Genera Insectorum Orthoptera

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Genera Insectorum Orthoptera ORTHOPTERA FAM. MANTID^ SUBFAM. PERLAMANTIN^ del D'' Ermanno GIGLIO-TOS CON I TAVOLA COLORATA Perlamantini sono mantidi finora ancora poco conosciuti, forse a cagione delle difificolta '*'' di cattura. Essi formano un gruppo alquanto eterogeneo, caratterizzato dalla mancanza assoluta di vere spine alle tibie anteriori, sebbene queste presentino talvolta presso Tapice una specie di picolo pettine formato di numerosi minutissimi denti. I femori anteriori variano assai nella forma ma neirinterno o sono affatto privi di spine marginali o non ne presentano che tre o quattro. Le spine discoidali sono da una a tre ; in questo caso la terza e minutissima. Questa sottofamiglia comprende lo generi e Sy specie che si possono dividere in tre sezioni. Molte di queste specie sono rare non essendo per lo piii rappresentate che da un solo individuo. II genere Amorphoscelis e il piii ricco di specie. Distribuzione geografica. — I Perlamantini sono esclusivamente proprii deirantico conti- nente, non conoscendosene finora nessuna specie dell'America. La regione piii ricca di forme pare che sia TAfrica, dove tuttavia non sono rappresentati i Paraoxypili che sono limitati airAustralia ed alla Nuova Guinea. In Africa invece predominano le specie del geneie Amorphoscclis che e scarsamente rappre- sentato neirAsia da tre specie e forse da una nelFAustralia. il che tuttavia merita riconferma. Quanto alVEuropa. sebbene questa sottofamiglia non vi si ritenesse finora rappresentata da alcuna specie, lo e invece da : Perlamantis Aliberfii che fu descritta da Guerin fin dal 1843 e che rimase in seguito scono- sciuta. Essa abita la Francia meridionale, la Spagna, e la Tunisia dove da Bonnet e Finot fu piu tardi scoperta e ridescritta sotto il nome di Discothera tuitetana. Poslzione sistematica. — Quale affinita con gli altri gruppi di Mantidi possano avere i Perla- mantini e difficile stabilire, perche vi si trovano forme, che, pur conservando caratteri tipici della sotto- . 2 ORTHOPTERA famiglia nella forma delle tibie e dei femori anteriori, presentano invece forme svariatissime nel pronoto, nel capo e in altre parti del corpo. II pronoto dei Paraoxypili ricorda per esempio quello di taluni Harpagidi, mentre quello dei generi Cliomautis e Compsothespis ricordano piuttosto quello di certi Orto- deridi. Si vede tuttavia chiaramente che ci mancano molte forme intermedie. Solo quando queste, per Tarricchirsi progressivo delle coUezioni, si conosceranno, si potra dire una parola sulle affinita di (juesti curiosi Mantidi. Questa sottofamiglia fu per la prima volta creata e definita da Stal nel 1877. nel suo Syitema Mantodeorum, sebbene allora non si conoscessero che due generi soli. Piii tardi Wood-Mason credette persino di poterne fare un sottogruppo dei Mantidi, che chiamo Promantodea. in contrapposizione agli llumantodea che comprenderebbero tutti gli altri Mantidi. Ma tale concetto non fu seguito, e la sotto- famiglia conservo sempre il nome di Amorphoscelidae datole da Stal, al quale sfuggi la piccola nota dove (ju6rin descriveva la specie : Perlamantis Alibertii. Questa specie fu poi menzionata piu tardi da Westvvood e da Kirby nei loro cataloghi di Mantidi, ma la ritennero una Ameles. Solo quattro anni or sono (1908), Bolivar asseri che Discothera tutietana, Bonnet et Finot doveva essere ritenuta sinonima di Perlamantis Alibertii. Anch'io credo che si debba seguire Topinione del Dr. Bohvar, come d'altronde ognuno puo convincersene leggendo le due descri- zioni. Ma, stando cosi le cose, e chiaro che, secondo le norme stabilite dal Congresso Internazionale di Zoologia di Berlino del igoi. il nome della sottofamiglia deve essere cambiato in quello di Perlamantivae. avendo questo la priorita su quello di Atnorphoscelinae. n SUBFAM. PERL AM A NTI N/E Amopphoscelidae. Stal, Bih. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. Vol. 4, n" lo, p. 7 (1877). Ppoteromantina. Wood-Mason, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), Vol. 20, p. 77 (1877). Ppomantodea. Wood-Mason, Cat. Mant. p. i (1889). Amopphoscelinae. Kirby, Syn. Cat. Orth. Vol. i. p. 207 (1904). Chapacteres. — Tibiae antica; breves, utrinque inermes, vel interdum intus spinulis minimis ' Gyromaiitis) armata^, vel tantum intus ad apicem minutissime spinuloso-pectinatas. Femora antica spinis discoidalibus i-3 armata, intus et extus spinis marginalibus nullis vel 3-4. Species typica : Perlamantis AUbertii. I Perlamantini possono dividersi nei tre gruppi seguenti : Papaoxypill : Paraoxypilus, Myrmecomantis, Metoxypilus, Gyromaniis, Phthersigena. Peplamantes : Amorphoscelis, Perlamaniis, Paramorphoscelis. Compsothespes : Cliomantis, Compsothespis 1 Paraoxypili dal corpo tozzo. dal capo sovente munito di appendici, di punte o di spine, col pronoto corto, sovente spinoso, sempre dilatato sopra rinserzione delle anche, coiraddome nelle femmine dilatato e rigonfio, con i femori anteriori molto dilatati, le tibie anteriori rigonfie alFapice e quivi iaternamente armate di un piccolo pettine di denti minutissimi, con tre spine discoidali ai femori, con la lamina sopraanale delle femmine grande, triangolare, fatta a mo' di tetto e carenata, abitano esclusivamente rAustralia e la Nuova Guinea. In questo gruppo i maschi hanno ali ed elitre ben sviluppate : le femmine invece o sono affatto prive degli organi del volo od hanno ali ed elitre piii corte deiraddome. FAM. MANTID^. 3 1 Perlamanti dal corpo piii snello, il pronoto corto non dilatato sopra le anche, le elitre e le ali ben sviluppate nei diie sessi, i femori con una sola spina discoidale, e poco dilatati, le tibie anteriori affatto inermi, la lamina sopraanale delle femmine pi.ccola, trasversa, abitano prevalentemente TAfrica. Del genere Amorphoscelis una abita Tlndia, un'altra risola di Borneo, una terza fu menzionata da Westwood per Tisola di Ceylon e pev Adelaide neirAustralia. Tutte le altre, e sono in grande maggio- ranza, abitano TAfrica. II genere Perlamatitis pare proprio delle regioni aride circummediterranee. Fu trovato finora rappresentato nella Francia meridionale, nella Spagna, nella Tunisia, neirAlgeria ma e probabile che sia rappresentato anche nella Sardegna, nella Sicilia e neiritalia meridionale. Quanto al genere Paramorphoscelis iion e finora rappresentato che da una specie trovata da Werner a Gondokoro. Piu scarse ancora sono le specie del 3° gruppo, dei Compsothespi, ben distinti dagli altri per il corpo gracile, bacillare, allungato, col pronoto molto piii lungo che largo, con le tibie anteriori inermi e tre spine discoidali ai femori anteriori. Per quanto del genere Compsothespis una specie sia stata trovata in Australia, devonsi piuttosto ritenere questi Mantidi come africani. Delle abitudini di questi Mantidi poco si conosce. Le sole notizie che possediamo si devono a Wood-Mason e si riferiscono a Amorphoscelis anfiulicorms, Stal. EgH scrive : « This species abounds in •> Calcutta on the trunks of trees, to the bark of which it is so perfectly adapted in colour that it is only « to be detected with the greatest difficulty, and then only after it has been startled into activity by a •' sharp blow administered to the tree trunk on vvhich it may be resting. Its gait resembles that of many " cockroaches, or better of Machilis maritima, or the Rock-SIaters. Its rapid darting movements render » it very difficult of capture in perfect condition, the legs and the thin oval plate which terminates the - caudal appendages, being particularly fragiles. ' It is possible that the form of the caudal appendages may be correlated with the curious habit •• the animal has when alarmed of wawing or wagging its abdomen from side to side as if for the » purpose of beating off foes. which may be the ichneumonflies, the ants, or, as has been suggested to •• me bv Mr. de Niceville, the protectively-coloured spiders that frequent the same frees. •• SYNOPSIS GENEKUM I. Pronotum brevius. latiusquam longius, vel paulo hngius quam latius. 2. Femora antica spinis discoidalibus 2-3 armata. Lamina supraanalis 9 9 magna, triangularis , elongala, tectiformiter carinata. Tibiae anticae apicem versus incrassatae, subclavatae, intus margine infero ad apicem mintitissime pectinato-spinuloso Paraoxypiu. 3. Coxae anticae in utroque sexu{in Q /ortius)spinulosae. Foeminae apterae. 4. Margo anticus acetabulorum anticorum muticus. Pronotum angulis lateralibus antrorsum productis, acutis, disco sellae- formiter depresso, carina media in 9 "* cristam erosam elevata. Carina externa coxarum anticarum apice mutico . i. Genus Paraoxypilus, Saussure. 4'. Margo anticus acetabulorum anticorum in spinam elevatus. Pronoium angulis lateralibus late rotundatis,disco haud sellae- formiter depresso, carina media tn 9 distincta, inierrupta, sed haud in cristam elevata. Carina exteina coxarum antica- rum in spinam acutissimam apicalem producta 2. Genus Myrmecomantis, nov.gen. 3'. Coxae anticae etiam in 9 9 muticae vel submuticae. Foeminae alatae. ORTHOPTERA 4. Pronoti discus spinis armatus. 5 .Margosuperior fetnorum anticorumante apicem subito abrupte truncatns. Margo internus spinulosus femorum anticorum sinuatus. ante sulcum unguicularem profundum sulcato- foveolatus,spinis tribus crassis acutis armatus,margo exter- nus sinuatus . subinermis . Tibiae anticae apice subito incras- sato. parte incrassata apicali tantum intus minutissime spinulosa. Pronotum lobis lateralibus rotuiidato defiexis . 3. Genus Metoxypii.us, nov. gen. 5'. Margo snperior femorum anticorum integer ,modice arcuatus. Margo internus spinulosus femorum aniicornm subrectus, ante siilcum unguicularem latiorem ,minus profundum haud sulcato foveolatus, spinis 3
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