The Letters of Lupus of Ferrieres

THE LETTERS OF LUPUS OF FERRIERES

Translated with an Introduction and Notes

GRA YDON w. REGEN OS Chairman Classical LanBuaBes Tulane University

MAR TINUS NIJHOFF - THE HAGUE MARTINUS NI]HOFF - PUBLISHER - THE HAGUE

This is the first printed edition in English translation of the letters of Lupus, a distinguished abbot of the monastery of Ferrieres and an important ninth-cent1lrY humanist. A member of the generation of Latin scholars which flourished in the period following the reign of Charlemagne, Lupus received his education at Ferrieres and at Fulda under distinguished teachers who were themselves products of the great educational movement of the Carolingian renaissance. So great indeed was his thirst for knowledge and so strong his desire to further the cause of learning that he sought constantly to provide himself with better texts of works which he already had and to acquire new manuscripts. He sought, too, to extend his knowledge by directing inquiries to his learned friends concerning questions of religious or literary importance, and he was always ready to make available to others what he had learned. His letters, which number some 130, cover a wide range of subjects. Not only do they reflect the author's own intellectual and humanistic interests, but they shed considerable light on the political, social, and religious life of the age. As abbot of the important monastery ofFerrieres, he formed close friendships with many of the leading men of church and state, and it is to these that most of his letters are addressed. He wrote to bishops, archbishops, popes, and kings. Some of his letters were sent to monks and abbots in neighboring monasteries; a few to his own monks at times when his official duties called him away from the monastery. His correspondence provides, therefore, an excellent source of information for the period, and it preserves for us a vivid impression made on a perceptive mind by the con• temporary scene. Without him our knowledge of the era would certainly be less complete, and our evaluation of it less accurate.

About the author: Born January 8, 1902; A.B., Indiana Central College (1923); A.M., Indiana Uni• versity (1925); Ph.D., University of Chicago; member of the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences, Tulane University, 1927-present; Visiting Professor at Ohio State University, Summer 1960; present title: Professor of Classical Languages, Tulane University and Chairman of the Department.

1966. XII and 160 pages. roy. 8vo. Cloth. Guilders 22.50 MARTINUS NIJHOFF - PUBLISHER - THE HAGUE

Acta capitulorum provinciae Germaniae inferioris ordinis fratrum minorum praedicatorum ab anno MDXV usque ad annum MDLIX. Sec. codicem Parisiensem Arch. Nat. LL, 1530 edidit S.P. Wolfs. 1964. XLVIII and 270 pp. With 5 plates. Guilders 23.75

Bibliotheca Catholica Neerlandica Impressa 1500-1727. 1954. X and 669 pp. Cloth. Guilders 40.-

Borchardt, C. F. A., Hilary of Poitiers' role in the Arian struggle. 1966. XIV and 198 pp. Guilders 25.- = Kerkhistorische studien, 12.

Callewaert, C., Sacris Erudiri. Fragmenta liturgica collecta a monachis Sancti Petri de Aldenburgo in Steenbrugge ne pereant. Reeditio anastatica. 1962. XV and 741 pp. Cloth. Guilders 54.-

For Christ Luve, Prayers of Saint Aelred, abbot of Rievaulx. Texts selected and introduced by D. Anselm Hoste. Translated by sister Rose de Lima. 1965. XIX and 68 pp. Guilders 5.75

Instrurnenta Patristica. 1. Michiels O.F.M., Aem., Index verborum quae sunt in Ter• tulliani tractatu de praescriptione haereticorum. Out of print 2. Hoste, Anselm, Bibliotheca Aelrediana. A survey of the manus• cripts, old catalogues, editions and studies concerningSt. Aelred of Rievaulx. 1962.206 pp. With 1 folding map. Guilders 11.- 3. Bavel, T. van, avec la collaboration de F. van der Zan de, Repertoire bibliographique de Saint Augustin 1950-1960. 1963. 991 pp. Cloth. Guilders 62.- 4. Lambert, B., Bibliotheca Hieronymiana manuscripta. In preparation 5. Combaluzier, C.M.F., Sacramentaires de Bergame et d'Ari• berto. Table des matieres, index des formules. 1962. 112 pp. Guilders 8.75 6. Cappuyns O.S.B., Dom M.]., Lexique de la regula magistri. 1964. 212 pp. Guilders 14.50 MARTINUS NI]HOFF - PUBLISHER - THE HAGUE

Sacris Erudiri. Jaarboek voor Godsdienstwetenschappen. I. 1948.424 pp. Guilders 26.- II. 1949. 420 pp. Out of print III. Dekkers, E., et Aem. Gaar, Clavis patrum latinorum seu propylaeum ad Corpus Christianorum. Editio altera. 1961. 640 pp. Guilders 31.- IV. 1952. 400 pp. Guilders 26.- V. 1953.432 pp. Guilders 25.- VI. 1. 1954. 188 pp. Guilders 12.50 VI. 2. 1954. pp. 189-443. Guilders 12.50 VII. Anastatical reprint. 1963.408 pp. Guilders 26.- VIII. 1. Anastatical reprint. 1963. 247 pp. Together. Guilders 26.• VIII. 2. 1956. pp. 249-426. IX. 1957.398 pp. Guilders 23.25 X. 1958.422 pp. Guilders 23.25 XI. 1960.452 pp. Guilders 23.25 XII. 1961. 577 pp. Guilders 26.• XIII. 1962. 591 pp. Guilders 26.• XIV. 1963. 478 pp. Guilders 26.• XV. 1964. 427 pp. Guilders 26.• XVI. 1965. 508 pp. Guilders 26.• XVII. 1. 1966. 211 pp. Guilders 13.-

Swedenborg, Emanuel, Vera christiana religio, continens uni• versam theologiam novae ecclesiae. Domino apud Danielem cap. VII: 13-14, et in Apocalypsi cap. XXI: 1, 2 praedictae. (Am• stelodami 1771). Facsimile reprint of the original edition. 1964. 541 pp. Cloth. Guilders 90.-

--- Summaria expositio doctrinae Novae Ecclesiae, quae per novam Hierosolymam in Apocalypsi intelligitur (Amstelodami 1769). Facsimile reprint of the original Latin edItion. 67 pp. Guilders 5.75

Talkyng of the loue of God. Edited from ms. Vernon (Bodleian 3938) and collated with ms. Simeon (Brit. Mus. Add. 22283). With introduction, notes, phonology, grammar, glossary and other apparatus by sister M. Salvina Westra O.P. 1950. XXXI and 171 pp. With 1 facsimile. Guilders 10.-

Visser, A. J., Nikephoros und der Bilderstreit. Eine Untersuchung tiber die Stellung des Konstantinopeler Patriarchen Nikephoros innerhalb der ikonoklastischen Wirren. 1952. VIII and 124 pp. Guilders 5.50

ODe JUllder .... abo S 0.28 = ab. 2 all = eay Fr. 1.36 = ca DMW 1.11 Obtainable through any bookseller or direct from the publisher THE LETTERS OF LUPUS OF FERRIERES THE LETTERS OF LUPUS OF FERRIERES

Translated with an Introduction and Notes

GRA YDON w. REGEN OS Chairman Classical Languages Tulane University

MARTINUS NI]HOFF - THE HAGUE - 1966 Copyright 1966 by Martinus NijhojJ, The Hague, Netherlands Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 1966 All rights reserved, including the right to translate or to reproduce this book or parts thereof in any form ISBN 978-94-011-8687-2 ISBN 978-94-011-9499-0 (eBook) DOl 10.1007/978-94-011-9499-0 PREFACE

This translation ofthe letters of Lupus of Ferrieres is based primarily on the text of Diimmler' s edition, published in the M onumenta Germaniae Historica in 1902. In the arrangement of the letters, however, I have followed Levillain who sought to put them in chronological order on the basis of his own previous research published in a series of articles in the Bibliothcque de l'E:cole des chartes, volumes LXII and LXIII, in 1901 and 1902. A chronological table with suggested dating of the letters is given in this book on pages 151-153. I have attempted to keep the notes brief, confining them chiefly to identification of quoted passages and to proper names, assuming that the reader, if interested, will him• self seek more detailed information in the standard sources. In a collection of letters of this nature, covering as they do such a wide range of subject matter, it is to be expected that some will have comparatively little general appeal. The few letters, for example, which deal with Latin grammar will be of little interest to most readers. Occasionally a letter may border on the trite or commonplace. It has seemed desirable, however, in view ofthe limited number of such letters, and for the sake of completeness, to include the entire collection. An effort has been made to convey, as far as possible, the tone and spirit of the original, as well as the thought, in a natural style of English prose. It has seemed appropriate to render the numerous direct quotations from the Bible in the matchless English of the King James authorized version. Of the works consulted in the preparation of this book, most helpful has been Levillain's Loup de Ferricres, Correspondance. In questions of doubt, it has been comforting to have at hand his French version for purposes of comparison. His notes too have been of inestimable help. I wish to express a special debt of gratitude to my former teacher and friend, the late Professor Charles Henry Beeson of the University of Chicago, who first introduced me to the field of Medieval Latin and, in particular, to the study of this author, and to whose memory I most respectfully dedicate this book. INTRODUCTION

Our information concerning the life of Lupus of Ferrieres is derived chiefly from a collection of letters, the vast majority of which bear his own name. The remainder, with the exception of the third letter which is addressed to Lupus from Einhard, seem to have been written by Lupus on behalf of some other person or group of persons, usually the abbot or the brothers of his own monastery. Lupus, surnamed Servatus, was born about 805 in the diocese of Sens in the West Frankish Kingdom, the son of a Bavarian father and a Frankish mother. We have no information concerning his early boy• hood, but he is first found enrolled as a student in the monastery of Ferrieres, some sixty miles southeast of Paris. Adalbert, a former student of Alcuin, was at that time abbot of this monastery. It re• mained, however, for his successor Aldric, who became abbot in 821, to guide and encourage the young Lupus in his quest for learning. This good abbot, whom Lupus in later life admiringly called his master and foster-father, (dominus ac nutritor) , introduced the young man to a course of study in the liberal arts which, with its emphasis on grammar and rhetoric, as well as reading in contemporary literature, proved less challenging to the young student than the study of Cicero. It was here at Ferrieres, however, that Lupus received his basic training, and he displayed such keenness of mind and thirst for learning that Aldric saw fit to send him to Fulda where he could study theology under the skillful instruction of its distinguished abbot, Hrabanus Maurus. Here he spent six or seven profitable and busy years in study and writing, and thus established his reputation as a scholar. At the request of Hrabanus, he and a fellow-student by the name of Gerolf corrected their master's exposition on the Book of Numbers. He was commissioned to compile a corpus of the Germanic laws for Eberhard, count of Frioul, and he adorned the huge manuscript with his own illustrations and added dedicatory verses. Lupus returned to Ferrieres late in 836, but not until he had yielded to the request of Bun, abbot of the monastery of Hersfeld, to write a life of Wigbert whose relics were enshrined in that monastery. VIII INTRODUCTION

The years which Lupus spent at Fulda gave him an opportunity to mingle with kindred spirits. The nearness of Fulda to Seligenstadt where Einhard, the biographer of Charlemagne, was then in retirement, permitted him to cultivate a warm friendship with that distinguished scholar. Lupus held him in the highest regard and corresponded with him freely. He sought his advice on scholarly matters and borrowed books from his library. He visited Einhard at Seligenstadt, and when his wife died a short time later, he wrote a long letter of consolation to the grief-stricken husband. Near the end of this same letter Lupus acknowledges the gift of a little treatise, On the Adoration of the Cross, which Einhard had dedicated to him. Among his many other friends in the vicinity of Fulda were Probus of Mainz and Marcward, Eigil, and Ansbold of Priim. A number of letters were addressed to the latter. He had also become a friend of Gottschalk, whose unorthodox views on predestination eventually led to his condemnation as a heretic. Upon his return to Ferrieres in 836 he served faithfully as a monk under Odo until his election and elevation to the abbacy a few years later. In the meantime he was honored twice with invitations to the court of Louis the Pious and his queen, Judith. Under Odo he had be• come the recognized literary leader of the monastery, and in that capacity he carried on much of its official correspondence. At the request of Waldo, abbot of St. Maximin of Treves, he wrote the Life of St. Maximin, a work which he completed in 839. The following year he was elected abbot of Ferrieres to fill the vacancy created by the removal of Odo, who had incurred the disfavor of Charles the Bald. Lupus served his monastery with the greatest devotion during a period of great political and social turmoil. His duties were varied and often exacting. He worked untiringly, but successfully, to recover the monastery's subsidiary unit, the cell of St. Josse, which had been lost through political chicanery. He was obliged to serve in the army, a field of activity which he heartily disliked, and was taken captive in the Aquitanian campaign of 844, barely escaping with his life. He at• tended many public assemblies and made frequent trips to cou.rt. He visited other monasteries and made a journey to Rome for prayer and a conference with Pope Leo IV. Although he was a dedicated leader of the monastery which he served, and toiled unceasingly for its welfare, when asked to accept the abbacy of the monastery of Saint-Amand, he respectfully declined, for he felt that this added responsibility would be too heavy for his limited strength. It is believed that Lupus died in the year 862, at the approximate age INTRODUCTION IX of 57. The last years of his life, as his correspondence so clearly shows, were spent in the midst of renewed political strife and national danger. A violent conflict broke out between Charles the Bald and Louis the German, in which his friend Guenilo, archbishop of Sens, deserted Charles to support Louis, an act which Lupus bitterly disapproved. It was a time of internal dissension, of raids from the north, and of widespread plundering and destruction. During his crowded years as abbot of the monastery of Ferrieres, Lupus still found time to devote himself to his first love, the quest for knowledge and the desire to further the cause of learning. Theological questions are frequently discussed in his letters, and he wrote a separate treatise De tribus quaestionibus on predestination, but his chief interest was clearly not in theology, but rather in philology, and he is best known as a bibliophile, scribe, and text critic. He quotes from a wide range of Latin writers, both secular and ecclesiastical, and shows an acquaintance with many others. Greek literature, on the other hand, must have been practically unknown to him. He was a student of the Bible and his familiarity with the Vulgate edition is evident on nearly every page of his Epistolae in the form of direct quotation or paraphrase. But it was in the acquisition of books that he was most zealous, and this was such a passion with him that he took every opportunity he could find to secure new texts or to borrow copies of texts which he al• ready had, in order that he might improve his own copy. The letters of Lupus, which number some 130, cover a wide range of subjects. Not only do they present an intimate picture of the life and personality of the author himself, but they also shed considerable light on the period in which he lived. Most of them were written to church officials, monks in his own monastery or in neighboring monasteries, abbots, bishops, and archbishops; one letter each was addressed to Pope Benedict III and Pope Nicholas I. About twenty-five were written to high state officials, including king Charles the Bald and the emperor Lothair. Einhard was the recipient of four letters, and, as was mentioned above, one letter in the collection is from Einhard to Lupus. Lupus has never been regarded as a profound scholar nor as an original thinker, and it is not fair to judge him on those terms. He has won our esteem primarily because of his genuine devotion to the study of the classics and his strong desire to pass on that heritage to succeeding generations. For this reason he has been appropriately called a humanist of the ninth century. TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface . .. v

Introduction . VII

LETTERS. 1. Lupus to Einhard (1). - 2. Lupus to Einhard (4). - 3. Einhard to Lupus (4).- 4. Lupus to Einhard (6). - 5. Lupus to Einhard (14). - 6. Lupus to abbot Bun (18). -7. Lupus to bishop Immo (19). - 8. Lupus to brother Altuin (21). - 9. Lu• pus to brother Altuin (24). - 10. Lupus to brother Altuin (27). - 11. Lupus and A(dalgaud) to Reginb. (28). - 12. Lupus to Reginb. (29). - 13. Lupus to abbot Waldo (30). - 14. On behalf of abbot Odo to chancellor Louis (31). - 15. On be• half of abbot Odo to chancellor Louis (31). - 16. On behalf of abbot Odo to chancellor Louis (32). - 17. On behalf of abbot Odo to bishop Jonas (33). - 18. On behalf of abbot Odo to fathers Marcward and Sichard (34). - 19. The brothers of the monastery of Ferrieres to emperor Lothaire I (34). - 20. Lupus and W. to bishop Jonas (35). - 21. Lupus to Adalgaud (35). - 22. Lupus to King Charles (37). - 23. Lupus to bishop Ebroin (38). - 24. Lupus to bishop Jonas (38). - 25. Lupus to abbot Louis (40). - 26. Lupus to bishop Amulus, bishop Guenilo and count Gerard (41). - 27. Lupus to father Hrabanus (43). - 28. Lupus to Marcward and Eigil (44). - 29. Lupus to Emperor Lothaire (45). - 30. Lupus to Marcward and Eigil (46). - 31. Lupus to King Charles (47). - 32. Lupus to abbot Hugo (49). - 33. Lupus to Marcward (50). - 34. Lupus to abbot Odacre (51). - 35. Lupus to Marcward (51). - 36. Lupus to abbot Louis (53). - 37. Lupus to King Charles (53). - 38. Lupus to the brothers of the monastery of Ferrieres (55). - 39. Lupus to Hatto (55). - 40. Lupus to abbot Usuard (56). - 41. Lupus to bishop Pruden• tius (57). - 42. Lupus to King Charles (57). - 43. Lupus to bishop Hincmar (58). - 44. Lupus to bishop Guenilo (60). - 45. Lupus to abbot Louis (61). - 46. Lupus to King Charles (63). - 47. Lupus to abbot Louis (65). - 48. Lupus to bishop Hinc• mar (66). - 49. Lupus to King Charles (67). - 50. Lupus to abbot Ratbert (69). - 51. Lupus to abbot Ratbert (69). - 52. Lupus to abbot Ratbert (70). - 53. Lupus to archbishop Orsmar (70). - 54. Lupus to an unidentified friend (71). - 55. Lupus to an unidentified friend (72). - 56. Lupus to an unidentified person (72). - 57. Lupus to King Charles (73). - 58. Lupus to Marcward (74). - 59. Lupus to bishop Hincmar (75). - 60. Lupus to Marcward (75). - 61. Lupus to an unidentified person (76). - 62. Lupus to the brothers of the monastery of Ferrieres (77). - 63. Lupus to an unidentified person (77). - 64. Lupus to an unidentified friend (78). - 65. Lupus to father Marcward (78). - 66. Queen Irmentrude to bishop Pardulus (79). - 67. Lupus to the brothers of Saint Arnand (80). - 68. On behalf of abbot Marcward to abbot Dido (80). - 69. Lupus to Ansbold (81). -70. Lupus to abbot Marcward (82). -71. Lupus to bishop Pardulus (82). -72. Lupus to bishop Pardu• Ius (83). - 73. Lupus to bishop Pardulus (84). -74. Lupus to Rotrarnnus (84).- XII TABLE OF CONTENTS

75. Lupus to bishop Reginfrid (85). - 76. Lupus to an unidentified person (85). - 77. Lupus to father Marcward (86). -78. Lupus to King Charles (86). - 79. Lupus to bishop Hincmar (91). - 80. Lupus to Gottschalk (94). - 81. Lupus on behalf of various bishops to Nominoe, duke of Brittany (99). - 82. Lupus to abbot Louis (102). - 83. Lupus to father Marcward (102). - 84. Lupus to King Ethelwulf (103). - 85. Lupus to Felix (104). - 86. Lupus to bishop Guigmund (105). - 87. Lupus to abbot Altsig (105). - 88. Lupus to father Marcward (106). - 89. Lupus to abbot Hilduin (108). -90. Lupus to abbot Hilduin (109). - 91. Lupus to a number of bishops at Moret (110). - 92. Lupus to a number of persons on the death of bishop Ercanrad (111). - 93. On behalf of various bishops to the clergy of the mother church of Paris (112). - 94. On behalf of bishop Guenilo to his parishes (113). - 95. Lupus to bishop Heribold (115). - 96. Queen Irmentrude to bishop Heribold (116). - 97. Lupus to bishop Heribold (117). - 98. Guenilo to the prelates of Italy and Gaul (117). - 99. Lupus to the bishops of Italy and Gaul (118). - 100. Lupus to Pope Benedict (119). - 101. Lupus to Reg. (120). - 102. To Pope Nicolas, on behalf of bishop Guenilo (121). - 103. Lupus to bishop Guenilo (121). - 104. Lu• pus to bishop Guenilo (122). - 105. Lupus to Bertold (122). - 106. Lupus to abbot Odo (123). - 107. Lupus to abbot Odo (124). - 108. Lupus to bishop Hincmar (126). - 109. Lupus to archbishop Herard (127). - 110. Lupus to duke Gerhard and his wife Bertha (127). - 111. Lupus to abbot Louis (128). - 112. Lupus to abbot Louis (129). - 113. Lupus to the brothers of Saint Germain (130). - 114. Lupus to bishop Arduic (130). - 115. Lupus to the holy fathers in the monastery of Saint Germain (131). - 116. Lupus to abbot Ansbold (132). - 117. Lupus to abbot Ansbold (133). - 118. Lupus to bishop Guenilo (133). - 119. Lupus to bishop Folcric (135). - 120. Lupus to bishop Guenilo (137). - 121. Lupus to bishop Odo (138). - 122. Lupus to bishop Aeneas (138). - 123. Lupus to abbot Vulfad (139). - 124. Lupus to King Charles (140). - 125. Lupus to Leotald (140). - 126. Lupus to Leotald (141). - 127. Lupus to bishop Guenilo (141). - 128. Bishop Guenilo to all those who are faithful to Almighty God (142). - 129. Lupus to his very reverend lords and valiant Christians (143). - 130. Lupus to bishop Guenilo (143). - 131. Lupus to Hugo (147). - 132. Lupus to an unidentified person (148). - 133. Lupus to Ebrard (149). Chronological and numerical tables 151

Bibliography. 154

Index . ... 155