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Trypophloeus Populi and Procryphalus Mucronatus (Coleoptera:Scolytidae)

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Trypophloeus Populi and Procryphalus Mucronatus (Coleoptera:Scolytidae) Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Theses and Dissertations 1976-07-21 Bionomics of two aspen bark beetles : Trypophloeus populi and Procryphalus mucronatus (coleoptera:scolytidae) Jerold L. Petty Brigham Young University - Provo Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Petty, Jerold L., "Bionomics of two aspen bark beetles : Trypophloeus populi and Procryphalus mucronatus (coleoptera:scolytidae)" (1976). Theses and Dissertations. 7850. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7850 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. 'r-. ., L I /1 .,.. BIONOMICS OF TWO ASPEN BARK BEETLES, I. j TRYPOPHLOEUS POPULI AND PROCRYPHALUS MUCRONATUS (COLEOPTERA1 SCOLYTIDAE) A Reprint of an Article Published in the Great Basin Naturalist Presented to the Denartment of Zoology Brigham Young University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science by Jerold L. Petty August 1976 This reprint of a Journal Article, by Jerold L, Petty ls accepted in its present form by the Depart- ment of Zoology of Brigham Young University as satls- fylng the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Science. il BIONOMICS OF TWO ASPEN BARK BEETLES, TR YPOPHLOEl'S PO PU LI AND PR OCR YPHA.LCS ,\1UCRONA. TUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) Jerold L. Pettv Reprint from Great Basin Naturalist, Volume 37, No. 1 March 31, 1977 BIONOMICS OF TWO ASPEN BARK BEETLES, TRYPOPHLOEUS POPULI AND PROCRYPHALUS MUCRONATUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) Jerold L. Petty' AssTRACT.-Beetles of Trypophloeus populi attacked green bark of unhealthy aspen (Populus tremuloides) and hastened the death of the tree. Beetles of Procryphalus mucronatus favored dead bark and were of little signifi- cance in the death of the aspen. These two beetle species were distinguished from each other by their primary galleries, eggs, larvae, larval mines, and mating behavior. In T. populi, there were three larval instars and one to one and one-half generations per year; only larvae overwintered, and the eggs of the first generation were present by mid-July. In P. mucronatus, there were two larval instars and one and one-half to two generations per year; both larvae and adults overwintered, and the first eggs of the new season were present by late May. In North America, quaking aspen (Popu- beauty of a mountainside of aspen, espe- lus tremuloides Michaux) occurs coast to cially in their cadmium hues of autumn. coast from the 49th to the 69th parallel and The only American Scolytidae known to at the higher elevations in the infest the bark of quaking aspen are Pro- southwestern United States and in Mexico cryphalus mucronatus (LeConte), Try- (Little 1971). These trees average from 12 pophloeus populi Hopkins, and T. thatcheri to 15 m in height and from 30 to 60 cm in Wood. Another scolytid, Trypodendron retu- diameter (Preston 1969). sum (LeConte), attacks aspen, but it is a Aspen are important in several ways. wood-boring ambrosia beetle. The published Their role is well known as an intermediate research on P. mucronatus, T. populi, and T. (subclimax) cover species in plant succes- thatcheri has been mainly taxonomic. In sion, leading to the climax coniferous com- fact, virtually nothing of a nontaxonomic munity (Oosting 1956, Krebill 1972). They nature has been written on the genera Pro- recover quickly after extreme disturbances cryphalus and Trypophloeus. Exceptions are such as fire and clearcutting (Preston 1969). a one-page article on the habits of the Eu- Directly, they provide browse for deer, elk, ropean Trypophloeus binodulus (Hagedorn and livestock (Reynolds 1969, Wallmo 1904) and a half-page article on four Eu- 1972). Indirectly, they provide for a rich ropean and Asian Trypophloeus spp. (Palm understory that in turn provides habitat for 1959). a diverse fauna and forage for livestock There are only four known species of Pro- (Harper and Warner 1972). In the Rocky crypha lus in the world, two in northern Mountains, the poplars (especially aspen) North America and two in northeastern are the most important broadleaf trees and Asia. In North America, P. utahensis Hop- the only ones that could be considered us- kins breeds in Salix scouleriana (Scouler able as timber (Davidson and Hinds 1968). Willow) and P. mucronatus in Populus Aspen can produce more wood over a tremuloides. There are 15 recorded localities shorter period of time than conifers at com- for P. mucronatus, all of which are in the parable elevations (Davidson, Hinds, and United States: Colorado 7, Idaho 2, New Hawksworth 1959). Recently, they have be- Mexico 2, and Utah 4 (Wood in press). come important as a timber resource (Lamb About a dozen species of Trypophloeus 1967). Aesthetically, anyone who appre- occur in Europe and Asia, but only four in ciates nature cannot deny the unequaled North America. Of these four, T. populi and 1 Dcpartment of Zoology, Brigham Young Provo, Vtah. Current addres'.'>: .576 Eastland North, Twin Falb, Idaho 83301. 105 106 GREAT BASIN NATURALIST Vol. 37, No. 1 T. thatcheri are the only ones that have brought from the sites. To facilitate obser- been collected from P. tremuloides. Try- vations, scolytid galleries were exposed by pophloeus populi also breeds in P. acuminata cutting away the bark with a razor-blade (Lanceleaf Cottonwood), P. angustifolia scalpel. (Narrowleaf Cottonwood), and 1'. tricho- To rear the beetles, infested bolts, limbs, carpa (Black Cottonwood). There are 13 re- and bark sections were placed in 20-gallon, corded localities for T. populi: Arizona 1, galvanized steel garbage cans, each of Colorado 1, Nevada (eastern) 1, Utah 6, which had a pint glass bottle attached to Idaho 1, Manitoba 1, New Brunswick 1, and collect the emerging scolytids. All rearing Saskatchewan 1 (Wood in press). was conducted in the laboratory at room The objectives of this paper were: (1) to temperature. The number of larval instars report investigations on the life history and was determined by measuring the width of habits of T. populi and P. mucronatus, and the head capsules (Lekander 1968). Head (2) to determine the nature of the damage capsules were measured from undamaged they cause in the host. Emphasis was placed larvae and with an occular micrometer on the differences between the two beetles scale in a microscope at SOX magnification. in habits and behavior. It is hoped this re- The drawings of the larval head capsules search will establish a better understanding (Figs. 22, 23) were composed from viewing of the ecological significance of these spe- 25 specimens of each beetle species under cies and provide a foundation for further the light microscope and from 18 scanning studies of these and related scolytid species. electron micrographs of four specimens of each species. Photographs were taken with a Yaschica ,35 mm SLR camera equipped MATERIALS AND METHODS with extension tubes and a flash. The mar- Four sites were selected for this study, all gin of a millimeter ruler was included in of which were in Utah County, Utah. More many of the photographs for measurements. than 80 percent of the total number of trees Details of the territorial behavior and mat- on each site were Populus tremuloides. The ing ritual were obtained from extensive ob- sites covered approximately :3,000 m' each servations in the field and from movies ob- and ranged from 2,2.56 to 2,377 m in eleva- tained in the field with a Vivitar 8 mm tion. The sites were initially selected by lo- movie camera equipped with a close-up cating scolytid-infested aspen. The periods lens. of study for each site and further details on A fungus was cultured from adult bark the elevation, number of trees studied, and beetles by macerating them on the top of exact location of sites are given in Table 1. sterile pieces of aspen wood (four beetles Throughout the study, periodic collec- per piece), and then placing each piece of tions and observations were made at the wood upright on agar-agar medium inside field research sites and in the laboratory at petri dishes. The petri dishes were main- Brigham Young University from material tained at room temperature in the labora- TABLE 1. Descriptions of research sites, Utah County, Utah . ---- .. ---- Site Locality Elevation Pm" Tp" B" DBH Study period No. (m) (cm) ----· ·----·- I 1.6 km N Aspen Grove 2,256-2,259 8 2 2 :30-50 VII-1972 to VI-1976 II 1.7 km N Aspen Grove 2,274-2,286 14 18 8 10-48 VII-1972 to VI-1976 III 2.4 km !\[ Aspen Grove 2,:365-2,.177 {) 12 2 .31-49 VII-1975 to VI-1976 IV 1.9 km NE Squaw Peak 2,.32.3-2,.3:32 8 {) 0 .30-40 V-197.3 to XI-1974 0 Thc:-,e columns iudicate the number of aspen trees at each resc<1.rch :-,ite that were infe:-,ted with only Procryplw!us m11cro1ud11s (Pm), with only Trypuphlophloeus poprt!i (TpJ, and with both beetle :-,pc<:ie:-, (B). March 1977 PETTY: ASPEN BARK BEETLES 107 tory. When the fungus had grown out into ulated with her (Figs. 14, 15) and then the agar, the agar was removed intact and moved on. placed on the bark of a living aspen tree. The male behaved in a different way To inoculate the tree, a razor-blade scalpel when the female was below the surface of was inserted repeatedly into the bark by the bark. After she hacked up to the surface passing it through the agar. The agar was of the bark to remove boring dust, he left on the tree.
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