month cycle on the wind direction spectrum is 1.7 times greater than that of the 4 month cycle. This evidently shows that the reversals in the wind directions occur on a biannual cycle rather than the commonly believed 8 months of westerly winds and 4 months of easterly winds.

2.50E+08

2.00E+08

1.50E+08

1.00E+08 for Direction

Power Spectral Density 5.00E+07

0.00E+00 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 Frequency (1/day)

Figure 9 Power spectral density graph for the wind direction data from Ibrahim Nasir International Airport for the period between the years 2002 and 2006

ii) Tide

Tide in the Maldives is characterized by sinusoidal oscillation containing two main cycles per day (semidiurnal tide) combined with a one cycle per day (diurnal tide). The combination of these two tides is referred as a mixed tide. Analyses of tides involve the study of harmonics which represents the period of oscillation of the celestial forcing that give rise to that harmonic. Therefore, harmonic analysis of the tides breaks down the complex tidal oscillations into a collection of simple sinusoids, which can be used to predict the tide at the site of tidal data collection.

There are no permanent tide stations established in Faafu Atoll. The closest tide station is in Male’ Atoll. Long-term water-level records for Ibrahim Nasir International Airport are available from the web site of University of Hawaii. All coastal development projects require determination of the water level or water datum. Tide which consists of number of wave forms, termed tidal constituents generate many different water levels that are used as different datum. The most commonly used tidal datum in the Maldives is the Mean Sea Level (MSL). However, for designing the heights of the seawall, groynes and breakwaters the Highest High Water Level, Lowest Low Water Level Mean Higher High Water Level, Mean Lower Low Water Level, Mean Lower Low Water Level and Mean Higher Low Water Level are important tidal datum. The astronomical tide at Feeali has been assumed to be same as that at Ibrahim Nasir International Airport.

Spectral analysis of one years (year 2007) tidal records from Ibrahim Nasir International Airport (Figure 10) allowed establishment of the main tidal constituents M2 (Principal lunar semi-diurnal

` constituent), S2 (Principal solar semi-diurnal constituent), K1 (Luni-solar declinational diurnal constituent) and O1 (Lunar declinational diurnal constituent) (Table 4). Summation of M2, S2, K1 and O1 gave the approximate level of LLWL and approximate HHWL relative to MSL. Summation of M2 and S2 gave the approximate MHHWL and approximate MLLWL while the summation of K1 and O1 gave the approximate MLHWL and MHLWL relative to MSL (Table 5).

0.2

0.16

0.12

0.08 Magnitude (m) 0.04

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 Frequency (1/day)

Figure 10 Spectral density for the tide (year 2007) from Ibrahim Nasir International Airport

Table 4 Magnitude of the dominant tidal constituents for the tide at Ibrahim Nasir International Airport

Tidal Constituent Magnitude (m) M2 (Principal lunar seim-diurnal constituent) 0.1716 S2 (Principal solar semi-diurnal constituent) 0.1427 K1 (Luni-solar declinational diurnal constituent) 0.1289 O1 (Lunar declinational diurnal constituent) 0.0535

Table 5 Water levels relative to MSL for Feeali

Tidal Datum Height rel MSL (m) Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) -0.50 Mean Higher High Water (MHHW) -0.31 Mean Lower High Water (MLHW) -0.18 Mean Sea Level (MSL) 0 Mean Higher Low Water (MHLW) -0.18 Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) -0.31 Lowest Astronomical Tide (LAT) -0.50

iii) Wave

The shape and location of Feeali and the knowledge of the offshore wave climate around the southern atolls of Maldives have been used to predict the general hydrodynamic conditions around the island. DHI (1999) described the general offshore wave conditions in the southern regions of Maldives (Table 6). It was reported that during NE monsoon the oceanic swells that approach the southern atolls of Maldives are generally from east – south. The longer period waves of the wave spectrum are from south – southwest directions while the shorter period waves are mainly from east – northeast directions. During the SW monsoon the waves are mainly from south. The longer period waves of the wave spectrum are from south – southwest while the shorter period waves are from southeast – south. It is therefore evident that the incident waves in the southern atolls of Maldives are predominantly from a southerly direction.

The local wind generated waves that are directly related to the wind climate in the region varies with the seasonal changes in the wind velocity. DHI (1999) reported that during the NE monsoon the wind is predominantly from NW – NE and the high speed winds are from west. During Hulhangu Halha (Transition Period 1) the wind varies to all directions but the high winds during this period are from west. Southwest monsoon is marked by winds from SE – SW and high speed winds from west. Iruvai Halha (Transition Period 2) also experiences westerly winds. DHI (1999) reported that the high speed wind in the southern atolls of Maldives throughout the year is from west.

Table 6 Seasonal wind and wave climate around southern atolls of Maldives

Waves

Season Month Wind Total Long Short period period

NE- December Predominantly Predominantly Mainly E- Monsoon from NW-NE. High from E-S. High NE. High January speeds from W waves from W From S-SW waves from W February

Transition March From all directions. Mainly from Mainly from Period 1 Mainly W. High NE-SE April speeds from W SE-S From S-SW

May From SE-SW. Mainly from Mainly S. SE-S. SW- June Mainly from SE-SW Monsoon High speeds from High waves High waves July From S-SW

August W also from W from W

September

Transition October Predominantly From SE-W. Period 2 Higher November from W As SW- From S-SW waves from monsoon High speeds from W W

Wave data reported in DHI (1999) shows that the highest waves reaching the southern Atolls of Maldives archipelago are from west direction (Figure 11). Waves of Hs 2.75m with wave periods (Tp) of 8s and 9s have been recorded from west direction. Swell waves with wave periods greater than 9s prevails from South and Southwest directions. Over 80% of the waves from south and southwest directions are long period swell waves.

The longer period swells (waves with periods between 15 and 21sec) come from SW direction. Over 37% of the waves from SW directions have Tp between 15s and 21s. Out of these very long period swells 19.15% of the waves have Hs of 0.25m, 11.5% have Hs of 0.75m, 4.33% have Hs of 1.25m, 1.38% have Hs of 1.75m and 0.31% have Hs of 2.25m.

DHI (1999) data also shows that 51.22% of the waves from SE direction consist of waves with Tp between 9s and 21s, while 48.78% of the waves have Tp between 3s and 7s. Waves from N, NE, E, NW and W are predominantly shorter period waves (Tp between 3s and 7s). 96.98% of the waves from E direction, 99.6% of the waves from NE direction, 99.36% of waves from N direction, 95.74% of waves from NW direction and 75% of waves from W direction have Tp between 3s and 7s. These data evidently indicates that the local wind generated waves are predominantly confined to northern directions between West and East. The southern directions are predominantly dominated by longer period oceanic swells.

N NE

50 50

40 40

30 30

20 20

10 10 Percentage of occurance Percentage of occurance 0 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 Wave Period [s] Tp Wave Period [s] Tp

0.25m 0.75m 1.25m 0.25m 0.75m 1.25m 1.75m

E SE

50 50

40 40

30 30

20 20

10 10 Percentage of occurance Percentage of occurance 0 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 Wave Period [s] Tp Wave Period [s] Tp

0.25m 0.75m 1.25m 1.75m 0.25m 0.75m 1.25m 1.75m 2.25m

S SW

50 50

40 40

30 30

20 20

10 10 Percentage of occurance Percentage of occurance 0 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 Wave Period [s] Tp Wave Period [s] Tp

0.25m 0.75m 1.25m 1.75m 2.25m 2.75m 0.25m 0.75m 1.25m 1.75m 2.25m

W NW

50 50

40 40

30 30

20 20

10 10 Percentage of occurance Percentage of occurance 0 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 Wave Period [s] Tp Wave Period [s] Tp 0.25m 0.75m 1.25m 1.75m 2.25m 2.75m 0.25m 0.75m 1.25m

Figure 11 Wave height and period distribution in the southern parts of Maldives (DHI 1999)

Wave condition at Feeali reef system is dictated by refracted swells, NE and SW monsoonal wind generated waves. Figure 12 shows the assumed wave climate of the reef area near Feeali. Swell waves received from the eastern side and refracted waves received at the channel area creates a current west wards. Drogue data collected showed that current flow is strongest at the southern side channel with current speeds of 0.5m/s while at the northern side near the island

current speed is low (average 0.1m/s ). SW monsoon wind generated waves will be received predominantly from the western side according to the wind data (Figure 7 wind rose). While during the NE monsoon the harbor area will be sheltered. Drogue tracks results are provided in Appendix 6.

Oceanic Swell waves

NE monsoon wind generated waves SW monsoon wind generated waves

Figure 12 Assumed wave climate of the reef system

d) Beach Environment Feeali shoreline was modified at the southern and western side of the island during the initial harbor development project. According to the community most of the dredged material disposed at the western and southern side has eroded over the years due to lack of coastal protection. At present the entire shoreline periphery is observed with solid waste due lack of proper waste management guidelines or regulations. Two waste disposal sites are observed at the western and northern side of the island. According to the community; the waste disposal areas were not properly closed therefore during high tide when the current speed is high almost all waste at the waste disposal area is washed away to western or southern shoreline. Large amounts of solid waste were observed at the southern side reef slope (west of existing jetty).

Erosion at Feeali was observed at the south eastern side and western tip area. Since the island is circular it is expected that beach moves east or westwards depending on the monsoon; but due to the harbor development this transport has been obstructed.

In order to document the nature of the beach and for possible future monitoring of the beach and shoreline several beach profiles were taken around the island. The locations of these profiles are given in Figure 2. Figures 15 - 18 provide the shapes of profiles. These profiles would give a reference to any future profiles established based on their location given. Characteristics of the beach at the south and south eastern side of the island are shown in Figure 13 while characteristics of the beach at the eastern and northwestern side of the island are shown in figure 14.

Figure 13 Existing jetty area viewed from southern corner of the island (A), Reclaimed land process at the southern corner of the island (B), Shoreline area east of existing jetty observed with erosion (C) and Rocky-shingle beach observed at the south eastern side of the island (D)

A B

C D

Figure 14 Eastern side of the island observed with erosion; part of dredged material from initial harbor development project disposed at this area (A), northern side shoreline observed with wide beach (B), north western side of the island where the garbage disposal area is located (C) and north western side shoreline leading to western side of the existing harbor (D)

Figure 15 Beach profile 1

Figure 16 Beach profile 2

Figure 17 Beach profiles 3

Figure 18 Beach profile 4

e) Marine Surveys Reef surveys were carried out at 3 locations at Feeali; site R1 located at the western side of the existing jetty, R2 east of existing entrance and R3 south of proposed harbor location. Visual assessment was made at the lagoon area demarcated for extension of harbor.

i) Coral reef and sea grass meadows

Coral growth in general was very poor around the jetty area. Sites R1 and R2 were located close to the jetty area and both sites were dominated by rock; 79.8 and 89.2% respectively (Figure 19). Poor coral growth and recovery at these sites could be attributed to anthropogenic reasons, such as various forms of pollution and over exploitation of the reef for fishing. Live coral cover at R1 and R2 was 3.9 and 3.6% respectively, while abiotic categories (rock, rubble and sand) summed to 91.9 and 92.1% respectively. The percentage of dead corals observed in each site was 0.56%.

Site R3 which was on the south of proposed harbour location had the highest live coral cover amongst the sites surveyed. The live coral cover at R3 was 37.9% while abiotic categories rock and rubble summed to 54.2% (Figure 19).

The live coral diversity at sites R1 and R2 was very poor with only 4 coral genera at each site, contributing to the total live coral composition (Figure 20). In contrast, live coral diversity at R3 was highest with 9 coral genera. At this site, acroporids dominated the live coral cover accounting for 22.9%; of which digitate form contributed 10.4%. Branching and tabulate forms contributed 5.6 and 6.9% respectively.

100 90 80 70 60 50 R 1 40 R 2

Percent cover Percent 30 R 3 20 10 0 Turf Live DCA CCA Rock Rubble Sand algae coral

Figure 19 Results of photo quadrats at the three monitoring sites at Feeali

40 Poritres 35 Pocillopora 30 Pavona Merulina 25 Goniastrea 20 Favites 15 Favia 10 Diploastrea ACT

Live coral composition (%) Live 5 ACD 0 ACB R 1R 2R 3

Figure 20 Live coral composition recorded at all three sites (R1 = 3.9%, R2 = 3.6% and R3 = 37.9%)

Figure 21 General condition at site R1

Figure 22 General condition at site R2

Figure 23 General condition of R3

Figure 24 Reef slope west of existing jetty

ii) Reef fish community

Ninteen families of fish were recorded during the time of the field survey at three sites (Table 7). The most abundant group of fishes was of Acanthuridae, Labridae and followed by Pomacentridae. All the others were recorded at low numbers duration the survey.

Commercially important food fishes such as groupers and snappers were observed at the survey sites, but in low abundance. Groupers, as they are highly targeted fish species are heavily fished throughout the Maldives. In general, from the information derived from the fish census it can be concluded that the fish population at the survey sites is dominated by herbivorous fishes such as Acanthurids, Pomacentrids and Labrids. Herbivorous fishes as a functional group play a vital role in controlling and maintaining the level of algal growth at the reef. The diversity of fish community also reflects the nature of the bottom substrate. It is noted that fish abundance is not as high as compared to areas where there is high coral diversity such as reef flats or reef slopes.

Table 7 Summary of reef fish census

Sites Family R1 R2 R3 Pomacentridae 51 31 63 Acanthuridae 68 25 48 Labridae 43 19 36 Chaetodontidae ‐ 6 16 Scaridae 32 15 12 Serranidae 2 ‐ 4 Balistidae ‐ 14 3 Lutjanidae 1 ‐ 2 Haemulidae ‐ ‐ 3 Lethrinidae 2 ‐ 6 Kyphosidae 15 ‐ ‐ Pomacanthidae 1 2 6 Fistularidae ‐ ‐ 1 Caesionidae 6 ‐ 6 Carangidae ‐ 6 1 Holocentridae ‐ ‐ 15 Mugilidae 15 5 6 Scorpaenidae ‐ ‐ 1 Diodontidae ‐ ‐ 2 Total count 236 123 231

iii) Seawater quality

The quality of coastal water is not only important for ecological functioning of the organisms living in that environment, but also from health and safety perspective and also aesthetic value. The water quality is generally determined by the level of nutrients it consists. There are several sources that can lead to increased nutrients in coastal waters, e.g. sedimentation and storm water runoff from land. Sediment commonly associated with dredging or excavation as part of harbor construction can lead to release of nutrients within the sediments especially when there is large scale excavation and dredging involved.

The most important nutrients of concern in coastal waters that may cause negative impacts are nitrates and phosphates. In excessive concentrations, these nutrients can lead to rapid growth of phytoplankton that may result in algal blooms. Visual quality of the water is also important; a beach environment is much more attractive when the water is clear and less turbid. Dredging and excavation often carry heavy load of sediments increasing sediment load in the water column causing discoloration of the impact area for a prolonged period.

It is noted here that there is no direct source of nutrient input to the coastal waters as a result of the proposed activities but rather a potential release of nutrients associated with dredging or excavation. The harbor is frequently used by fishing, cargo and passenger crafts which source varying level of contaminants from fish waste to sewage. Therefore the purpose of the assessment of water quality is to establish a baseline for the seawater quality prior to start of the construction related works, taken as a standard to compare with any future water quality assessments. Seawater samples were tested on site using a portable water test probe Hanna Multi-probe water test kit. A list of parameters tested and their values for two locations are given in Table 8. All the parameters tested are within the normal range for seawater with no significant difference between the two locations.

Table 8 Seawater quality parameters tested and their results at the sampling locations at Feeali. (Data analysis was carried out using portable water test probe Hanna Multi-probe water test kit. Values are means. n=10 for each location)

W1 W2 Parameter Standard Standard Mean Mean deviation deviation Temperature (°C) 31.0 0.03 30.1 0.15 pH 8.8 0.10 8.8 0.02 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) 4.8 0.05 4.1 0.10 Electrical conductivity (μS/cm) 52775.0 36.89 52907.0 80.88 Total Dissolved Solids (g/l) 26.4 0.02 26.5 0.04 Salinity (ppt) 34.6 0.03 34.7 0.07

f) Hazard vulnerability, area vulnerable to flooding and storm surges Hazard vulnerability of Feeali is assessed based on available literature and field data collection. The report prepared by UNDP on disaster risk assessment of Maldives states that the Feeali region falls into low risk category (Category 2) in terms of tsunami risk (Figure 25).

Figure 25 Tsunami hazard zones, category 5 is the highest risk zone while 1 is the lowest (figure derived from UNDP report on Disaster Risk Profile for Maldives November 2006)

Hazardous weather systems, other than general monsoons (heavy rain and strong winds) that affect Maldives are tropical storms (tropical cyclone) and severe local storms (thunderstorms/thunder squalls). Tropical cyclones are extreme weather events with positive and negative consequences. At times, these are very destructive due to associated strong winds (often exceeding 150 kmph), heavy rainfall (often exceeding 30 to 40 cm in 24 hours) and storm tides (often exceeding 4 to 5 meters). Strong winds can damage structures, houses, communication systems, roads, bridges and vegetation. Heavy rainfall can cause serious flooding. Storm surge is a sudden rise of sea level elevation along the coast caused by cyclonic winds. Sea level also rises twice daily due to astronomical reasons. The combined effect of surge and tide is knows as storm tide. Storm tides can cause catastrophes in low lying areas, flat coast and island territories such as Maldives.

The islands of Maldives are also affected by severe local storms (thunder storms/thunder squalls). Hazards associated with thunderstorms are strong winds (often exceeding 100kmph), heavy rainfall, lightning and hail. They give birth to tornadoes in some regions (other than equatorial regions). In general, thunderstorms are more frequent in equatorial regions compared to other areas (Figure 26). Land areas get more thunder storms compared to open ocean areas. However, thunderstorms close to the equator are less violent compared to those of other parts of tropics and extra-tropics. Maldives, being close to the equator, receive frequent thunderstorms but these are less violent. Strong winds generated by severe local storms consequently generate larger wind driven waves, which are hazardous to the islands of the Maldives.

Figure 26 Track of severe storms affecting Maldives during 1877-2004

Feeali falls into category 3, which is the mid-scale given in the risk assessment of cyclones or storms (see Figure 27). The major zones affected are the mid and northern parts of the Maldives. During NE monsoon eastern side of the island receives transmitted swell waves coupled with wind waves.

Figure 27 Cyclone Hazard Zoning (figure derived from UNDP report on Disaster Risk Profile for Maldives November 2006)

Bathymetry around Maldives shows that the ocean slope close to the east coast is steep compared to the same on the west coast. This led us to conclude that eastern islands of Maldives are vulnerable to higher surge hazard compared to western islands. Feeali region falls into zone 2 (low risk zone) in the surge hazard zoning categories (Figure 28).

Figure 28 Surge Hazard Zones (figure derived from UNDP report on Disaster Risk Profile for Maldives November 2006)

g) Social Environment North Nilandhe Atoll or Faafu atoll consists of 5 inhabited islands, approximately 24 uninhabited islands, one resort island and one industrial island. Feeali is the smallest inhabited island in the atoll. The capital island of F. Atoll is Nilandoo, approximately 26.5 km south-west of Feeali. Nearest inhabited island is F. Bileiydhoo which is located 16.9 km south west of Feeali. In terms of geographic coordinates, Feeali is located at 3° 16' 11.64" N and 73° 0' 10.44" E. The nearest island is F. Bileiydhoo, which is located 16.9 km south west of Feeali.

The population of F. Atoll is 5,125 (source: Ministry of Home Affairs website). Population of Feeali is 1097 (Island Fact Sheet). The population reported in the Census 2006 was 741, with 320 males and 421 females (source: Ministry of Home Affairs website).

The major economic activities in the island of Feeali are fishing (tuna and reef fish (mainly groupers)), thatch weaving and retailing. There are approximately 47 sea-going vessels that are used at the island, of which 30 different sized vessels are used in fishing, 7 are used in resort islands and 7 vessels are used for various other purposes.

h) Terrestrial Environment The proposed harbor expansion area was previously reclaimed during the initial harbor construction. The vegetation at the area is few and consists mainly of bushy vegetation. Only minor vegetation clearance will be required since the harbor quay wall will be constructed at same orientation as the existing one.

Figure 29 Vegetation at the harbor expansion area (mostly composed of Sea hibiscus and Sea lettuce trees)

i) Built Environment The harbor facility at Feeali is located at the south western side of the island, accessed by an entrance channel to the south of the harbor. The harbor facility is in good condition.

i) Breakwaters

The existing breakwaters at the Feeali harbor is constructed of rock boulders and is in good condition. The length of the breakwater is 118m. Breakwater for the harbor expansion area will also be constructed with same material.

Figure 30 Breakwater at Feeali harbor was constructed using rock boulders

ii) Quay walls

The quay wall at Feeali harbor is constructed of concrete sheet piles. The quay wall is in good condition. Total length of existing quay wall is approximately 91m long.

Figure 31 Main Quay wall of the harbor

iii) Harbor basin and entrance channel

Feeali harbor basin is approximately 91m long and 61m wide. The only opening to the basin is at the entrance channel. The expansion area is approximately 61m long and 75m wide. The existing harbor is -3MSL although there is a shallow area on the south side of the harbor of width 15m. The expanded area will also be dredged to -3MSL.

Figure 32 Harbor basin as viewed from the existing breakwater and basin near proposed harbor expansion area also showing the entrance channel

7. Environmental Impacts

Various methods are available to categorize impacts and identify the magnitude and significance of the impact, such as checklists, matrices, expert opinion, modeling etc. Impacts on the environment from various activities of the harbor development work (constructional impacts) and operation of the harbor (operational impacts) have been identified through interviews with the project management team, field data collection surveys and based on past experience in similar development projects. Data collected during field surveys can be used to predict outcomes of various operational and construction activities on the various related environmental components. This data can also be used as a baseline for future monitoring of the environment.

Possible impacts arising from the harbor development and operation works are categorized into reversible and irreversible (permanent) impacts. The impacts identified are also described according to their location, extent (magnitude) and characteristics. Reversible and irreversible impacts are further categorized into intensity of impacts (negligible, minor, moderate and major) for identifying best possible remedial (mitigation measures) actions to be taken. Below are the impact categories:

Table 9 Impact prediction categorized

Impact Reversible/ category Description irreversible Cumulative impacts

Negligible the impact has no significant risk to Reversible no environment either short term or long term

Minor the impact is short term and cause very Reversible no limited risk to the environment

Moderate impacts give rise to some concern, may Reversible May or may not cause long term environmental problems but are likely short term and acceptable

Major impact is long term, large scale Reversible Yes, mitigation environmental risk and measures has to be Irreversible addressed

The concept of the Leopold Matrix (Leopold et. al., 1971) has been used to classify the magnitude and importance of possible impacts which may arise during the constructional and operational stage of the resort. This is one of the best known matrix methodology used for identifying the impact of a project on the environment. It is a two dimensional matrix which

` cross references between the activities which are foreseen to have potential impacts on the environment and the existing conditions (environmental and social) which could be affected.

The matrix has the actions which may cause an impact on the horizontal axis and the environmental conditions which may be impacted on the vertical axis. While the original Leopold matrix lists 100 such actions and 88 environmental conditions, not all are applicable to all projects. Hence the matrix used in the current assessment is a modified matrix customised to this project.

Each action which is significant is marked with a diagonal line from upper right corner to lower left corner of the box. These marked boxes are further evaluated in terms of magnitude of effects on the environmental condition and importance of this impact. Value in upper left hand corner of the block indicates magnitude of interaction and that in the bottom right hand corner of the block indicates importance. All significant actions, their magnitude of impact and importance of impact (which specifies whether the impact is short term or long term) are further described in the text.

Mitigation measures are provided for this impacts which have been classified as significant adverse impacts.

a) Limitation and uncertainty of impact prediction Uncertainty of impact prediction are mainly due to the lack of long term data (shoreline, local currents and wave climate), inherent complexity of ecosystem (reef environment, habitat and terrestrial environment although to a lesser extent) and lack of coordinated monitoring programs with inconsistent methodologies which can be used to predict outcomes or reliability of predictions of previous projects. It has to be noted that since the initial development of the harbor and reclamation works, monitoring of shoreline, or reef habitat was not carried out. Therefore changes to the shoreline can only be assessed using old aerial images.

b) Construction Impacts Any development work involving excavation or dredging will have major impacts on reef and lagoon. The impacts of excavation can range from smothering of live coral to death of live coral. Potential direct or indirect impacts on the environment (on land and reef system) from the proposed works are limited to relatively small number of activities, these include:

 Dredging works at the expansion area

 Impact on lagoon during construction of breakwaters and new quay wall

i) Schedule, logistics and loading and unloading construction materials All construction materials will be transported to the site on cargo dhonis and barges and unloaded at the existing harbor basin. Materials unloaded will be stored at the already bare area (harbor front). Initially heavy machinery will be brought to the island after which construction materials will be transported to the island. Impacts arising due to mobilization and unloading of materials include;

 Accidental spillage of construction materials (cement bags, rocks)  Accidental oil spills (used for excavators and other heavy machinery)

Major concrete work will not be carried out at site, all “L” section concrete elements will be caste at Thilafushi or Hulhumale and transported to site. Rock boulders will be brought to site once the harbor basin deepening works are completed and will be temporarily stock piled on barges and moored at basin or stockpiled near harbor front area.

ii) Construction materials and solid waste

Transportation of construction materials such as cement, timber, plywood, sheet pile (concrete element), rock boulders and fuel for excavators and trucks to the site has the potential to aesthetically damage the marine environment especially the lagoon areas due to accidental spillage. Quite often construction waste finds their way into the marine environment during the course of their disposal unless necessary measures are taken to avoid this from happening.

Pollution of the lagoon and reef system can be caused by waterborne and windblown debris escaping from the construction site or from transportation vessels such as landing crafts and barges. Waste and residue arising from construction activities such as oil spills and other waste (used wooden moulds) may affect the marine environment. It has to be noted that since the existing basin is to be used for material unloading, any debris blown away or spilled will be contained inside the basin.

All solid waste generated during the construction stage will be sorted and disposed accordingly. All materials that can be burnt (packing material, timber, paper) will be disposed at Feeali waste disposal sites. The materials that are categorized as hazardous waste such as used oil filters and luboil should be transported to government designated disposal site.

iii) Impacts due to construction methods

Since excavators will be used for the dredging works, sedimentation is inevitable and this is an impact that will be unavoidable. But it has to be noted that the presence of rock boulder

breakwaters at certain areas will limit the dispersal of sediments (to some extent). Approximately 17,500m3 of material will be generated by the dredging works; from this approximately 3,000m3 will be used for backfilling works; while rest will be disposed at the western side of the island. During this process, sedimentation impacts are inevitable.

Live coral at harbor front area is moderate dominated by tabulate and digitate forms; while live coral cover at the entrance side is very low.

Fine sediments with rapid rate of deposition are detrimental to certain corals especially the tabulate forms of corals. Such sediments blocks the coral polyps from feeding and the lack of nutrition and other physiological stress such as respiration eventually starves and suffocated the corals leading to death. Fine sediments when deposited are often difficult to get rid of even with strong currents.

Major environmental concerns associated with dredging and reclamation works are direct habitat loss, sedimentation and deterioration in water quality. High levels of sedimentation and silt from dredging activities is a major source of reef degradation. The consequences of excessive sedimentation on corals are well known and include:

 direct physical impacts like smothering of corals and other benthic reef organisms,  reduced light penetration, which has a direct effect on photosynthesis and thus the net productivity of corals. It also reduces coral growth, calcification rates and reproduction.  dredged silt may form false bottoms, characterized by shifting unstable sediments  silt suspension may increase nutrient release, leading to eutrophic blooms  silt may act as sink or trap for many pollutants, which are absorbed onto the sediments

iv) Impact on vegetation

Minor or negligible impact is envisaged on the vegetation since no mature trees are observed at the expansion area. Area for temporary setup will be located at the harbor front reclaimed land. Some of the bushy vegetation may be cleared.

v) Coastal structures

The proposed project will not change the overall setting at the expansion area. 2500m2 of reclaimed area will be excavated on the north western side of the existing harbor, while an additional area will be reclaimed beyond the new side quay wall on the northwestern side of the

expanded harbor. Since the overall shape of the harbor is extended; additional impacts due to coastal structures are limited. The new design of the harbor has an opening at the northwestern facing the entrance channel at the opposite side of the harbor; overall impact due to coastal modification is minor.

vi) Social impacts, noise and air pollution

Operation of heavy machinery and construction related equipment will contribute to noise pollution. Noise pollution during the dredging works will be mainly due to the operation of excavator and trucks. Construction noise at Feeali will be dictated by the predominant wind direction. As dredging works will be finished first, and with an estimated time of completion within 6 months, this falls in early June 2012 (SW monsoon). Therefore wind direction will be from western quadrant. The infrastructures near harbor area are mostly residential plots. Therefore these areas will be affected by noise. Noise associated with the construction works is unavoidable. There are several measures that can be taken to minimize noise impacts. Dredging may be carried out during low tide; therefore noise level will not be sustained throughout the day. But it has to be noted that dredging has to be carried out during the night hours too (during low tide).

Expansion of harbor facility at Feeali will have positive impacts in terms of safe and easy loading and unloading process as well as greater space availability for the many vessels which use the harbor. Expansion of harbor will also ease the difficulties faced by the community directly or indirectly.

vii) Effects on Groundwater Quality

No significant impact is envisaged on groundwater due to the proposed project. However, it should be noted that groundwater would be used for the construction works and construction workforce. The number of workforce and the duration for the construction works is relatively small thus making it insignificant with respect to the overall use of groundwater by the island community.

c) Operational Impacts Since this is an expansion project additional negative impacts to the environment by the proposed project are envisaged to be minor. Positive impacts are envisaged with regard to social impacts; such as safe and easy loading and unloading process, ease in passenger embarking and disembarking and available space for mooring of vessels.

i) Waste water disposal or littering of the harbor Improper disposal of organic (fish waste, sewage, fuel) and inorganic waste (tins, cans, plastic bottles) to the harbor basin will cause degradation of the harbor basin waters. Dumping of fish waste and other organic waste will increase the nutrient levels of the harbor, facilitating proliferation of algae. The Island Council plans to have a harbor usage guideline developed and managed by the Council itself, which will describe the various measures for proper usage of the harbor by all stakeholders. These will be informed to the community. The Island Council also plans to use the existing jetty on the south east side of the island as the main port for all fish landing activities (present fish landing practice by the islanders).

ii) Positive social impacts Positive impacts are envisaged in terms of social impacts. At present the island community and trade vessels from other islands face lots of difficulties in regard to access to the harbor especially during Fridays or good fishing periods. Due to congestion at the harbor during peak usage periods ferry and other trade vessels faces lots of difficulties; with the expansion of the harbor these difficulties will be alleviated.

d) Impact Analysis Impact analysis was done using the Leopold matrix (Table 10). Magnitude and importance of an impact is given a numerical value from 1-10, 1 being the lowest and 10 highest. Values with a plus sign in front indicate a positive impact while negative impacts are noted without any sign. Importance of impact is judged based on existing environment data, methods used and past experience with similar project.

The matrix showed that impacts on seawater quality due to dredging and disposal of dredged material (backfilling works) is moderate. The impacts associated with seawater quality (due to sedimentation by release of fines during excavation or back filling works) have detrimental effect of live coral. Impact on reef fish and birds are low since they are mobile and fish diversity in the area is negligible. Mitigation measures for this impact will be proposed.

Noise due to operation of heavy machinery is foreseen to be a moderate problem and will be provided with mitigation measures which will decrease the scale of this problem to some extent. It has to be noted that this is an inevitable problem which would be present in all such projects, but will be short term.

Impact on coral cover and reef due to various activities is minimal due to the very low presence of live coral cover in the area.

Positive impacts due to the project are the overwhelming positive social impacts, in terms of job availability in the construction stage and availability of more space for boat moorings. The zonation of harbor will be possible with the expansion project to demarcate passenger embarking/disembarking area, loading/unloading and fuel dispensing area. This would ease lots of difficulties faced at present due to small size of the harbor (compared with number of vessels using the harbor).

An additional positive impact is that on the shoreline due to backfilling; impacts include increased land space as well as improved coastline of the island, where the current coastline is fairly damaged due to various impacts, both natural and human induced.

Table 10 Leopold matrix for Feeali harbor expansion project

Constructional Activities Operational Activities Total Dredging Backfilling using Vegetation Construction of Fuel / hazardous Solid waste Operation Changes to Easier access and dredged material clearance breakwaters material spillage generation of heavy hydrodynamic Increased number machinery regime of vessels

8 5 5 4 4 4 5 35 Seawater 9 7 7 7 5 5 6 46

1 3 4 4 12 Water Ground water 1 2 5 5 13 3 +7 4 5 5 Coastal Zone 2 +9 5 6 4

Physical Physical 3 3 4 5 15 Air Quality 5 5 5 5 20 3 4 2 3 12 Air Odours 5 2 3 4 14 5 5 5 4 5 24 Noise 4 4 4 5 3 20 1 3 1 2 7 Vegetation 1 1 1 3 6 Flora Environmental /Social Condition /Social Condition Environmental 4 4 3 3 14 Sea grasses 1 1 5 2 9 2 1 3 6 Fish 1 1 4 6 Biological Biological Fauna 0 Birds 0 4 3 4 3 4 18 Ecosystems Quality 6 2 6 4 5 23

Physical 1 3 5 1 10 damage to reef 1 2 7 1 11 +7 1 3 +3 Area use Recreational +9 1 2 +6 +5 +5 +5 +5 +5 +5 +30 Employment

Social Social +6 +6 +3 +6 +6 +6 +33 Social 4 4 4 3 4 5 24 Hazards/safety 5 2 2 4 5 7 25 34 9 3 16 23 22 15 16 11 Total 34 +5 6 15 31 23 21 18 9

8. Mitigation Plan

There are a number of actions that can be taken to minimize the identified impacts. Those that are explored below emerged out of the discussions and consultations during this EIA and from the past experience of the consultant (Table 11). Mitigation measures are selected to reduce or eliminate the severity of any predicted adverse environmental effects and improve the overall environmental performance and acceptability of the project.

Mitigation measures are discussed for the construction and operational stage of the project. During the construction stage it is important to take measures to minimize sedimentation impacts on the reef environment. A construction method that has the least impact on terrestrial or marine environment has to be utilized.

A declaration of commitment from the proponent for financing and carrying out the proposed mitigation and monitoring plan is given at the beginning of the EIA report.

Table 11 Mitigation measures proposed for the harbor restoration works at Feeali

Impact Institutional Possible Impacts Mitigation measures Location Time frame (Phase) Cost (MRF) intensity responsibility

Littering, accidental disposal and spillage of any construction wastes should be avoided by pre- planning ways of their Reef flat, lagoon and During construction (12 Minor, short MHE/ N/A transportation and disposal. land months) term impact contractor Careful planning of the work activities can also reduce the Littering on terrestrial and amount of waste generated. marine environment During construction of protection walls and break waters, all construction related N/A should be Lagoon During construction (12 MHE/ waste collected stored at project Minor included in the reef flat months) contractor site, and later disposed at atoll project cost waste management site or at Thilafushi

Awareness raising of project managers on environmentally friendly practices to minimize negative impacts. Conduct Reef flat and reef During construction (2 Minor, short MHE/ N/A consultation meetings by Island slope lagoon month) term impact contractor Damage to reef by loading Officials advising and unloading works environmentally sound workmanship

Careful planning to reduce time of the unloading process (not to During construction (2 MHE/ Social Minor N/A time unloading during Fridays, month) contractor when harbor usually is crowded)

At the expansion area, reclaiming a bund (interim bond) around the excavation area. This sand bund will cause sedimentation but will Major, short Reef flat reef slope During construction (6 Contractor, N/A no be lower than dredging without a to midterm lagoon months) MHE additional cost bund at the expansion area. impact Breakwater at existing harbor area will minimize sedimentation as well

Dredging works of the harbor basin and entrance will be carried Sedimentation and N/A may out during the low tide (which siltation on the reef and increase the would reduce the amount of fines lagoon due to excavation Reef flat and lagoon During construction (6 Moderate, Contractor, duration of the released into the water column). works areas months) short term. MHE project, in turn Complete dredging works within increase cost of the shortest time period as machinery possible (reduce sustained sedimentation)

Setting up of silt screen around Approximately the periphery of project length of silt boundary area at the expansion screen 300m, and associated backfilling area Reef flat and lagoon During construction (6 Moderate, Contractor, rate for linear (figure 33 shows location for areas months) short term. MHE meter is $45.00 setting up of silt screen). Silt therefore screen to be removed once estimated cost is dredging works is completed. MRF208,170.00

Construction of breakwaters Loss of habitat, damage or done by excavators or cranes death of coral at the loaded on barge and construction Minor to expansion and work to be done inside basin During construction phase Contractor, Reef flat, lagoon moderate, N / A reclamation area (5 months) MHE short termed. Completing the excavation works within the shortest time frame as possible

N/A (may increase the cost of heavy Completing the excavation and machinery construction works as soon as Construction phase (12 Minor/short MHE/ Noise pollution Air operation due to possible. Avoid work at night months) term contractor limit of whenever possible operation time (timing the low tide window)

Avoid felling large mature trees, where ever possible replant coconut palms at harbor front area (harbor expansion area). If Minor to mature coconut palms or trees N/A should be Construction phase (2 moderate/irr MHE/ Impact on vegetation are removed, two trees or palms Land incorporated in month) eversible grown elsewhere at the island (as contractor to project cost impact stated in regulation for cutting down, uprooting, digging out and export of trees and palms from one island to another).

Proposed harbor extension area

Silt screen

Figure 33 Location for setting up of silt screen

9. Alternatives

As the project is an expansion project aimed at using the existing reclaimed area and lagoon to the northwest of the harbor, harbor expansion area is not discussed. Therefore alternatives are given for breakwater types, quay wall, and design.

a) Breakwater types The existing breakwaters are constructed of rock boulders. The proposed breakwaters are also of the same rock boulder material. Alternatives can be Gabion breakwaters. Considering both options in terms of environmental impacts no significant change is envisaged.

b) Quay wall The proposed type of quay wall is L section concrete elements. The elements will be placed where the current wall is, after its demolition. Two side quay walls will also be constructed using the same method as main quay wall. Alternative type of material for quay wall is geo-textile bag quay wall or sheet piles.

Considering the options, all three methods are viable, but sheet pile type will require specialized machinery and vibrations caused by driving the piles may have negative impacts. Therefore proposed quay wall type seems appropriate.

c) Design The design of the harbor includes an opening at the western side to allow flushing of basin waters. Alternative option is to have a low crested opening (exposed during low tide) to mitigate against sediment spill. Considering the two options; the proposed option may cause sediment spill in to the basin due to the current regime at the western and northern side of the island (current at north side westwards). The low crested breakwater line constructed will prevent flow of sediment into the basin therefore reducing the frequency of maintenance dredging. Therefore the alternative option (low crested breakwater line at the opening) is selected.

d) Disposal of dredged material The proposed options for disposal of dredged material are as reclamation material for the area on the north west of the harbor and harbor front (part of project component). Alternative option is to stockpile surplus material at the western side reclaimed area for future use. The

consultation meeting at Feeali Council Office revealed that without coastal protection it is meaningless to dispose material on the shoreline. By stockpiling sediment; sedimentation impacts arising from possible erosion impacts will be avoided. When considering social impacts; sand stockpiled would mean availability of sand for construction and other purposes. Therefore the alternative option is envisaged as feasible.

e) The no project scenario If considering the no project scenario, the significant environmental impacts due to sedimentation and suspension of fine silt in the water column and physical impact due to entrance clearance can be avoided. Since the sediment plume will reach western and eastern side of the reef (dredging at basin and entrance area), indirect impacts are possible. Indirect impacts include degradation of water quality, damage to live coral and slower rate of coral growth.

Considering socio-economic impacts due to no development is moderate to major. At present the community faces lots of difficulties due to overcrowding of the harbor. The island has been earmarked for harbor expansion for many years now; therefore no project scenario may have serious social implications. Therefore considering the overwhelming social impacts, “no project scenario” is not a feasible option.

10. Monitoring and Reporting

Monitoring is the systematic collection of information over a long period of time. It involves the measuring and recording of environmental variables associated with the development impacts. Monitoring is needed to;

 Compare predicted and actual impacts  Test the efficiency of mitigation measures  Obtain information about responses of receptors to impacts  Enforce conditions and standards associated with approvals  Prevent environmental problems resulting from inaccurate predictions  Minimize errors in future assessments and impact predictions  Make future assessments more efficient  Provide ongoing management information  Improve EIA and monitoring process

Impact and mitigation monitoring is carried out to compare predicted and actual impacts occurring from project activities to determine the efficiency of the mitigation measures. This type of monitoring is targeted at assessing human impacts on the natural environment. Impact monitoring is supported by an expectation that at some level anthropogenic impacts become unacceptable and action will be taken to either prevent further impacts or re-mediate affected systems. Mitigation monitoring aims to compare and predict actual (residual) impacts so that effectiveness of mitigation measures can be determine.

The environmental monitoring proposed here is to determine the effectiveness of the mitigation measures and long term change to the benthic community (especially coral community) and shoreline. The reef survey and beach profile sites established during the field surveys for EIA report preparation will be used for the monitoring program. All monitoring activities will be carried out under the supervision of an environmental monitoring and management consultant. The detail of the monitoring program is given in Table 12.

Table 12 Monitoring program and cost for individual parameters

Parameter Methodology Sampling Estimated cost for frequency monitoring

Coral and other Qualitative assessment ; During Rate per field benthic cover snorkelling surveys assessing construction works survey MRF percentage of live coral and after six 3,000.00 months

Seawater quality Water samples sent to Food and Twice ( during and Rate per test set Drug authority for analysis. after completion of MRF 1,540.00 Following parameters are to be project) tested; salinity, pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, salinity and temperature

Shoreline Shoreline mapping by using high During Rate per field monitoring precision GPS (beach line, construction phase, survey MRF vegetation line to identify every three months 15,400.00 possible erosion problems) after completion and after 1 year Beach profiles at established base line locations

The reporting frequency for the monitoring program is field trip reports every three months and a final report after completion of the project for the construction stage. During the operational stage all parameters will be surveyed after one year.

Report structure should be as follows;

- Introduction - Objective of monitoring - Existing environment (coral reef and water quality at baseline locations) - Impact identified (physical impacts at reef area, damages...etc) - Possible remedial measures - Consultation details with island council - Conclusion

11. Conclusions

The environmental impacts associated with the proposed project are considered moderate but with the mitigation measures can be further reduced. This conclusion is based on the evaluation of various components of the proposed project, implementation methods discussed, finding of the existing environment and environmental components that are likely to be affected. The proposed project at Feeali is an expansion project using an existing reclaimed area, therefore magnitude and severity of impacts on reef and coastal habitats are regarded as moderate. Though this impact is significant it is an unavoidable impact therefore mitigation measures for reducing impacts are proposed in the form of silt screens. Dredged material is recommended to be stockpiled as requested by the island community since coastal protection for disposal area (western side shoreline western side of harbor).

During the meetings with Island Council and harbor committee, all members of the meeting were in consent to the project expect for two issues they raised These two issues are opening at the western side of the harbor and disposal method for dredged material. Based on the consultation with CID of MHE it is recommended that a low crested breakwater line to be constructed at the western side opening to mitigate against sediment spill; the dredged material will be stockpiled at the western side of the harbor for use by the community.

In conclusion, with due consideration given to environmental components associated with the project, based on the findings during the field visit and evaluation of the secondary data the consultant concludes that the project components and designs are feasible. Appropriate mitigation measures are also discussed to correct and minimize potential unfavorable environmental consequences. Furthermore the public and community consultation responses were in favor of the project due to the socio-economic benefits associated with the project.

12. Appendices

Appendix 1 Terms of Reference (TOR)

Appendix 2 Site Plan

Appendix 3 Bathymetry and shoreline map

Appendix 4 Breakwater and Quay Wall Design Details

Appendix 5 List of people met

Appendix 6 Drogue tracks

Drogue track records current speed given as meters/second

Appendix 7 References

Allison, W.R., (1996) ‘Methods for surveying coral reef benthos’. Prepared for IMS, Zanzibar, 18 pp.

Coleman, Neville (2000). Marine Life of Maldives.

Defant, A. (1961). Physical oceanography, Volume 2, Pergamon Press, New York.

DHI (1999). Physical modelling on Navigation conditions and wave disturbance Maaneru site. Danish Hydraulic Institute.

Doodson, A. T. (1922). “The harmonic development of the tide-generating potential,” Proceedings of the Royal Society, A, 100, 305.

English, S., Wilkinson, C. and Baker, V. (1997).Survey Manual for Tropical Marine Resources.Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia. 390pp.

Fernandes, L. (1989). Biases associated with the use of the manta tow, a rapid reef surveillance technique, with particular application to the crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthasterplanci), M.Sc. Dissertation, James Cook University, Townsville, 128pp.

Gischler, E. (2006). Sedimentation on Rasdhoo and Ga. Atolls, Maldives, Indian Ocean.Facies (2006) 52: 341–360.

Gourlay M.R., (1998). Coral cays: Products of wave action and geological processes in a biogenic environment. Proceedings of the 6th International Coral Reef Symposium, Australia. 2, 491 – 496.

IMO, International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto (MARPOL 73/78). From the website http://www.imo.org/Conventions/contents.asp?doc_id=678andtopic_id=258

Kench, P. S .and Brander, R. (2005). Sensitivity of reef islands to seasonal climate oscillations: South Maalhosmadulu atoll, Maldives. Submitted to Coral Reefs.

Kench, P.S. and Cowell, P.J. 2001.The Morphological Response of Atoll Islands to Sea Level Rise. Part 2: Application of the Modified Shoreline Translation Model (STM). Challenges for the 21st Century in Coastal Sciences, Engineering and Environment, Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue, 34: 645-656.

Kench, P.S. and McLean, F.R. (2004). Hydrodynamics and sediment transport fluxes of functional Hoa in an Indian Ocean Atoll. School of Geography and Environmental Science, The University of Auckland, New Zealand.

Kuiter R. H. (1998). Photo guide to Fishes of the Maldives

Leopold, L. B., Clarke, F. E., Hanshaw, B. B. and Balsley, J. R. (1971) A procedure for evaluating Environmental Impact. Geological Survey Circular 645. U.S. Geological Survey, Washington. 30 pp

Loya, Y. (1978). A Plotless and transect methods. In: Stoddart, D.R. and R.F. Johannes (eds). Coral Reefs: research methods. UNESCO, PGa.s: pp197-217.

Malone, M. J., Baker, P. A., Burns, S. J. and Swart, P. K. (1990).Geochemistry of platform carbonate sediments, Leg 115, Site 716 (Maldives Archipelago, Indian Ocean). Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Vol. 115.

Maniku, H. A., 1990, “Changes in the topography of the Maldives”, Forum of Writers on Environment, Male

Miller, I.R. and Muller, R. (1997). A quality control procedure for observer agreement of manta tow benthic cover estimates. In Proceedings of 8th International Coral Reef Symposium, Panama. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Republic of Panama, 2, 1475-1478

Ministry of Construction and Public Works (1999) Environmental/Technical Study for Dredging/Reclamation Works Under the Hulhumale Project, Maldives – Draft Final Stage 1 Report.

Moran, P.J. and De'ath, G. (1992). Suitability of the manta tow technique for estimating relative and absolute abundances of crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthasterplanci L.) and corals. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 43:357-78.

Naseer, A. and Bruce, G. H. (2004). Inventory of the Maldives coral reefs using morphometrics generated from Landsat ETM+ imagery. Coral Reefs.

Ohlhorst SL, Liddle WD, Taylor RJ and Taylor JM.(1988). Evaluation of reef census techniques. Proceedings of 6th International Coral reef Symposium. Australia. 2: 319-324

Pescares Italia Srl (2001).Environmental Impact Assessment Report for Regional Port Development Project in the Maldives.Prepared for Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development and Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation.

Segal, B. and Castro, C.B. (2001). A Proposed Method for Coral Cover Assessment: A case study in Abrolhos, Brazil. Bulletin of Marine Science 69 (2): 487-496.

Shore Protection Manual, (1994) US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

UNDP (2006).Developing a Disaster Risk Profile for Maldives. Volume 1: Main Report.

Veron, JEN (John Edward Norwood) (2000). Corals of the World

Woodroffe, C.D. (1992). Morphology and evolution of reef islands in the Maldives.Proc 7th Int Coral Reef Symp. 2: 1217 – 1226.

Appendix 8 CVs

CURRICULUM VITAE

1. POSITION: Environmental Specialist/EIA Consultant

2. NAME OF FIRM: LaMer Group

3. NAME: Hussain Zahir

4. DATE OF BIRTH: 10th February 1966

5. NATIONALITY: Maldives

6. EDUCATION: Masters of Philosophy (MPhil) in Coral Reef Ecology University of Newcastle upon Tyne. Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom 2006

Marine Biology B.Sc. (Hon) University of Newcastle Upon Tyne. Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom 1993-1996

7. MEMBERSHIP OF PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES:

8. OTHER TRAINING: 1988. Marine Science Institute, University of Philippines Certificate of completion of training course on Scleractinian Coral Taxonomy

1989. Chulalongkorn University. Bangkok. Thailand Certificate of Completion of training Course on Coral Taxonomy, Ecology and Management

1998 Okinawa International Centre, Okinawa, Japan Certificate of participation on training course on Conservation and Sustainable Management of Coral Reefs

1999 Korean Research and Development Institute, Seoul, South Korea Certificate of Completion of the Training Course on marine coastal zone conservation and management

1990. Department of Marine Sciences. Chulalongkorn University. Bangkok. Thailand Workshop on Taxonomy of Soft Bottom Invertebrates (ASEAN- Australian Coastal Living Resources Project)

1991. Mc Master University, Hamilton, Ontario. Canada. Training on Boring Sponges of Coral reefs in Maldives

1996 Turtle Specialist Group, Convention on the Conservation

of Migratory Species of Wild Animal (CMS) and government of India. Bhubaneshwar, India Workshop and Strategic Planning Session for the Conservation of Sea Turtles of the Northern Indian Ocean

1999. United Nations Environment Program. Environment for South Asia and Pacific, organized by SACEP and Ministry of Home Affairs, Housing and Environment. National Training for State of the Environment and Data Collection and Reporting

9. COUNTRIES OF WORK EXPERIENCE:

10. LANGUAGE AND DEGREE OF PROFICIENCY: Dhivehi -Mother Tongue English -Proficient

11. EMPLOYMENT RECORD: Nov 2007- Present Senior Reef Ecologist Marine Research centre, Ministry of Fisheries Agriculture and Marine Resources Male’, Maldives.

Feb 2006- October 2007 Reef biologist Marine Research centre, Ministry of Fisheries Agriculture and Marine Resources Male’, Maldives.

July 2001- January 2006 Senior Research Officer Marine Research centre, Ministry of Fisheries Agriculture and Marine Resources Male’, Maldives.

June 2000 to Present Marine Biologist/ Director (Part Time) Land and Marine Environmental Resource Group of Pte Ltd

July 1996 to July 2001 Research Officer Marine Research Centre , Ministry of Fisheries Agriculture and Marine Resources

1988 to 1992 Biological Aid Marine Research Centre , Ministry of Fisheries Agriculture and Marine Resources

1986 to 1988 Marine Research Centre , Ministry of Fisheries Agriculture and Marine Resources Trainee

12. DETAILED TASKS WORK UNDERTAKEN THAT BEST ILLUSTRATES ASSIGNED: CAPABILITY TO HANDLE TASKS:

Marine Research Centre, National coordinator of Global Coral Reef Monitoring Ministry of Agriculture and Network Marine Resources Responsibilities: Including Implementation and management of the programme activities in the country through the GCRMN Regional Node for south Asian Region in Srilanka. Current programme of activities include, establishing and monitoring of coral reefs to assess the recovery processes after the 1998 Bleaching and to monitor the temporal changes to the reef system. Responsibilities also include coordination and implementation of socioeconomic monitoring at designated pilot sites to asses the livelihood and their dependence on coral reef resources. Coordinating the establishment national reef database to share information at national, regional, and global level is also part of the program of activities.

Coral Reef Degradation in the Indian Ocean (CORDIO) Programme Responsibilities: include implementation and management of the identified projects/ Studies funded by CORDIO. Currently involved biophysical studies designed to understand the reef recovery processes after a severe disturbance in coral reefs

Catalogue of Common Coral Reef of Maldives, 1996 Year: 1996 Location: Maldives.

Task Undertaken Independent Consultant Initial Environmental Evaluation, Tsunami Emergency Assistance Project, Maldives Year: 2006 Location: Ha. Filladhoo, HDH. Nolhivaranfaru, Sh. Maroshi, N. Maafaru, DH. Meedhoo, M. Kolhufushi and Th. Madifushi, Maldives Client: ADB Project features: Rehabilitation of damaged infrastructures (electricity)due to the tsunami of December 2004 in the Maldives financed by ADB under Tsunami Emergency Assistance project Positions held: Domestic Environmental Specialist Responsibilities: Initial Environmental Evaluation for the Repair and Reconstruction of Diesel powered generator housed in the above 7 island communities. Environmental issues specific of diesel power generation in the local and national context were addressed following ADB environmental guidelines. I

Initial Environmental Evaluation, Tsunami Emergency Assistance Project, Maldives Year: 2005 Location: Ugoofaaru, Manadhoo , Dhidhdhoo, Maldives Client: ADB Project features: Rehabilitation of damaged infrastructures (harbours)due to the tsunami of December 2004 in the Maldives financed by ADB under Tsunami Emergency Assistance project Positions held: Domestic Environmental Specialist Responsibilities: Initial Environmental Evaluation of the project sites; Ugoofaaru, Manadhoo and Dhidhdhoo for the tsunami

emergency assistance project: TA-0001 (MLD). Specific Task include rapid environmental assessment of the project sites, prepare environmental evaluations based on filed data and community Consultants, predict environmental impacts and propose an environmental monitoring plan for the project activities.

Marine Biodiversity assessment, Faafu atoll, Maldives, Year: 2003 Location: Faafu atoll, Maldives Client: ADB Project features: Identification of potential biodiversity hotspots (sites/species) as part of identifying priority areas for an MCPA planning project funded by ADB. Project involves assessment of socioeconomic and biophysical assessment of the short listed sites identified for the project. Positions held: Biodiversity Environmental Specialist Responsibilities: Marine Biodiversity assessment Faafu atoll Maldives. ADB regional technical assistance for coastal and Marine resource management and poverty reduction in south Asia. (ADB RETA 5974). A project implemented by Ministry of Fisheries, Agriculture and Marine Resources. Assignment involves detail preparation of marine biodiversity and Coastal management issues with special reference to grouper fishery and resource management.

Environmental Impact Assessment Report for the Development of Fish Processing Plant at Ha. Huvahandhoo, Maldives, Year: 2002 Location: Maldives Client: Jausa Fishery Links Project features: Construction of a tuna processing plant Positions held: Marine Biologist Responsibilities: The EIA report involves collection and assessment of baseline and secondary environmental data both at the marine and terrestrial environment of the project site. It also involved a risk assessment and evaluation report. An environmental management plan was also developed as part of the EIA.

Task Undertaken as an Replacement of wastewater collection, septic tanks and employee o f Land and disposal systems in Ga.Villingili, Ga.Dhaandhoo, Marine Environmental Gdh.Gahdhoo Resource Group Pte Ltd Year: 2007-Ongoing Location: Ga.Villingili, Ga.Dhaandhoo, Gdh.Gahdhoo Client: American Red Cross Project features: Design and construction of wastewater disposal systems in the specific islands Positions held: EIA Specialist Responsibilities: Environmental Impact Assessment research and analysis. Preparation and submission of the Environmental Impact Assessment Report.

Environmental Impact Assessment for Reethi Rah Resort Redevelopment Year: 2005 Location: Reethi Rah Resort Client: Kersner International, Hotel Group Resort development at Reethi Rah Resort Positions held: Marine Biologist Responsibilities: The EIA involves collection and assessment of baseline and secondary environmental data and marine and terrestrial environment of the project site. This is one of the largest reclamation project for resort development and assessment of impact of dredging and reclamation on the coastal marine habitats was a major component of this study

Environmental Impact Assessment Report for Villa Hakatha at Thilafushi, Male Atoll Year: 2001 Location: Male Atoll Client: Villa Hakatha,Maldives Positions held: Project Biologist Responsibilities: The EIA report involves collection and assessment of baseline and secondary environmental data both at the marine and terrestrial environment of the project site. It also involved a risk assessment evaluation report. An environmental management plan was also developed as part of this EIA.

Development at Baa. Landaagiraavaru, Maldives Year: 2000 Location: Baa. Landaagiraavaru, Maldives Client: Club mediterranee Project features: Positions held: Project Biologist Responsibilities: The EIA involved collection of Oceanographic data, Study of the beach environment, Vegetation, reef quality and reef water quality. The study examined the impacts of the island and mitigation measures where appropriate. The study also forms the baseline data for future monitoring of the environmental changes due to the resort development

Environmental state for the proposed channel dredging & associated Barrier Island at Sun Island Resort. Year: 2000 Location: Sun Island Resort, Maldives Client: Tekton Design Associates Pvt. Ltd Positions held: Project Biologist Responsibilities: The Study involved assessment of the potential environmental impact on the coastal shoreline of the island and on to the reef environment within close proximity of the proposed project site.

Tasks undertaken as an Environmental Statement for the Proposed Redevelopment employee of Riyan Design of Reethi Rah Resort and Management Pte Ltd Year: 2000 Location: Reethi Rah Resort Client: Reethi Rah Resort Positions held: Project Biologist Responsibilities: This Study Involved assessment of the existing

status of the islands environment and identification of potential environmental impact areas related to the proposed redevelopment plans. Formulation of an environmental monitoring plan that would enable the client to record the environmental changes that may be related to anthropogenic activities or natural.

Environmental Statement for the Proposed Redevelopment of Reethi Rah Resort Year: 2000 Location: Reethi Rah Resort Client: Reethi Rah Resort Positions held: Project Biologist Responsibilities: This Study Involved assessment of the existing status of the islands environment and identification of potential environmental impact areas related to the proposed redevelopment plans. Formulation of an environmental monitoring plan that would enable the client to record the environmental changes that may be related to anthropogenic activities or natural.

Proposed Beach Nourishment at M. Medhufushi. An assessment of Environmental Design Parameters Year: 2000 Location: M.Medhufushi Client: Vaaly Brothers Pte.Ltd Positions held: Project Biologist Responsibilities: The study involved examination of the beach characteristic Including the sediment properties, beach profiles. Identification of a borrow site by Comparing the borrow sediment characteristics of the borrow site and the native beach sand.

Environmental Evaluation of Small-bore Sewer System (SBS) in Lh. Hinnavaru and K. Gulhi Year:1999 Location: Lh. Hinnavaru and K. Gulhi Client: Maldives Water and Sanitation Authority Project features: The Study Involved ground water/ Seawater analysis of sewage pollution; reef surveys hydro graphic /oceanographic surveys and survey of the slopes of the sewage lines. Positions held: Project Environmental Analyst

Assessment of Oil Contamination in Male’ Groundwater from Vehicle Garages and Petrol Stations. Year:1999 Location: Male’, Maldives Client: Maldives Water and Sanitation Authority Positions held: Project Environmental Analyst Responsibilities: The study involved Ground water analysis of oil contamination and assessment of general working conditions and practices in the vehicle garages and petrol stations in male’.

Environmental Impact Statement for the Proposed Beach Protection Works at Nika Island Resort Year:1999

Location: Male’, Maldives Client: Nika Island Resort Positions held: Project Biologist Responsibilities: The project involves assessment of physical environmental condition such as the wave, current sediment characteristics, bathymetry at the project site (Nika Island Resort). Assessment of the status of the reef at the project site and an evaluation of the possible impacts on the reef and the physical environment as a result of the proposed beach protection work.

Environmental Monitoring of F. Filitheyo Resort Development Year:1999 Location: F.Filitheyo Client: AAA Trading Company Pvt.Ltd Positions held: Project Biologist

Environmental Monitoring of M. Medhufushi Resort Development Year:1999 Location: M. Medhufushi, Maldives Client: Vaally Brothers Pte Ltd Position Held: Project biologist

Environmental Monitoring of Lh. Kanuhuraa, Maldives Year:1999 Location: Lh. Kanuhuraa Client: SIMDI Hotel Management Pte Ltd Positions held: Project Biologist

Environmental Monitoring of R. Meedhupparu Resort Development Year:1999 Location: R. Meedhupparu Client: Cowrie Investment Pvt Ltd, Maldives Positions held: Project Biologist Responsibilities: The Monitoring programmes involved periodic measurements of the beach profiles around the islands, reef quality surveys, ground water/ seawater analysis and environmental auditing

Tasks Under Taken as a Environmental impact Assessment for the F. Filitheyo Freelance Consultant Resort Development Year:1998 Location: F.Filitheyo Client: AAA & Trading Company, Maldives Positions held: Project Biologist

Environmental Impact Assessment for Lh. Madhiriguraidhoo Resort Development Year:1997 Location: Lh. Madhiriguraidhoo Client: Guardian Agency Pte Ltd Positions held: Marine Biologist

Environmental Impact Assessment for B. Fonimagoodhoo Resort Development Year:1997 Location: B. Fonimagoodhoo, Maldives Client: Thasmeen Ali, M. Sheeraazeege, Maldives Positions held: Marine Biologist

Environmental Impact Assessment for M. Hakuraahuraa Resort Development Year:1997 Location: M. Hakuraahuraa Client: Fantasea Pte Ltd, Maldives Project features: Positions held: Marine Biologist Responsibilities: The EIA studies Involved collection of oceanographic data studies of the beach environment, vegetation, reef quality and ground water / Seawater quality. These studies examined the impacts of the development on the island and mitigation measures where appropriate. The studies also form the baseline data for the future monitoring of the environmental changes due to the resort development

13. Certification:

I, the undersigned, certify that to the best of my knowledge and belief, this CV correctly describes myself, my qualifications, and my experience. I understand that any wilful misstatement described herein may lead to my disqualification or dismissal, if engaged.

Date: 7 May 2008 [Signature of staff member or authorized representative of the staff] Day/Month/Year

Full name of staff member Hussain Zahir Full name of authorized representative:

Shahaama Abdul Sattar

Personal Information

Date of birth: 30 September 1980

Address: G. Helengeli Aage, Apt 2 B Rahdhebai Magu Male’ Republic of Maldives Contact No: + 960 7904985 (m) Email: [email protected] (LaMer Pvt Ltd) [email protected]

Work Address: Currently working independently

Education

Graduate and Postgraduate

Aug 2004 - Jun 2006 Master of Science in Fisheries Biology and Fisheries Management University of Bergen Department of Biology Postbox 7800 N-5020 Bergen, Norway

Feb 1999 - Dec 2001 Bachelor of Science The Flinders University of South Australia GPO Box 2100 Adelaide 5001, South Australia

Secondary

Apr 1997 – Jul 1998 G.C.E A’Level (London) Kolej Damansara Utama Damansara Jaya Selangor, Malaysia

Jan 1994 – Dec 1996 G.C.E O’Level (London) Aminiya School Male’, Republic of Maldives Work experience

Feb 2002 Volunteer work at Seal Bay, Kangaroo Island, South Australia. Work involved helping researchers with catching seals and removing tracking devices from the seals.

Dec 2001 – Feb 2002‏‏ Work experience at the South Australian Aquatic Sciences Centre Work involved dealing with sea urchins, mainly cleaning their tanks, doing dissections on sea urchins and helping researchers with different aspects of the research.

May 2008 Participated in the Biodiversity Valuation survey of Baa Atoll Maldives carried out by AEC project and IUCN

Employment Record May 2011 - Present Consultant, Darwin Reef Fish Project Marine Research Centre, Maldives / Marine Conservation Society, UK - Consultant to the Darwin Reef Fish Project (4 year joint collaboration between MRC and MCS, UK), which assesses the various reef fisheries (grouper, aquarium and food fisheries) of the Maldives and aims to establish management plans for these fisheries. Provision of technical support and assistance to the project staff and MRC in implementing the project and formulation of the management plans.

June 2011 – Present LaMer Pvt Ltd - Work part time in report writing for the various Environmental Impact Assessment projects conducted by the group.

July 2011 – Present BOBLME Sharks Working Group Coordinator, Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem Project - Coordinator for the Sharks WG of BOBLME project, and work with the focal points in the member countries, to assist in the formulation and implementation of their National Plans of Action for Sharks.

June 2002 – May 2011 Fisheries Biologist (At time of resignation) Marine Research Centre Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture Male’, Republic of Maldives

Line of work at MRC included:  Conduct field surveys to monitor the reef fishery and fish species behaviour  Compilation and analyses of the reef fisheries data, in particular the grouper and food fishery data  Write reports and regular reviews on the status of fisheries including recommendations for management.  Focal point for the IUCN funded project on identification of reef fish spawning aggregations in the Maldives through fishermen interviews (2007)  Secretariat – Indian Ocean Cetacean Symposium 2009  Project Partner for Maldives for the Darwin Initiative Coral Reef Fish Project, Maldives  MRC Focal point for the Atoll Ecosystem Conservation Programme, Ministry of Housing and Environment (2009 – 2011)

2 Workshops/Seminars Participated

15-21 March 2003 - Training Workshop on the Implementation of Multilateral Agreements in the Conservation of Biodiversity with special focus on Marine Biodiversity. Kushiro, Japan

14-16 November 2006 – Sixth William R. and Lenore Mote International Symposium – Life history in Fisheries Ecology and Management. Sarasota, Florida

03-05 March 2008 – Olhugiri and Dhigalihaa Protected Areas Management Planning Workshop. Eydhafushi, Maldives

11 March 2008 – Applying the Ecosystem Approach to managing Atoll Ecosystems in the Maldives. Hulhule Island Hotel, Maldives

24-26 March 2008 – Regional Consultation on Preparation of Management Plans for Shark Fisheries. Beruwela, Sri Lanka

17-19 June 2008 – Workshop on Assessment and Management of the Offshore Resources of South and Southeast Asia. Bangkok, Thailand

22-23 March 2009 – BOBP-IGO National Workshop on Monitoring, Control and Surveillance in Marine Fisheries. Male’, Maldives

18 – 20 July 2009 – Indian Ocean Cetacean Symposium 2009. Paradise Island Resort and Spa, Maldives.

09-11 August 2009 – Second Regional Consultation on Preparation of Management Plans for Shark Fisheries. Kulhudhuffushi, Maldives

24-25 February 2010 – BOBLME Project – National Inception Workshop, Male’, Maldives

2-3 June 2010 – BOBP-IGO Technical Advisory Committee – 5th Meeting, Male’, Maldives

13-14 September 2010 – BOBLME Fisheries Assessment Working Group – 1st Meeting, Bangkok, Thailand

14-16 December 2010 – EWS-WWF 2nd Marine Conservation Forum for the Gulf Region In partnership with the Pew Environment Group – Local Actions for Global Challenges, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

18-19 January 2011 – Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem Project – Workshop on the Status of Marine Managed Areas in the Bay of Bengal, Penang, Malaysia

5-7 July 2011 –Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem Project – First meeting of the BOBLME Sharks Working Group, Male’, Maldives

7-8 September 2011 – Workshop to formulate the Grouper Fisheries Management Plan, DRFP/MRC, Male’, Maldives

3 15-17 September 2011 – SEAFDEC Special Meeting on Sharks Information Collection in Southeast Asia, Bangkok, Thailand

Publications

Sattar, S. A., Amir, H. and Adam, M. S. (2011) Reef fish tagging programme – Baa Atoll Pilot project (in press)

Sattar, S. A., Andréfouët, S., Ahsan, M., Adam, M. S., Anderson, R. C. and Scott, L (2011) Status of the Coral Reef Fishery in an Atoll under tourism development: the case of Central Maldives (in press)

Saleem, M., Sattar, S. A. (2009) Study on post-tsunami restoration and conservation projects in Maldives, Prepared for the International Union for Conservation of Nature.

Tamelander, J., Sattar, S., Campbell, S., Hoon, V., Arthur, R., Patterson E. J.K., Satapoomin, U., Chandi, M., Rajasuriya, A. and Samoilys, M. (2009) Reef fish spawning aggregation in the Bay of Bengal: Awareness and Occurrence, Proceedings of the 11th International Coral Reef Symposium, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, 7-11 July 2008, Session 22

Sattar, S. A., Jørgensen, C., Fiksen, Ø. (2008) Fisheries Induced Evolution of Energy and Sex Allocation. Bulletin of Marine Science, 83(1): 235-250

Sattar, S. A. (2008) Review of the Reef fishery of the Maldives, Marine Research Centre, Male’, Maldives. 62 pp

Sattar, S. A. and M. S. Adam (2005) Review of the Grouper fishery of the Maldives with additional notes on the Faafu Atoll fishery. Marine Research Centre, Male’, Maldives. 54 pp

Referees

Dr. Mohamed Shiham Adam, PhD Marine Research Centre Ministry of Fisheries, Agriculture and Marine Resources Male’, Republic of Maldives Tel. No: +960 331 3681 Email: [email protected]

Associate Professor Øyvind Fiksen, PhD Department of Biology, University of Bergen Postbox 7800 N-5020 Bergen, Norway Tel. No: +47 5558 4624 Email: [email protected]

4 Christian Jørgensen, PhD Department of Biology, University of Bergen Postbox 7800 N-5020 Bergen, Norway Tel. No: +47 5558 4618 Email: [email protected]

Dr. Charles Anderson [email protected] [email protected]

MA.DHUNBUGE, • SAIMAA GOALHI, • MALE', • 20245, • REPUBLIC OF MALDIVES PHONE +960 3326148 • E-MAIL [email protected]

MARIYAM ZARANA RASHEED

PERSONAL DETAILS

NAME: MARIYAM ZARANA RASHEED SEX: Female DATE OF BIRTH: 03 May 1981 NATIONALITY: Maldivian (Maldives) ID CARD NO. : A 064700 PASSPORT NO.: G 0300450 PERMANENT ADDRESS: Ma. Dhunbuge, Saimaa Goalhi, Male’, 20245, Republic of Maldives. CURRENT ADDRESS: Ma. Kosheege, Kudhiraiymaa Goalhi, Male’, 20199, Republic of Maldives. TEL: +9607750254 EMAIL: [email protected]

EDUCATION

MASTERS DEGREE - January 2010 till present – Completed and awaiting for results Master of Science (Environmental Science) by full research University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

HONOURS DEGREE - April 2009 Bachelor of Science Honours (Biological Sciences) University of KwaZulu-Natal, Republic of South Africa

BACHELORS DEGREE - April 2008 Bachelor of Science (Biological Sciences) University of KwaZulu-Natal, Republic of South Africa

HIGHER SECONDARY - June 2000 General Certificate of Education, Advanced Level University of London, United Kingdom / Science Education Centre, Male’, Republic of Maldives

ENGLISH LANGUAGE - December 1999 First Certificate in English University of London, United Kingdom / Science Education Centre, Male’, Republic of Maldives

HONOURS AND AWARDS

 Merit Certificate For outstanding performance during 2008 in Biology/Ecology Research Project

 Poster Award Honorable mention at the 51st IAVS Conference - Frontiers of vegetation science: an evolutionary angle - 07 to 12 September 2008 - Stellenbosch, South Africa. Title : Host specificity and bird dispersal in the parasitic mistletoe Tapinanthus natalitius (Loranthaceae). (Author: Desale Okubamichael. - Co-authors: D. Ward, M. Griffiths- Ward, M.Z. Rasheed, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa)

 Merit Certificate For outstandingly good work during 2006 in Education Studies 224

WORK EXPERIENCE

May 2010 to April 2011 Research Assistant Institute of Biological Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Work Profile: The main responsibilities of the research assistant (RA) to Associate Professor Dr. Rozainah Mohamed Zakaria, include providing intellectual and physical assistance on the research projects on coastal protection and rehabilitation; mangrove biodiversity and ecology; and assess climate change impacts on mangrove ecosystems of west Malaysia.

January 2008 to Dec 2008 Demonstrator School of Biological and Conservation Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa Work Profile: As a demonstrator, first year students at under graduate level was assisted and supervised during practical sessions at various field sites and laboratory. Demonstrators work with the supervision and explicit guidelines from the lecturers to ensure that the students gain maximum subject knowledge during practical session. Marking and assessing the academic reports presented by the students was also part of the job.

July 2001 to December 2004 Clinical Assistant Indhira Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Male’, Republic of Maldives Work Profile: Major responsibilities include assisting doctors at the Out Patient Department and casualty consultations with translation and minor clinical procedures.

February 1998 to May 1998 Clinical Assistant ADK Hospital, Male’, Republic of Maldives Work Profile: Assist doctors at the Out Patient Department with translation and minor clinical procedures.

Part Time Work Experience

June 2004 to December 2005 Tutor Kieveni Tuiton Center, Male’, Republic of Maldives Work Profile: Teach Biological Science to grade 8 and 9 students.

PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE

 Participated in the Klang Island Expedition, 2010. Organized by the University of Malaya and the Mangrove Research Centre in Carey Island – Malaysia to assess biodiversity and ecology of the mangrove forests of Klang Islands.

 Poster presentation at the 51st IAVS Conference - Frontiers of vegetation science: an evolutionary angle - 07 to 12 September 2008 - Stellenbosch, South Africa. Title: Host specificity and bird dispersal in the parasitic mistletoe Tapinanthus natalitius (Loranthaceae). (Author: Desale Okubamichael. - Co-authors: D. Ward, M. Griffiths- Ward, M.Z. Rasheed, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa)

PUBLICATIONS

 Okubamichael, D. Y., Rasheed, M. Z., Griffiths, M. E. & Ward, D. (2010). Avian consumption and seed germination of the hemiparasitic mistletoe Agelanthus natalitius (Loranthaceae) Journal of Ornithology, 1-7.

LANGUAGES

English (fluent spoken and written) and Dhivehi (Mother Language - fluent spoken and written)

INTERESTS AND ACTIVITIES

Gardening, Traveling and Hiking.

______

Personal Information

Name: Firdous Hussain Address: Fairy palace, Finihiyaa Magu, Laamu Gan Thundi 15061 Nationality: Maldivian Date of Birth: 8-March-1981 Tell No: (+960) 7973873 Email Address: [email protected]

Educational Background

2009 February – 2010 June Bachelor of Surveying and Spatial Science University of Tasmania (UTAS) Tasmania, Australia

2006 June – 2008 November Diploma in Geomatic Engineering Kuala Lumpur Infrastructure University College (KLIUC) Jalan Serdang, Malaysia

Other Training

April 2010 Participation of two days charette on Environmental Impact Assessment, organized by School of Geography and Environmental Studies - UTAS

November 2007 Participation of two week’s Survey Camp – organized by KLIUC

May 2006 Participation of one week’s training program conducted by Topcon South Asia Pte. Ltd on Differential GPS – Topcon Hiper pro

Awards and Honors

May 2011 Registered ‘Temporary Environmental Impact Assessment Consultant’ at Ministry of Housing and Environment – Maldives

November 2010 Registered ‘Land and Hydrographic Surveyor’ at Ministry of Housing and Environment – Maldives

1 | Page October 2011

November 2008 Best student’s award among the Diploma level engineering students – KLIUC 2008 graduation

May 2006 MTCC’s Scholarship for a Bachelor Degree in Surveying

1999  School Captain – MES  Advisor of the Dhivehi Literary Association ‘Adhabee Busthan’ – MES  Senior Executive member of Society for the Environmental Awareness (SEA) - MES

Employment Background

Surveying Officer - MTCC October 2004 – to date (On study leave from June 2006 – June 2010)

 Planning and implementing topographic, hydrographic, boundary definition and Engineering Surveys at various types of Harbor construction, Road construction, Building Construction, Reclamation and Shore protection Projects of MTCC throughout Maldives.  Documentation of daily work, processing the Survey data and producing the final output using softwares.  Make concepts and designs for new projects.  Check the documented survey reports and composed maps.  Some of the large Projects where I have worked as the Project Surveyor: o Hulhumale Road Development Project – 2010 o L.Gan Thundi Road Clearing Surveying and Setting out Project – 2005, 2006 o R. Dhuvaafaru Road Clearing Surveying and Setting out Project – 2005  Gaining Construction Site experience, Sites worked: o Ha. Baarah Channel Dredging Project – 2005 o G.a Kolamaafhushi Quay wall Reconstruction Project - 2004

Surveyor Trainee- MTCC August 2002 – October 2004

 Accomplishing the survey tasks assigned by the head of survey team.  Learning the operation of survey instruments and related intermediate and processing softwares.  Some of the large Surveys involved: o K.Villingili Harbour Construction Survey – 2004

2 | Page October 2011

o K.Reethi Rah Resort Land Reclamation & Shore Protection Survey – 2002, 2003 o G.dh Gahdhoo Land Reclamation Survey - 2003 o Lh.Naifaru land Reclamation Survey – 2003  Gaining Construction Site experience, Sites worked: o K.Villingili Harbour Construction Project – 2004 o S.Gan Airport Upgrading Project - 2003

Familiar Software Programs

Microsoft Office (Word, Excel, Power Point) AutoCAD 2000 – 2010 Surfer 8 ArcGIS Top Surve Topcon Tools Topcon Hiper Pro post processing software ADAM 3D Analyst – Digital Photogrammetry Leica Geo Office Columbus Math lab

Familiar Survey Instruments

Differential GPS Total Station Level Meter (Dumpy, Auto, Digital and Rotating Laser) Theodolite Tidalite

Languages and Degree of Proficiency

English – good Dhivehi – Mother tongue

3 | Page October 2011