BOBLME-2014-Socioec-02
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BOBLME-2014-Socioec-02 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal and development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The BOBLME Project encourages the use of this report for study, research, news reporting, criticism or review. Selected passages, tables or diagrams may be reproduced for such purposes provided acknowledgment of the source is included. Major extracts or the entire document may not be reproduced by any process without the written permission of the BOBLME Project Regional Coordinator. BOBLME contract: CST-RAPARD 492/6/2014 For bibliographic purposes, please reference this publication as: BOBLME (2014) Assessing, demonstrating and capturing the economic value of marine & coastal ecosystem services in the Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem BOBLME-2014-Socioec-02 Assessing, demonstrating and capturing the economic value of marine & coastal ecosystem services in the Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem Lucy Emerton December 2014 Contents Executive summary.............................................................................................................................................. i 1 Background: study context and aims ........................................................................................................... 1 2 Introduction to marine & coastal ecosystem valuation: rationale, concepts and practical applications ... 2 Why marine and coastal undervaluation is a problem ................................................................................................. 2 A stepwise approach to identifying, estimating and capturing marine & coastal ecosystem values ........................... 4 Frameworks for identifying and assessing ecosystem values ....................................................................................... 6 Techniques for estimating and demonstrating the value of ecosystem services .......................................................... 7 Instruments for capturing the value of ecosystem services and seeking solutions ....................................................... 7 3 Scope, methodology & assumptions: how ecosystem services were valued .............................................. 9 Study steps and questions ............................................................................................................................................. 9 Defining the study boundaries and coverage ................................................................................................................ 9 Measuring the current economic value of ecosystem services ................................................................................... 13 Modelling the economic consequences of ecosystem change .................................................................................... 15 Constraints and data limitations ................................................................................................................................. 17 4 Ecosystem-economic linkages & stakeholders: who and what depends on ecosystem services .............. 19 Summary of ecosystem-economic linkages and stakeholders .................................................................................... 19 Fisheries....................................................................................................................................................................... 20 Non-fish mangrove products ....................................................................................................................................... 23 Land and water protection .......................................................................................................................................... 24 Climate adaptation and mitigation ............................................................................................................................. 25 Tourism and recreation ............................................................................................................................................... 26 5 The current economic value of ecosystem services: what natural resources & habitats are worth ......... 27 Summary of baseline ecosystem service values .......................................................................................................... 27 Capture fisheries and aquaculture .............................................................................................................................. 28 Fish breeding and nursery habitats ............................................................................................................................. 28 Household-level harvests of non-fish mangrove products .......................................................................................... 29 Shoreline stabilisation and erosion control ................................................................................................................. 29 Shelter against extreme weather ................................................................................................................................ 30 Regulation of waterflow & quality .............................................................................................................................. 30 Climate mitigation....................................................................................................................................................... 31 Marine & coastal tourism and recreation ................................................................................................................... 31 6 The economic consequences of ecosystem change: weighing up the gains & losses ............................... 34 Economic costs, losses and damages from continuing business as usual ................................................................... 34 Making the economic case for the BOBLME Strategic Action Programme ................................................................. 37 7 Needs, niches & options for economic instruments: securing incentives an d finance for conservation . 39 How ecosystem benefits and costs are distributed and captured ............................................................................... 39 Potential economic instruments for the sustainable management of marine and coastal resources ........................ 41 8 Recommendations & next steps: using valuation to support SAP implementation .................................. 48 Future work to improve the precision of ecosystem valuation ................................................................................... 48 Advice for incorporating valuation results into the implementation of the BOBLME Project and the SAP ................. 49 Ways forward in operationalising selected economic instruments............................................................................. 50 References ....................................................................................................................................................... 52 Annex 1: Bibliography of marine & coastal valuation studies carried out in BOBLME countries .................. 63 Annex 2: List of administrative units in the BOBLME coastal zone ................................................................. 68 List of Figures Figure 1: Three-tiered approach to identifying, estimating and capturing ecosystem service values ............. 5 Figure 2: Marine and coastal ecosystem services and human wellbeing ......................................................... 6 Figure 3: The total economic value of marine and coastal ecosystems ............................................................ 6 Figure 4: Commonly-accepted ecosystem valuation methods ......................................................................... 7 Figure 5: Study steps and questions .................................................................................................................. 9 Figure 6: Map of Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem ............................................................................... 10 Figure 7: Marine and coastal ecosystem services considered in the valuation study .................................... 12 Figure 8: Baseline, Business as Usual (BAU) and Strategic Action Programme (SAP) scenarios ..................... 15 Figure 9: Distribution of mangrove and coral reef cover between BOBLME countries .................................. 20 Figure 10: Distribution of coastal population between BOBLME countries .................................................... 20 Figure 11: Mangrove and coral-dependent species contribution to fisheries catch ...................................... 22 Figure 12: Percentage of households harvesting other mangrove products .................................................. 24 Figure 13: Share of BOBLME and marine & coastal tourism in national leisure and recreation numbers ..... 26 Figure 14: Baseline value of marine and coastal ecosystem services ............................................................. 27 Figure 15: Coastal zone population growth 2014-39 ...................................................................................... 34 Figure 16: Mangrove-adjacent population under BAU