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TS17 10.5dpc (range 10-11.25 dpc) TS18 11dpc (range 10.5-11.25 dpc) TS19 11.5 dpc (range 11-12.25 dpc) TS20 12 dpc (range 11.5 – 13 dpc) TS21 13 dpc (range 12.5 – 14 dpc) TS22 14 dpc (range 13.5 – 15 dpc) TS23 15 dpc TS24 16 dpc TS25 17 dpc TS26 18 dpc TS27 newborn (range P0 - P3) TS28 P4 – Adult Ontology trees – red text = new terms or modified terms A number of terms have been merged, with the Alt ID providing a reference to the secondary ID. Urethra Urethra must be divided into pelvic urethra and phallic urethra from TS21. The phallic urethra begins as the urethral plate epithelium, and then becomes the phallic urethra of male/female, both are part of the genital tubercle (because they are located within the genital tubercle), in addition to being part of the urethra of male/female. Genital tubercle is covered in a separate document. However, urethra and pelvic urethra do not become sex-specific until TS23. In addition to urethra of female/male and phallic urethra of female/male, we also have urethra, divided into pelvic urethra and phallic urethra at TS21 and TS22. EMAPA:17366 TS19-TS28 │ │ ├ urinary system EMAPA:30901 TS21-TS22 │ │ │ ├ urethra (Alt ID: EMAPA:30891) EMAPA:30903 TS21-TS22 │ │ │ │ ├ pelvic urethra (Alt ID: EMAPA: 30893) EMAPA:30911 TS21-TS22 │ │ │ │ ├ phallic urethra (syn: caudal urethra) (Alt ID: EMAPA: 30895) EMAPA:28555 TS20-TS21 │ │ │ │ ├ urethral plate (Alt ID: EMAPA: 30897) EMAPA:30899 TS20-TS22 │ │ │ │ └ urethral fold (Alt ID: EMAPA: 30915) The pelvic urethra Pelvic urethra terms for TS21-TS22 have been merged. EMAPA:17366 TS19-TS28 │ │ ├ urinary system EMAPA:30901 TS21-TS22 │ │ │ ├ urethra (Alt ID: EMAPA:30891) EMAPA:30903 TS21-TS22 │ │ │ │ ├ pelvic urethra (Alt ID: EMAPA: 30893) EMAPA:30905 TS21-TS22 │ │ │ │ │ ├ epithelium of pelvic urethra EMAPA:36099 TS21-TS22 │ │ │ │ │ │ ├ urogenital sinus ridge EMAPA:36104 TS21-TS22 │ │ │ │ │ │ └ rest of epithelium of pelvic urethra EMAPA:30907 TS21-TS22 │ │ │ │ │ ├ mesenchymal layer of pelvic urethra (syn:mesenchyme of pelvic urethra ) (Alt ID: EMAPA:31573) EMAPA:31575 TS21-TS22 │ │ │ │ │ │ ├ mesenchymal layer of dorsal pelvic urethra (syn:dorsal mesenchyme of pelvic urethra) (Alt ID: EMAPA:31572) EMAPA:31574 TS21-TS22 │ │ │ │ │ │ └ mesenchymal layer of ventral pelvic urethra (syn:ventral mesenchyme of pelvic urethra) (Alt ID: EMAPA:31561) EMAPA:30909 TS22-TS22 │ │ │ │ │ ├ muscle layer of pelvic urethra EMAPA:31577 TS22-TS22 │ │ │ │ │ │ ├ muscle layer of dorsal pelvic urethra EMAPA:31576 TS22-TS22 │ │ │ │ │ │ └ muscle layer of ventral pelvic urethra EMAPA:31523 TS21-TS22 │ │ │ │ │ ├ nerve of pelvic urethra (Alt ID: EMAPA:31558) EMAPA:36102 TS21-TS22 │ │ │ │ │ ├ developing vasculature of pelvic urethra EMAPA:36103 TS21-TS22 │ │ │ │ │ └ adventitia of pelvic urethra Urethra: (TS21 and TS22): The urethra links the primitive bladder/bladder to the outside of the embryo. At TS21 it is part of the urinary system. It is subdivided into pelvic urethra (located within the body of the embryo) and phallic urethra of male/female (located within the genital tubercle). Pelvic urethra is derived from the caudal urogenital sinus and phallic urethra is derived from urethral plate epithelium. Pelvic urethra (TS21 and TS22) comprised of epithelium of pelvic urethra (eplur, subdivided into urogenital sinus ridge (sr) and rest of epithelium of pelvic urethra), mesenchymal layer of pelvic urethra (mplur; divided into dorsal and ventral), nerve, developing vasculature, adventitia and from TS22 muscle layer (muplur; divided into dorsal and ventral). Pelvic urethra is a part of the urinary system and is part of the urethra. The epithelium of pelvic urethra is contiguous with the epithelium of phallic urethra (caudally) and bladder urothelium (cranially). Derived from the caudal urogenital sinus (TS20). Becomes the pelvic urethra of male/female from TS23. urogenital sinus ridge (synonym: sinus ridge) part of the urogenital sinus (TS19-21), and part of the caudal urogenital sinus (TS19-20), then part of pelvic urethra (TS21-22) and then part of the pelvic urethra of male/female (TS23). The thickened and raised, dorsal portion of the epithelium located at the site where the common nephric duct/nephric duct/reproductive ducts join the urogenital sinus/pelvic urethra. From TS19-22 the urogenital sinus ridge surrounds the common nephric duct. Marked by Cdh1 and derived from cloacal endoderm. It is a signalling centre, important for regulating common nephric duct remodelling and apoptosis during ureter maturation and repositioning. From TS23-28, urethra and pelvic urethra become sex-specific. Major change to urethra ontology is the addition of mesenchymal and epithelial layers without dorsal/ventral subdivisions. EMAPA:28747 TS23-TS28 │ │ │ ├ urethra of female EMAPA:28753 TS23-TS28 │ │ │ │ ├ pelvic urethra of female (syn: cranial urethra, internal urethra) EMAPA:28759 TS23-TS28 │ │ │ │ │ ├ epithelium of pelvic urethra of female EMAPA:36105 TS23-TS28 │ │ │ │ │ │ ├ superficial cell layer of pelvic urethra of female EMAPA:36106 TS23-TS28 │ │ │ │ │ │ ├ intermediate cell layer of pelvic urethra of female EMAPA:36107 TS23-TS28 │ │ │ │ │ │ └ basal cell layer of pelvic urethra of female EMAPA:32264 TS23-TS28 │ │ │ │ │ │ ├ epithelium of dorsal pelvic urethra of female EMAPA:36108 TS23-TS23 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ├ urogenital sinus ridge of female EMAPA:36109 TS23-TS23 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ├ rest of epithelium of dorsal pelvic urethra of female EMAPA:32266 TS23-TS28 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ├ superficial cell layer of dorsal pelvic urethra of female EMAPA:32306 TS23-TS28 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ├ intermediate cell layer of dorsal pelvic urethra of female EMAPA:32267 TS23-TS28 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ └ basal cell layer of dorsal pelvic urethra of female EMAPA:32282 TS23-TS28 │ │ │ │ │ │ └ epithelium of ventral pelvic urethra of female EMAPA:32291 TS23-TS28 │ │ │ │ │ │ ├ superficial cell layer of ventral pelvic urethra of female EMAPA:32305 TS23-TS28 │ │ │ │ │ │ ├ intermediate cell layer of ventral pelvic urethra of female EMAPA:32292 TS23-TS28 │ │ │ │ │ │ └ basal cell layer of ventral pelvic urethra of female EMAPA:28765 TS23-TS28 │ │ │ │ │ ├ mesenchymal layer of pelvic urethra of female EMAPA:36110 TS25-TS28 │ │ │ │ │ │ ├ lamina propria of pelvic urethra of female (syn: peri-epithelial mesenchymal layer of pelvic urethra of female; sub-epithelial mesenchymal layer of pelvic urethra of female) EMAPA:36111 TS25-TS28 │ │ │ │ │ │ ├ muscularis mucosa of pelvic urethra of female EMAPA:36112 TS25-TS28 │ │ │ │ │ │ ├ submucosa of pelvic urethra of female EMAPA:31554 TS23-TS28 │ │ │ │ │ │ ├ mesenchymal layer of dorsal pelvic urethra of female EMAPA:32296 TS25-TS28 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ├ lamina propria of dorsal pelvic urethra of female (syn: peri- epithelial mesenchymal layer of dorsal pelvic urethra of female; sub-epithelial mesenchymal layer of dorsal pelvic urethra of female) EMAPA:32295 TS25-TS28 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ├ muscularis mucosa of dorsal pelvic urethra of female EMAPA:32313 TS25-TS28 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ └ submucosa of dorsal pelvic urethra of female EMAPA:31553 TS23-TS28 │ │ │ │ │ │ ├ mesenchymal layer of ventral pelvic urethra of female EMAPA:32310 TS25-TS28 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ├ lamina propria of ventral pelvic urethra of female (syn: peri- epithelial mesenchymal layer of ventral pelvic urethra of female; sub-epithelial mesenchymal layer of ventral pelvic urethra of female) EMAPA:32309 TS25-TS28 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ├ muscularis mucosa of ventral pelvic urethra of female EMAPA:32308 TS25-TS28 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ └ submucosa of ventral pelvic urethra of female EMAPA:32287 TS24-TS27 │ │ │ │ │ │ └ mesenchymal pad of pelvic urethra of female EMAPA:36113 TS24-TS27 │ │ │ │ │ │ └ anterior mesenchymal pad of female EMAPA:36114 TS24-TS27 │ │ │ │ │ │ └ dorsal mesenchymal pad of female EMAPA:36115 TS24-TS27 │ │ │ │ │ │ └ ventral mesenchymal pad of female EMAPA:28771 TS23-TS28 │ │ │ │ │ ├ muscle layer of pelvic urethra of female EMAPA:31560 TS23-TS25 │ │ │ │ │ │ ├ muscle layer of dorsal pelvic urethra of female EMAPA:31559 TS23-TS25 │ │ │ │ │ │ └ muscle layer of ventral pelvic urethra of female EMAPA:36116 TS28-TS28 │ │ │ │ │ │ ├ smooth muscle layer of pelvic urethra of female EMAPA:36117 TS28-TS28 │ │ │ │ │ │ └ rhabdosphincter of female (syn: striated muscle layer of pelvic urethra of female) EMAPA:36118 TS23-TS28 │ │ │ │ │ ├ adventitia of pelvic urethra of female EMAPA:32283 TS23-TS28 │ │ │ │ │ ├ vasculature of pelvic urethra of female EMAPA:31567 TS23-TS28 │ │ │ │ │ ├ nerve of pelvic urethra of female EMAPA:32288 TS25-TS27 │ │ │ │ │ └ neural crest derivative of pelvic urethra of female EMAPA:36132 TS24-TS26 │ │ │ │ │ ├ ventral epithelial bud of female EMAPA:36133 TS27-TS28 │ │ │ │ │ ├ urethral gland of pelvic urethra of female EMAPA:18999 TS24-TS27 │ │ │ │ │ ├ sinovaginal bulb (syn: lower vagina, sinus vagina, vaginal bulb) EMAPA:29058 TS24-TS27 │ │ │ │ │ │ ├ epithelium of sinovaginal bulb (syn:epithelial layer of lower vagina) EMAPA:29935 TS24-TS27 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ├ gland of lower vaginal epithelium EMAPA:29937 TS24-TS27 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ └ rest of epithelium of lower vagina EMAPA:32259 TS24-TS27 │ │ │ │ │ │ ├ lamina propria of sinovaginal bulb EMAPA:29061 TS24-TS27 │ │ │ │ │ │ ├ muscular layer of sinovaginal bulb lower part of vagina EMAPA:29939 TS24-TS27 │ │ │ │ │ │ ├ adventitia of sinovaginal bulb EMAPA:31224 TS24-TS27 │ │ │ │ │ │ └ vasculature of sinovaginal bulb EMAPA:29653 TS27-TS28 │ │ │ │ └ female urethral gland (syn: Skene’s gland) EMAPA:36133 TS27-TS28 │ │ │ │ │ ├ urethral gland of female pelvic urethra (syn: Skene’s gland of pelvic urethra) EMAPA:36134 TS27-TS28 │ │ │ │ │ ├ urethral
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  • Multimodality Imaging of the Male Urethra: Trauma, Infection, Neoplasm, and Common Surgical Repairs

    Multimodality Imaging of the Male Urethra: Trauma, Infection, Neoplasm, and Common Surgical Repairs

    Abdominal Radiology (2019) 44:3935–3949 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-019-02127-8 SPECIAL SECTION: UROTHELIAL DISEASE Multimodality imaging of the male urethra: trauma, infection, neoplasm, and common surgical repairs David D. Childs1 · Ray B. Dyer1 · Brenda Holbert1 · Ryan Terlecki2 · Jyoti Dee Chouhan2 · Jao Ou1 Published online: 22 August 2019 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract Objective The aim of this article is to describe the indications and proper technique for RUG and MRI, their respective image fndings in various disease states, and the common surgical techniques and imaging strategies employed for stricture correction. Results Because of its length and passage through numerous anatomic structures, the adult male urethra can undergo a wide array of acquired maladies, including traumatic injury, infection, and neoplasm. For the urologist, imaging plays a crucial role in the diagnosis of these conditions, as well as complications such as stricture and fstula formation. While retrograde urethrography (RUG) and voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) have traditionally been the cornerstone of urethral imag- ing, MRI has become a useful adjunct particularly for the staging of suspected urethral neoplasm, visualization of complex posterior urethral fstulas, and problem solving for indeterminate fndings at RUG. Conclusions Familiarity with common urethral pathology, as well as its appearance on conventional urethrography and MRI, is crucial for the radiologist in order to guide the treating urologist in patient management. Keywords Urethra · Retrograde urethrography · Magnetic resonance imaging · Stricture Introduction respectively. While the urethral mucosa is well depicted with these radiographic examinations, the periurethral soft tis- Medical imaging plays a crucial role in the diagnosis, treat- sues are not.
  • The Role of the External Sphincter

    The Role of the External Sphincter

    PARAPLEGIA REFERENCES Ross, J. COSBIE, GIBBON, N. O. K. & DAMANSKI, M. (1967). B.J.S. 54, NO. 7. STAMEY, T. (1968). J. Urol. 97, (May). VINCENT, S. A. (1959). Ulster med. Jour. 28, 176. VINCENT, S. A. (1960). Lancet, 2, 292. VINCENT, S. A. (1964). Dev. Med. and Child Neurol. 6, 23. VINCENT, S. A. (1966a). Lancet, Sept., 631-632. VINCENT, S. A. (1966b). Bio-Engineering, Sept., p. 1. THE ROLE OF THE EXTERNAL SPHINCTER By J. COSBIE Ross Director of Urological Studies, University of Liverpool Introduction. It must be acknowledged that as yet no one knows the precise role of the external sphincter and there should, by right, be a question mark after the word 'sphincter'. The problem is much more complex and obscure than the simple, easily understood mechanism of the anal sphincter. However, there is much that is already known, and perhaps recent work has shed some light on the problem. First, the traditional view. In the 32nd Edition of Gray's Anatomy (1958), the description is as follows. 'The sphincter urethrae surrounds the membranous portion of the urethra, and lies deep to the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm. Its superficial or inferior fibres arise in front from the transverse perineal ligament and from the neighbouring fascia. They pass backwards on each side of the urethra and converge on the perineal body for their insertion. Its deep fibres, some of which arise from the fascial sheath of the pudendal vessels and pass medially, form a continuous circular investment for the membranous urethra.' Actions. 'The muscles of both sides act together as a sphincter, compressing the membranous part of the urethra.