FOSSIL IMPRINT • vol. 76 • 2020 • no. 1 • pp. 1–16 (formerly ACTA MUSEI NATIONALIS PRAGAE, Series B – Historia Naturalis) UNEXPECTED INHIBITORY CASCADE IN THE MOLARIFORMS OF SLOTHS (FOLIVORA, XENARTHRA): A CASE STUDY IN XENARTHRANS HONOURING GERHARD STORCH’S OPEN-MINDEDNESS LUCIANO VARELA1,2, P. SEBASTIÁN TAMBUSSO1,2, RICHARD A. FARIÑA1,2,* 1 Departamento de Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay; e-mail:
[email protected],
[email protected],
[email protected]. 2 Servicio Académico Universitario y Centro de Estudio Paleontológicos (SAUCE-P), Universidad de la República, Santa Isabel s/n, 91500 Sauce, Departamento de Canelones, Uruguay. * corresponding author Varela, L., Tambusso, P. S., Fariña, R. A. (2020): Unexpected inhibitory cascade in the molariforms of sloths (Folivora, Xenarthra): a case study in xenarthrans honouring Gerhard Storch’s open-mindedness. – Fossil Imprint, 76(1): 1–16, Praha. ISSN 2533-4050 (print), ISSN 2533-4069 (online). Abstract: The inhibitory cascade (IC) represents a developmental model that explains the evolution of molar relative sizes, originally described in rodents but later validated in several mammalian groups. The IC comprises signalling molecules produced by the first molar buds that inhibit the development of subsequent molars and molecules from surrounding tissues that have opposite effects. Sloths, as xenarthrans, present many peculiarities in their dentition, like tooth and enamel loss, homodonty, and changes in the typically mammalian dental formula. Here, we test the existence of an IC and explore the evolution of the lower dentition in sloths. We studied the variability of molariform proportions in 20 specimens of the Late Pleistocene ground sloth Lestodon armatus.