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L'autorité Du Passé Dans Les Sociétés Médiévales

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L'autorité Du Passé Dans Les Sociétés Médiévales COLLECTION DE L'ÉCOLE FRANÇAISE DE ROME 333 INSTITUT HISTORIQUE BELGE DE ROME - BIBLIOTHÈQUE BELGISCH HISTORISCH INSTITUUT TE ROME - BIBLIOTHEEK LU L'AUTORITÉ DU PASSÉ DANS LES SOCIÉTÉS MÉDIÉVALES sous la direction de Jean-Marie Sansterre EXTRAIT tas Bruxellensis SILO ÉCOLE FRANÇAISE DE ROME 2004 i27 ALAIN DIERKENS AD INSTAR ILLIUS QUOD BESELEEL MIRO COMPOSUIT STUDIO ÉGINHARD ET LES IDÉAUX ARTISTIQUES DE LA «RENAISSANCE CAROLINGIENNE»' Éginhard (v. 770-14 mars 840)^ est, sans conteste, un des plus célèbres protagonistes de la «Renaissance carolingienne», ce mou• vement global de réforme à la fois artistique, culturelle, morale et ' Cet article reprend les idées présentées le samedi 4 mai 2002, dans les lo• caux de l'École française de Rome, dans le cadre du colloque L'autorité du passé dans les sociétés médiévales. Je tiens à remercier les organisateurs de ce colloque, mon ami Jean-Marie Sansterre, Régine Le Jan et François Bougard, ainsi que tous ceux qui, par leurs remarques et suggestions, m'ont permis de clarifier mes idées sur la Renaissance carolingienne; je pense tout particulièrement à Arnaud Knaepen, Jean-Marie Sansterre et Pol Tombeur. La citation latine du titre, issue de la Vita Benedicti Ananiensis d'Ardon (chap. XVII), ne concerne probablement pas Éginhard; voir infra, n. 34. ^ Sur Éginhard, parmi une bibliographie gigantesque et en plus des ré• férences plus spécifiques que je donnerai dans les notes suivantes, je réserverais une place particulière à : W. Berschin, Biographie und Epochenstil im lateinis- chen Mittelalter. III. Karolingische Biographie, 750-920 n. Chr., Stuttgart, 199L p. 199-220; G. Binding, Derfriih - und hochmittelalterliche Bauherrals sapiens ar- chitectus, Darsmtadt, 1996 (le chap B. 1 Einhard, p. 35-57, est une version revue de G. Binding, Multis arte fuit utilis. Einhard als Organisator am Aachener Hof und als Bauherr in Steinbach und Seligenstadt, dans Mittellateinisches Jahrbuch, 30, 1995, p. 29-46); Fr. Brunhôlzl, Histoire de la littérature latine du Moyen Age. I. De Cassiodore à la fin de la Renaissance carolingienne. 2. L'époque carolingienne, éd. mise à jour, trad. par H. Rochais et compl. par J.-P. Bouhot, Tumhout, 1991, p. 77-82; G. Declercq, Een karolingisch lekenabt in Cent : Einhard en de Gentse abdijen van Sint-Pieters en Sint-Baafs, dans Handelingen der Maatschappij voor Geschiedenis en Oudheidkunde te Cent, n. r., 55, 2001, p. 37-76; Ph. Depreux, Pro- sopographie de l'entourage de Louis le Pieux (781-840), Sigmaringen, 1997 (Instru• menta, 1), p. 177-182, n" 82; P. Edw. Dutton, Charlemagne's Courtier. The Complète Einhard, Peterborough (Canada), 1998; J. Fleckenstein, Einhard, dans Lexikon des Mittelalters, III, Munich-Zurich, 1986, col. 1737-1739; K. Hauck (éd.), Das Einhardkreuz. Vortrage und Studien der Mtinsteraner Discussion zum Arcus Einhardi, Gôttingen, 1974 (Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Gôttingen. Philologisch-Historische Klasse, 3. F., 87); H. Lôwe, Einhard, dans Reallexikon zur Germanischen Altertumskunde, 2" éd., VII, Berlin, 1989, p. 20-22; H. Schefers, Einhard. Ein Lebensbild aus karolingischer Zeit, Michelstadt-Stein- bach, 1993; H. Schefers (éd.), Einhard. Studien zu Leben und Werk. Dem Geden- 340 ALAIN DIERKENS idéologique destiné à «corriger» {corrigere, emendare, renovaré) le peuple chrétien (populus Deï), notamment par un effort général d'é• ducation impliquant le retour délibéré aux modèles de l'Antiquité romaine (et chrétienne), un surcroît d'érudition et le recours systé• matique aux auctoritates^. Mais, à mon sens, si l'on a énormément écrit sur l'auteur de la Vita Karoli, on n'a pas encore assez tenu compte, particulièrement dans l'historiographie francophone, des résultats de recherches monographiques récentes" qui permettent notamment de poser sur des bases mieux éprouvées la question de la place d'Éginhard dans la concrétisation des idéaux artistiques des premières décennies du IX'" siècle. À la cour de Charlemagne, on le sait, les surnoms sont fréquents et significatifs'. Éginhard a deux surnoms*. L'un (Nardus) est construit sur son nom {Einhardus) et fait allusion au parfum, au nard; son diminutif, Nardulus, s'explique par la petite taille de l'in- ken an Helmut Beumann gewidmet, Darmstadt, 1997 {Arbeiten der Hessischen His- torischen Kommission, n. F., 12); R. Van Caenegem, Einhard, dans Nationaal Bio- graphisch Woordenboek, II, Bruxelles, 1966, col. 190-194; W. Wattenbach, W. Levison et H. Lôwe, Deutschlands Geschichtsquellen im Mittelalter. Vorzeit und Karolinger. II. Die Karolinger, vom Anfang des 8. Jahrhunderts bis zum Tode Karls des Grossen, Weimar, 1953, p. 267-275. ^ Dans la vaste bibliographie relative à la Renaissance carolingienne, je puis me contenter ici de citer une étude ancienne (P. Lehmann, Das Problem der karo- lingischen Renaissance, dans / problemi délia civiltà carolingia. Spolète, 1954 [Set- timane di studio del Centra italiano di studi sull'alto medioevo, I, 1953], p. 309- 358) et quelques études récentes : G. Brown, Introduction : the Carolingian Re• naissance, dans R. McKitterick (éd.), Carolingian Culture : Emulation and Inno• vation, Cambridge, 1994, p. 1-51; R. McKitterick, Die karolingische Renovatio, dans Chr. Stiegmann et M. Wemhoff (éd.), 799. Kunst und Kultur der Karolinger- zeit. Karl der Grosse und Papst Léo III. in Paderbom, Katalog der Ausstellung Pa- derbom 1999, Mayence, 1999, II, p. 668-685; J. Strothmann, Chr. Jakobi-Mirwald et V. Schupp, Karolingische Renaissance, dans M. Landfester et al. (éd.), Der Neue Pauly. Enzyklopàdie der Antike, XIV, Stuttgart-Weimar, 2000, col. 816-835 et St. Vanderputten, Een heilig volk is geboren. Opkomst en ondergang van een chris- telijke staatsideologie uit de vroege Middeleeuwen (c. 750-900), Hilversum, 2001. D'autres titres seront cités plus loin. " Comment ne pas mentionner ici le monumental ouvrage de M. M. Tischler, Einharts Vita Karoli. Studien zur Entstehung, Uberlieferung und Rezeption, Ha• novre, 2 vol., 2001 (M.G.H., Schriften, 48), LXX-1828 p. qui regorge d'informa• tions neuves, notamment en matière chronologique? Je n'ai, hélas, pu lire la thèse inédite de H. Schefers, Studie zu Einhards Heiligen- und Reliquienvereh- rung, diss. Munich, 1992. Sur les surnoms à la cour carolingienne (pratique d'origine anglo- saxonne?), voir J. Fleckenstein, Karl der Grosse und sein Hof, dans W. Braunfels (éd.), Karl der Grosse. Lebenswerk und Nachleben, I : H. Beumann (éd.), Persôn- lichkeit und Geschichte, Dùsseldorf, 1965, p. 24-50 : p. 43-46. *• Chr. Beutler, Statua. Die Entstehung der nachantiken Statue und der euro- pàische Individualismus, Munich, 1982, p. 62-65. ÉGINHARD ET LES IDÉAtJX ARTISTIQUES téressé'. On trouve Nardus et Nardulus, par exemple, sous la plume d'Alcuin* et de Théodulphe', deux des représentants les plus signifi• catifs de la première génération de l'École palatine. L'autre, Beseleel, renvoie à deux passages de l'Exode (Ex. 31 et 36-39). Dans l'épisode relaté dans Ex. 31, 1-11, qui se place juste avant la remise des Tables de la Loi à Moïse (Ex. 31, 18) et l'épisode du Veau d'or (Ex. 32, 1-5), Beseleel, fils d'Uri, a été désigné par Yahvé : «Je l'ai comblé de l'es• prit de Dieu qui lui a départi habileté, intelligence et savoir pour toutes sortes d'ouvrages, pour concevoir des projets d'œuvres et les réaliser en or, en argent et en bronze, pour tailler les pierreries à en• châsser, comme pour ouvrer le bois et pour exécuter toute espèce d'ouvrages»; à ce titre, Beseleel est responsable de la conception et de la réalisation de l'Arche d'Alliance et de la totalité des objets litur• giques (autel, candélabre, vêtements sacerdotaux, bassin, etc.) desti• nés au Sanctuaire. Quant à Ex. 36, 30 à 39, 43, il concerne la des• cription détaillée des travaux prescrits à Moïse par Yahvé et donc réalisés sous la surveillance de Beseleel. Cette identification d'Égin- hard à Beseleel est d'autant plus intéressante qu'elle est attestée de• puis 796 au plus tard'", c'est-à-dire très peu de temps après l'arrivée d'Éginhard à la Cour. ' En plus des passages cités n. 8 et 9, cf. par exemple Walahfrid Strabon, Ad Karoli Magni vitam prologus (préface, rédigée entre 840 et 849, de la Vita Karoli d'Éginhard), éd. L. Halphen, Éginhard, Vie de Charlemagne, Paris, 4'' éd., 1967 (Les classiques de l'histoire de France au Moyen Âge, 1), p. 106 : homuncio, nam statura despicabilis videbatur... Un portrait d'Éginhard a probablement été conservé dans un manuscrit de la Translatio sanctorum Marcellini et Pétri; ce ma• nuscrit de la fin du IX" ou peut-être du début du X" siècle, originaire de Saint- Amoul de Metz et conservé à la Bibliothèque municipale de Metz (ms. 306, an• cien ms. E 99), a été détruit pendant la seconde Guerre mondiale (1944). Sur ce manuscrit, voir M. Tischler, Einharts Vita Karoli... cité n. 4, p. 1540-1541 et n. 597 et M. Heinzelmann, Einhards' Translatio Marcellini et Pétri : eine hagio- graphische Reformschrift von 830, dans H. Schefers (éd.), Einhard. Studien... cité n. 2, p. 269-298 : p. 273-274. On trouvera une reproduction de ce portrait dans H. Schefers, Einhard. Ein Lebensbild... cité n. 2, p. 3. "Alcuin, Carmen XXX-2, éd. E. Duemmler, M.G.H., Poet. Lat., I-l, Berlin, 1880, p. 248 : Janua parva quidem et parvus habitator in aede est. / Non spemas nardum, lector, in corpore parvum; / Nam redolet nardus spicato gramine multum : I Mel apis egregium portât tibi corpore parvo. /Parva quidem res et oculorum, cerne, pupilla, I Sed régit imperio vivacis corporis actus. / Sic régit ipse domum totam sibi Nardulus istam, / «Nardule», die lector pergens, «tu parvule, salve». ' Théodulphe, Carmen XXV {Ad Carolum regem), éd. E. Duemmler, M.CH., Poet. Lat., 1-2, Berlin, 1881, p. 487, v. 155-161 (Nardulus hue illuc discurrat perpete gressu, / Ut formica tuus pes redit itque frequens. / Cujus parva domus habitatur ab hospite magnai / Res magna et parvi pectoris antra colit) et 177-178 {Nardus et Er- cambald si conjungantur Osulfo, / Très mensae poterunt unius esse pedes).
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