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SEKILAS MENGENAI LANDAK LAUT Oleh Indra Bayu Vimono1) sumber:www.oseanografi.lipi.go.id Oseana, Volume XXXII, Nomor 3, Tahun 2007: 37-46 ISSN 0216-1877 SEKILAS MENGENAI LANDAK LAUT Oleh Indra Bayu Vimono1) ABSTRACT A REVIEW OF SEA URCHlN. Echinoids or sea urchins are exclusively marine animals. They are distributed worldwide in marine habitats from the intertidal to 5.000 meters deep. Some species of echinoids are commercially valuable especially for their gonads, but there is no sea farming of the sea urchins yet in Indonesia. To develop the sea urchin culture we have to know the characteristics of sea urchin (especially the regular urchin). Reproduction aspects and habitat of sea urchins are important to understand in case of sea urchin study. Some features are important to identify the sea urchin, such as the test, spines and pedicellaria. Just like common echinoderms, sea urchin have tube feet for movement, catching some suspended food particles and also for respiration. Sea urchins also have unique jaws structure that called aristotles lantern. Some species of sea urchin have specific habitat although few of them are not. PENDAHULUAN pertengahan jaman ordovian. SMITH (2001) menegaskan bahwa landak laut (echinoid) Masyarakat Indonesia secara umum tertua kira-kira berumur 450 juta tahun. menyebut sea urchin atau echinoid sebagai Landak laut dikenal sebagai bahan landak laut atau bulu babi. Landak laut mudah makanan, baik oleh sebagian masyarakat dikenali dari bentuknya yang mirip bola berduri. Indonesia maupun masyarakat luar negeri. Landak laut adalah kelompok hewan yang Landak laut ditangkap di habitatnya dan diambil sering dijumpai di daerah pantai dan laut di gonadnya untuk dikonsumsi baik dimakan Indonesia bahkan di seluruh dunia. mentah maupun dimasak. Gonad landak laut GULDBERG (2007) menyatakan bahwa landak merupakan makanan lezat yang memiliki laut dapat ditemukan mulai perairan laut tropis kandungan gizi yang tinggi, sehingga bernilai hingga laut di daerah kutub. FOLLO & FAUTIN jual tinggi. Nilai ekonomi dari landak laut yang (2001) menyebutkan bahwa hewan ini juga dapat sangat tinggi menjadi alasan penting untuk lebih ditemukan mulai daerah pasang-surut hingga mengenal kembali biota tersebut sebagai upaya kedalaman 5.000 meter dan berdasarkan catatan untuk melestarikan dan mengembangkan fosil echinoidea diperkirakan muncul pada budidaya landak laut. 37 Oseana, Volume XXXII No. 3, 2007 sumber:www.oseanografi.lipi.go.id Landak laut adalah bagian dari filum instansi perikanan, baik melalui pengelolaan Ekhinodermata, kelas Echinodea. MISKELLY swasta maupun pengelolaan oleh pemerintah. (2002) menyatakan bahwa landak laut terbagi Dalam pemeliharaan dan penanganan pasca menjadi tiga golongan utama, yaitu 1) golongan panen sudah dipisahkan berdasarkan jenis landak laut tipe reguler (regular urchin), 2) landak lautnya Hal tersebut dimaksudkan untuk golongan heart urchin (spatangoids), dan 3) menjaga mutu dari produk yang dihasilkan, golongan sand dollar (Clypeasteroids). Dua sehingga landak laut menjadi komoditas golongan lain yaitu Holectypoids dan berharga yang memiliki nilai jual tinggi. Echinolampadidoids, yang keduanya memiliki KURNIA (2006) menyatakan bahwa sifat diantara heart urchin dan sand dollar dalam masyarakat Jepang juga menangkap dan banyak aspek. Pada topik ini, penulis hanya akan membudidayakan landak laut untuk diambil membahas mengenai golongan pertama saja, gonadnya sebagai makanan yang disebut uni. yaitu golongan regular urchin. Harga uni tersebut berkisar antara 50 sampai 500 US$ untuk satu kilogram uni, tergantung PEMANFAATAN LANDAK LAUT warna dan teksturnya. Menurut ASLAN (dalam KURNIA, 2006), ada tiga jenis bulu babi yang Landak laut telah dikenal sebagai dapat dikembangkan di Indonesia yakni jenis hewan dengan nilai ekonomi yang tinggi sejak Echinometra spp., Tripneustes gratilla dan dulu hingga sekarang. Di beberapa tempat di Diadema setosum. Indonesia, landak laut juga dikenal oleh masyarakat sebagai bahan makanan. Fauna ini KARAKTER MORFOLOGI banyak ditangkap oleh masyarakat sekitar untuk diambil telurnya dan dijadikan menu makanan Landak laut adalah hewan yang hanya sehari-hari. CHASANAH & ANDAMARI hidup di laut dan memiliki tubuh simetri (dalam RADJAB, 2001) menyebutkan, bahwa pentaradial, serta memiliki endoskeleton berupa telur landak laut memiliki nilai gizi yang tinggi kerangka kapur. Landak laut memiliki duri yang dengan nilai protein dalam berat basah antara jelas, namun pada beberapa jenis termodifikasi 7,04-8,20% dan nilai protein dalam berat kering menjadi bentuk semacam perisai, contohnya antara 51,80-57,80%. Nilai lemak dalam berat adalah Colobocentrotus atratus. Landak laut basah antara 1,14-1,35% dan nilai lemak dalam seperti halnya Ekhinodermata lainnya, juga berat kering antara 8,53-9,36%. memiliki tube feet atau kaki tabung yang Di Indonesia, landak laut kebanyakan merupakan bagian dari sistem kanal. Pada masih dimanfaatkan untuk konsumsi harian landak laut terdapat pedicellaria yang rumah tangga yakni dengan cara menangkap merupakan organ yang dimiliki pula oleh langsung di habitatnya tanpa ada usaha bintang laut. Landak laut juga memiliki sistem komersialisasi dan budidaya. Pada umumnya rahang dan gigi yang unik yang disebut masyarakat hanya mengumpulkan landak laut Aristotles lantern. di sekitar pantai dan mengambil gonadnya tanpa memisahkan berdasarkan jenis yang ada. Skeleton/Rangka (Test) Gonad yang dikumpulkan dari beberapa jenis Kerangka dari landak laut merupakan landak laut yang berbeda dicampur ke dalam endoskeleton, karena kerangka tersebut suatu wadah. tertutup oleh lapisan epitel di luar tubuhnya. Budidaya landak laut kini sudah Kerangka tersebut diistilahkan sebagai test yang dilakukan di berbagai penjuru dunia yakni mulai tersusun atas sejumlah ossicle, yaitu kepingan dari skala laboratorium hingga skala massal oleh yang tersusun dari kalsium karbonat yang 38 Oseana, Volume XXXII No. 3, 2007 sumber:www.oseanografi.lipi.go.id terbentuk pada daerah di sekitar mulut. Ossicle daerah interambulacral. Daerah ambulacral memiliki rigi-rigi pada bagian tepinya dimana rigi- dan interambulacral tersusun berselingan rigi tersebut merupakan tempat sambungan antar seperti yang tampak pada Gambar 1. Selain ossicle satu dengan yang lain. Sejumlah ossicle lubang-lubang, terdapat pula tonjolan-tonjolan tersebut bersatu sebagai kerangka berbentuk yang merupakan tempat melekatnya duri yang bulat dengan bagian bawah yang mendatar. disebut tubercle. Tubercle merupakan landasan Pada kerangka landak laut terlihat dari duri, dimana duri dan tubercle dihubungkan adanya kolom-kolom yang berornamentasi. oleh jaringan ikat serta jaringan otot. Pada bagian Kolom-kolom dengan lubang-lubang kecil oral kerangka terdapat celah mulut. Celah ini merupakan daerah ambulacral, dimana lubang- merupakan tempat organ Aristotels lantern lubang tersebut merupakan tempat munculnya (lentera Aristoteles) yang berfungsi untuk kaki tabung (tube feet), sedangkan bagian yang "mengunyah" makanan. terapit oleh dua daerah ambulacral disebut Gambar 1. Kerangka landak laut. a) daerah ambulacral, b) daerah inter ambulacral, c) tubercle Duri/spine Landak laut memiliki duri, merupakan magnesium tersebut lebih tinggi dari kandungan ossicle yang terspesialisasi. HOWEY (2005) magnesium yang menyusun kerangka dari koral, menyebutkan bahwa penyusun utama duri namun demikian kandungan magnesium pada landak laut adalah magnesium dan kalsium pembentukan duri landak laut juga dipengaruhi karbonat. HOLMES & FARLEY (2006), oleh suhu air yang ada di sekitarnya. Unsur- menyatakan bahwa duri landak laut unsur penyusun duri landak laut, terutama mengandung 2-25 mol persen ion magnesium kalsium, diserap langsung dari perairan di dan 75-98 mol persen ion kalsium. Kandungan sekitarnya. 39 Oseana, Volume XXXII No. 3, 2007 sumber:www.oseanografi.lipi.go.id Duri-duri landak laut memiliki bentuk tubercle terdapat jaringan epitel dan jaringan otot dan ukuran yang bervariasi, tergantung yang menjadikan duri landak laut dapat jenisnya. Duri landak laut (dewasa) ada yang melakukan pergerakan walaupun terbatas. berbentuk jarum dengan diameter kurang dari 1 Pergerakan duri tersebut bermanfaat pula bagi milimeter hingga berbentuk pensil dengan tebal mobilitas dan pertahanan landak laut itu sendiri. hampir 1 cm. Pada beberapa jenis landak laut Sering dijumpai bahwa dalam satu individu seperti Prionocidaris verticillata memiliki duri memiliki duri dengan bentuk yang berlainan. yang ornamentasi dan tampak seperti mahkota duri. Diadema setosum memiliki duri yang tajam dan Duri landak laut juga memiliki fiingsi untuk panjang, namun pada bagian oral terdapat duri yang pertahanan dan pergerakan. Dalam fungsinya pendek dan tumpul yang berfungsi untuk sebagai alat pertahanan dari predator, beberapa pergerakan. Pada Echinothrix calamaris spesies memiliki duri yang beracun contohnya terdapat dua jenis duri, yaitu duri yang besar/ pada Diadema antillarum dan Asthenosoma tebal dan duri yang kecil/tipis. Berdasarkan varium. Diadema setosum memiliki duri yang pengamatan dengan menggunakan mikroskop, panjang dan tajam namun sangat rapuh. terlihat bahwa duri Echinothrix calamaris yang SHIMEK (2006) menyatakan bahwa duri besar memiliki tekstur permukaan yang sama Diadema apabila menusuk ke dalam jaringan sekali berbeda dengan duri yang kecil. Duri yang (hewan dan manusia) akan patah di dalam kecil ini seringkali menusuk hewan lain yang jaringan tersebut dan sulit untuk dikeluarkan. mendekatinya, dan apabila manusia yang Duri landak laut memiliki bentuk tertusuk dapat menimbulkan rasa sakit. membulat pada bagian
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