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Appendix J Part 1 S ITE C CLEAN ENERGY PROJECT VOLUME 2 APPENDIX J PART 1 MERCURY TECHNICAL SYNTHESIS REPORT Prepared for: BC Hydro Power and Authority 333 Dunsmuir Street Vancouver, BC V6B 5R3 Prepared by: Azimuth Consulting Group Partnership 218-2902 West Broadway Vancouver, BC V6K 2G8 2012 SITE C CLEAN ENERGY PROJECT VOLUME 2 APPENDIX J PART 1 MERCURY TECHNICAL SYNTHESIS REPORT FINAL REPORT Prepared for BC Hydro Power and Authority Prepared by Azimuth Consulting Group Partnership December 2012 Lead Author: Randy Baker Section Contributors: Dr. D. Bodaly – Introduction Dr. R. Turner – Baseline Terrestrial Randy Baker – Baseline Aquatic Dr. W. Jansen – Reservoirs Matrix Site C Clean Energy Project Volume 2 Appendix J Mercury Technical Reports Part 1 Mercury Technical Synthesis Report AUTHORSHIP Randy Baker, M.Sc. .............................................. Principal, Azimuth Consulting Group Partnership Dr. Ralph Turner. ................................................ Associate, Azimuth Consulting Group Partnership Dr. Wolfgang Jansen. ................................................................. North/South Consultants Winnipeg Dr. R.A. Bodaly. .............................................................................................. Consultant to Azimuth December 2012 iv Site C Clean Energy Project Volume 2 Appendix J Mercury Technical Reports Part 1 Mercury Technical Synthesis Report EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Over many hundreds of years, inorganic mercury (Hg) captured from the atmosphere by the leaves and needles of plants falls to the ground and accumulates, to become sequestered and concentrated into organic soils. When reservoirs are created, bacterial decomposition of flooded organic material causes a small amount of the inorganic mercury sequestered in these soils to be converted into organic or methylmercury (MeHg). Methylmercury is easily absorbed by aquatic organisms that feed in sediments and becomes accumulated and concentrated at progressively higher concentrations moving up the aquatic food web. Highest MeHg concentrations occur in large, old fish with piscivorous feeding habits. Methylmercury is accumulated almost exclusively via diet and exposure by humans and wildlife to mercury is primarily through fish consumption. Fish MeHg concentrations are hundreds of times more concentrated than in other herbivorous wildlife (e.g., moose, deer) and domestically consumed species (cattle, chicken, pig, etc.) and many millions of times more concentrated than in water. The objective of this report is to summarize baseline mercury and methylmercury concentrations in environmental media in the terrestrial (soils, vegetation) and aquatic environments (water, sediment, aquatic invertebrates, fish) within the Peace River technical study area, to provide a basis for determining how creation of the proposed Site C reservoir will alter methylmercury concentrations, with a focus on fish. The technical study area includes the proposed Ste C reservoir and its major tributaries and the Peace River downstream to Many Islands. Many Islands is the furthest downstream location that the majority of fish species routinely move within the Peace River, downstream of Peace Canyon Dam. Some fish downstream of the proposed Site C dam can potentially be exposed to fish with elevated MeHg concentrations entrained out of the reservoir. To address Hg in soils, Terrestrial Ecosystem Mapping (TEM) was used to stratify the relative spatial abundance (ha) of different forest types that were sampled to define baseline total Hg and organic carbon in soil and vegetation. Dominant tree species (spruce, balsam, willow, alder), shrubs (sarsaparilla, prickly rose, willow, and dogwood) and grasses (horsetail, sedge, reeds, cattail) were measured, including in Watson Slough, a wetland and area with naturally higher mercury concentrations. Total Hg concentration in all plant tissues was very low, in most cases barely above the detection limit of 0.005 mg/kg dw. The most abundant shrub (<0.008 mg/kg dw) and tree species (<0.005 to 0.019 mg/kg) had low and similar mercury concentrations. The average total Hg content of all organic soils was 0.079 + 0.03 mg/kg dw, ranging from 0.023 to 0.173 mg/kg dw. Mercury in soils was positively correlated with high organic content (>30%) with wetland (Watson Slough) having higher concentrations. Soil thickness, Site C Clean Energy Project Volume 2 Appendix J Mercury Technical Reports Part 1 Mercury Technical Synthesis Report organic content and Hg concentration were integrated across the proposed flood area to develop bulk density estimates for carbon (kg C/m2) and mercury (µg Hg/m2) for use in Hg modeling. On an aerial basis, the Hg density was estimated at 70 µg Hg/m2. Mercury concentrations in soils and vegetation within the Site C reservoir area are low, typical of remote, organic soils removed from natural mineralization. Key parameters in the aquatic environment that influence Hg methylation within the aquatic food web are hydrology, limnology and specific water and sediment chemistry parameters. These parameters and total and MeHg concentrations were measured in all aquatic environmental media within the Dinosaur Reservoir and the Peace River between Peace Canyon Dam and the proposed Site C dam. The vast majority (>95%) of water within the Peace River downstream of Peace Canyon Dam is discharged from Williston Reservoir and has a considerable influence on water chemistry and ecology of this technical study area. Williston Reservoir water is nutrient poor (ultraoligotrophic), cold (<14oC), well oxygenated, of moderate to slightly basic pH (7.8 – 8.2), low in organic carbon content (<2 mg/L) and has low suspended solids concentrations (<3 mg/L) during nearly all times of the year. Total Hg concentration in Peace River water downstream of the Peace Canyon Dam to the proposed Site C dam site was consistently near 1.0 ng/L (parts per trillion or 0.001 µg/L). Major tributaries to the Peace River, in particular Halfway and Moberly, contribute more inorganic Hg than is present in the mainstem, adhered to sediment particles during high total suspended solids events during flood or freshet periods; otherwise, these concentrations are very low. Methylmercury concentration in the Peace River was consistently less than the detection limit of 0.05 ng/L. Total mercury in sediment from within Dinosaur Reservoir and the Peace River downstream to Site C was low (0.03 to 0.17 mg/kg dw) when detectable and similar to the range observed upstream, in Williston Reservoir. Methylmercury was 1 – 2% of total Hg ranging from 0.13 to 0.27 µg/kg in Dinosaur Reservoir and 0.57 to 1.8 µg/kg in the Peace River. In the Peace River technical study area, zooplankton total Hg ranged from 0.004 to 0.009 mg/kg ww, similar to what was observed in Williston Reservoir from earlier studies. Methylmercury concentration in Peace River zooplankton was much lower (0.0001 to 0.0007 mg/kg ww). In Dinosaur Reservoir, total Hg in zooplankton ranged from 0.001 to 0.006 mg/kg ww and MeHg ranged from 0.0003 to 0.001 mg/kg ww, averaging 30% of total Hg. These concentrations are within the low range for plankton from remote lakes unaffected by anthropogenic or natural sources of Hg. Total Hg from a composite of various taxonomic groups of benthos ranged from 0.010 to 0.023 mg/kg ww. Methylmercury ranged from 0.002 to 0.020 mg/kg ww and averaged 20% of total Hg. In 2011, Peace River mainstem benthos total Hg concentration ranged from 0.046 to 0.082 mg/kg, with MeHg concentrations ranging from 20 – 37% of the total. Site C Clean Energy Project Volume 2 Appendix J Mercury Technical Reports Part 1 Mercury Technical Synthesis Report Chironomid larvae (0.06 mg/kg total; <0.04 mg/kg methyl and water boatmen (Corixidae) had slightly higher Hg concentrations (0.05 mg/kg total and 0.04 methyl) than did the more common mayflies (Ephemeroptera) and caddisflies (Trichoptera) (0.009 - 0.017 mg/kg total; 0.003 – 0.005 methyl). These concentrations are similar to, or lower than, what has been observed elsewhere in Canadian rivers and lower than what is observed in reservoirs. The main factors influencing bioaccumulation of MeHg by fish are MeHg concentration of prey, fish size, age, growth rate, genetics and reproduction. Methylmercury is accumulated by fish almost exclusively from dietary sources, thus body burden concentration is highly dependent on prey composition (benthos, small fish) and trophic position. This document summarizes all fish mercury concentrations gathered between the early 1990s and the present time within the Peace River technical study area. Tissue Hg analysis has mainly focused on the dominant species including bull trout, lake trout, Arctic grayling, burbot, lake whitefish, mountain whitefish, rainbow trout, longnose sucker and redside shiner, but also extending downstream of Site C into Alberta (northern pike, walleye, goldeye, burbot). Bull trout Hg concentration ranged between 0.03 – 0.34 mg/kg with a mean of 0.07 mg/kg, less than from Dinosaur Reservoir (0.12 mg/kg). Dinosaur Reservoir lake trout had a mean tissue mercury concentration of 0.09 mg/kg. Mean Hg concentrations in mountain whitefish and rainbow trout from Peace River and Dinosaur Reservoir were also low (0.03 and 0.04 mg/kg respectively). Similarly, mercury in longnose sucker from Peace River to the Site C dam (0.05 mg/kg) and downstream to Alberta (0.06 mg/kg) were low and similar. Redside shiner, a common prey species, averaged 0.05 mg/kg Hg. Mean Hg concentrations of all fish species in the Peace River
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