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The Metaphysics of Being in Aristotle Thales: an Analytical Study

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The Metaphysics of Being in Aristotle Thales: an Analytical Study COMPETITIVE STRATEGY MODEL AND ITS IMPACT ON MICRO BUSINESS UNITOF LOCAL DEVELOPMENT BANKSIN JAWAPJAEE, 17 (7) (2020) The Metaphysics of Being in Aristotle Thales: An Analytical Study Marwan Ali Hussein1 1College of Education, University of Kufa, Iraq Marwan Ali Hussein . The Metaphysics of Being in Aristotle Thales: An Analytical Study - Palarch’s Journal Of Archaeology Of Egypt/Egyptology 17(7), 3713-3721. ISSN 1567-214x Keywords: Metaphysics; Being; Philosophy; Aristotle Thale. ABSTRACT The problem of existence is one of the most important problems that have plagued philosophers since ancient times. Research and studies have continued on this issue, which philosophers have made one of the main topics of philosophy in addition to the theory of knowledge and values to this day. Heidegger, for example, wonders, in the twentieth century, why was there and was not nothing? This question revealed the crisis of existence among philosophers, until a whole philosophy became stained in the twentieth century in the name of existential philosophy. Hence, this research comes to shed light on this problem through the vision of the first teacher, Aristotle, Thales.The Aristotelian vision was distinguished in the search for existence, as we find a mixture of logical research, cognitive research and natural research that was characterized by the nature of biological studies.The Aristotelian vision was also distinctive because it corrected what had been missed from previous philosophers of Aristotle, especially in the research of causes and their diversity, in addition to the fact that the evidence that Aristotle leads to prove the existence of God, which is the evidence of movement, will appear strongly in Islamic philosophy, especially among the owners of the peripheral philosophy. Likewise among those who hold Christian philosophy, who tried to dye their theological teachings with Aristotelian philosophy. METAPHYSICS TOPICS ARISTOTLE THALES First philosophy studies "being with what is existence". In the sense that it deals with the general characteristics that are of the nature of truth, that is, to study the general principles on which the formation of truth is based (1). If science is the search for causes and disclosure of them, then the science that is concerned with searching and uncovering the first causes should be called the first science, and if philosophy is the science, then the branch of philosophy pertaining to research in causes or first principles deserves to be called in the name of first philosophy (2). 3713 COMPETITIVE STRATEGY MODEL AND ITS IMPACT ON MICRO BUSINESS UNITOF LOCAL DEVELOPMENT BANKSIN JAWAPJAEE, 17 (7) (2020) This science, which is the first philosophy, is the most general of sciences, because it searches in the most general causes, since the causes and the first principles are inclusive of all other types of causes. It is the second most certain science because it searches for the first principles, and the first principles are the highest degree of certainty. It is the most beneficial science because it gives us knowledge of the first causes, and knowledge of the first causes is the most science given to the largest portion of knowledge, and it is the most abstract science because it is looking at the most distant from reality. It is the most honorable of sciences because its original subject is the most noble of subjects, as it is Allah (3). Aristotle calls it in another place the first philosophy, because it searches in the principles of things and their first causes, and it may be called ontology as well because it searches existence in terms of existence, as Aristotle says elsewhere (4). Hence, some historians of philosophy have united the topic of existence and post-nature, because the philosophy of the ancients is distinguished as an existential philosophy, as it dealt with research the principle from which existence emerged and the destiny that ends to it (5). This is what Aristotle explained by saying that "there is one science of the sciences to consider identity for its essence, and to consider things that are for identity in itself identity separate from them" (6). Hence, we understand that the theoretical sciences, if they are higher than the practical sciences, as previously mentioned in the research, then the first philosophy, wisdom, or divine science is the highest theoretical science, due to the previous considerations. The metaphysical books, that is, after nature, have been called by this name because they come after naturalism according to Andronicus' classification of Aristotle's writings. However, it is any label also indicates the content, in the sense that metaphysics (after nature) is concerned with the first principles and the higher causes (7). But the logical arrangement of the sciences is as follows: to start with logic, then after nature, then naturalness, then morals and art are different. What is important in this division is that we begin the search for metaphysics first before the natural. For a systematic reason, which is that the search for physics implies the search for the essence, then in power and action, then on the four causes, and these researches are the subject of theology (8). THE ELEMENTS OF METAPHYSICS 2. 1 The Essence It was previously presented that the first or post-natural philosophy studies existence as it exists or as it is existence. The word has its general connotation that accommodates the various parts of existence that include things, adjectives and actions. But its special topic is towards the first existence which is for the essences because the existence of the essence is towards the first existence among all parts of existence, as we have to refer to it and we are going to talk about a nature towards the existence that is for the attributes or towards the existence that is for actions, as well as the same with any manner of parts. 3714 COMPETITIVE STRATEGY MODEL AND ITS IMPACT ON MICRO BUSINESS UNITOF LOCAL DEVELOPMENT BANKSIN JAWAPJAEE, 17 (7) (2020) Thus, the main problem that the first philosophy deals with is the analysis of the concept of essence and the explanation of the causes of the existence of essences (9). The first thing we have to do here is to know the essence and discover its qualities. The essence is what all the predicates (the ten sayings) bear upon, and as a result of that, it is the first and first of all things in existence, for if there was no essence, then everything would be null, so the essence in this sense was one of the principles of the first things (10). Essence is the most deserving of the categories in the name of existence, while the remaining nine categories are not called existences except by dependency because they are states of the essence, and it is preceding them, so they are corrected by it. It corrects itself by itself (11). It can be said that the essence is to be a partial thing singular in the strict sense (12). Herein lays the disagreement between Plato and Aristotle, because Plato sees that real existence is the existence of the totality or essence, while the other being is not a real existence, because it is a combination of being and non-existence. While Aristotle holds that the true existence is the partial because the totality is nothing other than the common characteristics of several particles (13). This interpretation still raises a large number of problems, because if science is knowledge of the true existence, and the real existence - according to this saying - is the essence in the sense of the partial, then science will then be knowledge of the partial. But we see it in another place that denies that science is the science of particles, because science is knowledge of the whole and from here lays the paradox and the problem (14). Of course, there are many answers and discussions, we would have liked to mention them here, but in view of the brevity, the topic of the research, and the established methodology, and we refrain from mentioning them. 2. 2 The Hyle and the Image Perhaps it is appropriate to ask about the constituent elements of essence, to which he can logically analyze. Everything is a partial "essence" of an image and a substance. The clay mass has a specific image, and the clay itself is the material. And the porcelain maker can turn this block of clay into a jar or something else (15). Aristotle expresses this by saying that you can distinguish between two aspects in every individual existence. Its substance" is in Greek Hyle", from which came the word "Hyle", and its image "Edios", and the individual being is the substance and it was formed and organized according to a specific formative principle, the form. The original meaning of the word (Hyle) is the wood of the tree, especially the wood from which the ship is made, and Aristotle's choice of this term may have been due to his attention to an old Pythagorean tale that saw the universe in the form of a ship, while the image and its use goes back to Plato, who was related to its Greek mathematical meaning, That is, the regular geometry (16). It should be noted that the material for Aristotle should not be mixed with the body, so what was a rational person who was relatively indeterminate and received more complete determinations that interfered with it and that it was the law of its formation or its image, was the substance, whether it was physical or not (17). The hyle and the image can logically be likened to sex and segregation, because the material takes the place of sex in that it includes 3715 COMPETITIVE STRATEGY MODEL AND ITS IMPACT ON MICRO BUSINESS UNITOF LOCAL DEVELOPMENT BANKSIN JAWAPJAEE, 17 (7) (2020) multiple determinations, and the chapter takes the place of the image, so sex is written as its final definite form.
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