Country Advice Tanzania – TZA37344 – –

Musoma – – inter-clan violence - relocation 20 September 2010

1. Please provide details of the security situation in /Mara, and in particular whether the region is experiencing tribal violence.

Reports in regional media sources indicate that the Mara region of Tanzania is prone to outbreaks of clan and inter-clan violence, with the district of Tarime particularly volatile. Two reports were also located of violent incidents in Musoma district. The clashes described resulted in deaths and homes and land are often burned. The violence occurs between or within different clans and tribes and is often reported to be the result of disputes over land and cattle, though often the specific causes of clashes are not stated or are unclear.

Location – Musoma, Mara Region

Mara region is located in the north of Tanzania. It is bordered to the west by and to the north-east by . A section of a United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) reference map is below, with Mara region circled.1

1 United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) 2007, Reference Map of the Great Lakes, ReliefWeb website, 7 May http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/fullmaps_af.nsf/luFullMap/F2FDC0C395D8DCB2852572D4005C139F/$File/ocha _REF_afr070507-b.pdf?OpenElement - Attachment 8

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The Wikipedia entry for the Mara region states that it comprises five districts: Tarime; Musoma Urban; Musoma Rural; Bunda; and Serengeti.2 It appears, however, that recently the western section of Tarime was sectioned off into a sixth district, named Rorya.3

Information on the security situation in Tarime and Musoma districts has been included below.

The Mara region is inhabited by a number of different tribal groups; the Luo, Jita, Ruri, Zanaki, Kuria, Kabwa, Kiroba, Simbiti, Ngoreme, Kwaya, Ikoma, Nata, Isenye, Ikizu, Sizaki, Sukuma and Taturu (Datooga).4 There are different clans within tribes. While no map was located that shows the five district divisions of Mara, the screenshot of the OHCA map below show the location of Tarime (the town) in the far north of the region and Musoma to the far west bordering Lake Victoria:5

2 „Musoma Rural‟ 2009, Wikipedia, 30 December http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musoma_Rural - Accessed 8 September 2010 – Attachment 9. Wikipedia is a Web-based free-content encyclopaedia which is written collaboratively by volunteers via a wiki application which allows for the creation of Wikipedia articles, and for the editing of the majority of Wikipedia‟s existing articles, by anyone with access to a web browser. The collaboratively written products which the wiki system engenders can often provide the Wikipedia user with a source of accurate and timely information. Nonetheless, Wikipedia‟s open nature has seen instances of abuse, error and vandalism, which have led to the publication of misinformation. For this reason, care should be exercised when deciding what reliance to place on the content of this publication in connection with review decision making. Research Services recommends that users of Wikipedia familiarise themselves with the regulatory practices which Wikipedia employs as a preventative measure against vandalism, bias and inaccuracy (for more information, see the recommended background reading available in the „Wikipedia Topical Information Package‟). 3 „Rorya‟ 2010, Wikipedia, 20 July http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rorya - Accessed 15 September – Attachment 18 4 „Mara Region‟, 2010, Wikipedia, 25 August http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_Region - Accessed 8 September 2010 – Attachment 13. See „Wikipedia Topical Information Package‟. 5 United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) 2007, Reference Map of the Great Lakes, ReliefWeb website, 7 May http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/fullmaps_af.nsf/luFullMap/F2FDC0C395D8DCB2852572D4005C139F/$File/ocha _REF_afr070507-b.pdf?OpenElement - Attachment 8

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Musoma City is the capital of the Mara region. Musoma Urban is divided administratively into 13 wards6 and Musoma rural into 277.

A number of media reports were located that describe violent clashes in the Mara region generally, as well as specifically in the districts of Musoma and Tarime.

Security situation - Mara region generally and Musoma

An article published in The Church of New England Newspaper in April 2010 refers to ethnic violence in the Mara region in February that year which “culminated with the murder of 17 people”.8 It reports that a gang had invaded three homes in a village outside Musoma town and killed 17 members of an extended family with machetes, most of whom were women and children. The article attributes the murders to competition over scarce resources and a “vendetta” culture, and notes that perpetrators of the violence do not belong to any one ethnic or religious group.9 The report notes that the Mara region is home to 12 different tribes, but also to the . Setting aside land for protected wildlife areas has placed pressure on rival groups of pastoralists and settled farming communities, resulting in conflicts over land and cattle-rustling.10

An op-ed piece published in Tanzanian publication the Daily News in early March 2010 commented on a “ceaseless orgy of senseless killings that has targeted largely defenceless and innocent people in Mara region in recent months” and refers to an event in February in which a group of men invaded houses in a suburb of Musoma municipality in the

6 „Musoma Urban‟ 2010, Wikipedia, 25 August http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musoma_Urban - Accessed 8 September 2010 – Attachment 10. See „Wikipedia Topical Information Package‟. 7 Musoma Rural‟ 2009, Wikipedia, 30 December http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musoma_Rural - Accessed 8 September 2010 – Attachment 9. See „Wikipedia Topical Information Package‟. 8 „Mara murders not motivated by religion, bishop says‟ 2010, The Church of New England Newspaper, Conger website, 1 April http://geoconger.wordpress.com/2010/04/01/mara-murders-not-motivated-by-religion-bishop- says-the-church-of-england-newspaper-march-19-2010-p-7/ - Accessed 8 September 2010 – Attachment 15 9 Mara murders not motivated by religion, bishop says‟ 2010, The Church of New England Newspaper, Conger website, 1 April http://geoconger.wordpress.com/2010/04/01/mara-murders-not-motivated-by-religion-bishop- says-the-church-of-england-newspaper-march-19-2010-p-7/ - Accessed 8 September 2010 – Attachment 15 10 Mara murders not motivated by religion, bishop says‟ 2010, The Church of New England Newspaper, Conger website, 1 April http://geoconger.wordpress.com/2010/04/01/mara-murders-not-motivated-by-religion-bishop- says-the-church-of-england-newspaper-march-19-2010-p-7/ - Accessed 8 September 2010 – Attachment 15

Page 3 of 10 middle of the night and killed 17 people, including children.11 The article also refers to the shooting of two men by cattle rustlers in Ganyange village, the previous week and a violent attack on a wedding. It does not, however, indicate what reasons are behind the violence, only noting that a “number of theories have been floated to explain the terrible happenings in the region”.12

One report was located indicating that foreign Africans are also the target of communal violence in Musoma district. Zimbabwean newspaper The Standard reported in July 2008 that over 100 Kenyan families who had settled in Musoma had been left homeless after their homes were burned. Accusations of cattle rustling were the cause of the incident.13

Security Situation – Tarime District

One article published in April 2010 in the Tanzania Daily News reports on the prevalence of illegal bhang (cannabis) growing in Tarime district.14 It notes that bhang farms exist in almost every area of Tarime, and that locals have begun growing it in the absence of another viable cash crop in the area. The report states there have been “unconfirmed reports that bhang has been one of the sources of recurrent clan clashes that [have] claimed dozens of lives in Tarime in recent years”; others, however, put the violence down to cattle rustling and conflicts over land.15

A Reuters article from March 2010 that reports a violent incident in Tarime district notes that Mara region is “prone to clan fighting and other forms of violence, sparked by disputes over land and livestock ownership”.16 Likewise, an article published in Tanzanian newspaper The Citizen in February 2010 refers to the “perennial insecurity in the Mara Region”.17

An article published in The Citizen in July 2009 reports that the Tanzanian Government approved measures to establish a special police zone for the Mara region in response to the high crime rate and frequent inter-clan clashes, especially in Tarime district.18

Particular villages of Tarime are reported to be “notorious for bloody clashes that have claimed several lives and [lost] property worth millions”.19 During the 2008 parliamentary elections, for example, hundreds of anti-riot police were sent to the district to maintain

11 „What‟s wrong in Mara Region?‟ 2010, Daily News, Daily News Online Edition, 6 March http://www.dailynews.co.tz/editorial/?n=7982 – Accessed 8 September 2010 – Attachment 7 12 „What‟s wrong in Mara Region?‟ 2010, Daily News, Daily News Online Edition, 6 March http://www.dailynews.co.tz/editorial/?n=7982 – Accessed 8 September 2010 – Attachment 7 13 „Homes for 100 Kenyan families torched in Tanzania‟ 2008, The Standard, 29 July – Attachment 14 14 Jacob, M. 2010, „Tanzania: Have Authorities Failed to Stop Bhang Business in Tarime?‟, Tanzania Daily News, All Africa website, 13 April http://allafrica.com/stories/201004140219.html - Accessed 8 September 2010 – Attachment 6 15 Jacob, M. 2010, „Tanzania: Have Authorities Failed to Stop Bhang Business in Tarime?‟, Tanzania Daily News, All Africa website, 13 April http://allafrica.com/stories/201004140219.html - Accessed 8 September 2010 – Attachment 6 16 „Five killed in attack on Tanzanian wedding‟ 2010, Reuters, AlertNet website, 6 March http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/LDE62501V.htm - Accessed 7 September 2010 – Attachment 1 17 Mayunga, A. 2010, „Tanzania: Grief as 17 Butchered in Mystery Night Raid‟, The Citizen, All Africa website, 17 February http://allafrica.com/stories/201002170415.html - Accessed 8 September 2010 – Attachment 19 18 Nyakeke, B. 2009, „Tanzania: Plan to Put Tarime, Rorya Under Military‟, The Citizen, All Africa website, 2 July http://allafrica.com/stories/200907020994.html - Accessed 8 September 2010 – Attachment 17 19 Mwera, F. 2008, „Tanzania: CCM – Elect our candidate and we‟ll exhume chief‟s body‟, The Citizen, All Africa website, 29 September http://allafrica.com/stories/200809291311.html - Accessed 8 September 2010 – Attachment 3

Page 4 of 10 law and order during the campaign period and on polling day.20 This may be of note given that Tanzania is considered one of Africa‟s most politically stable counties, and large- scale incidents of political violence are rare.21

Tarime is particularly known for violent raids of the Barrick Gold Tanzania mine in the district. In December 2008, for example, approximately 4,000 locals participated in a raid of the mine site, during which at least one person was shot dead, equipment was stolen and machinery set of fire.22 One article reporting the incident notes that such events:

…have become a fairly common occurrence at the , whereby residents of surrounding villages tend to force their way in to try and steal gold ore from the open pit deposits.23

An article published in the Nigeria Daily News in May 2008 reported the killing of five people and burning of over 100 homes and 20 granaries in Tarime district.24 The incident is described as an “inter-clan clash” between the “the warring Wanchari and Warenchoka clans of the Kuria community in the Mara Region”.25 The clans are reported to have been at war since August 2001. The article notes that “Tarime District has become notorious for ethnic clashes believed to be caused by land disputes and cattle rustling”.26

While Tarime and, to a lesser extent, Musoma appear to be the districts where most violence occurs in the Mara region, one report was located of clan violence spreading to a village in the . The Daily News reported in April 2009 that clashes between people of the Wanyabasi, Wakira and Wangureme clans in the Serengeti district had led to the burning of dozens of houses and the deaths of three people. The report also notes that anti-riot police had been sent to Tarime district to undertake a special operation against the frequent clan violence there.27 An article published in The Citizen in July 2009 was located confirming government plans to put Tarime under military control. The report notes Tanzanian Prime Minister Mizengo Pinda‟s statement that he could not understand

20 Mwera, F. 2008, „Tanzania: CCM – Elect our candidate and we‟ll exhume chief‟s body‟, The Citizen, All Africa website, 29 September http://allafrica.com/stories/200809291311.html - Accessed 8 September 2010 – Attachment 3 21 Overseas Security Advisory Council 2009, Tanzania 2009 Crime & Safety Report, OSAC website, 23 July https://www.osac.gov/Reports/report.cfm?contentID=105346 – Accessed 8 September 2010 – Attachment 4 22 „Tanzania: Villagers storm Barrick gold mine: Inflict much damage, FFU police deployed to disperse them‟ 2008, This Day (Tanzania), CorpWatch website, 13 December http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=15263 – Accessed 8 September 2010 – Attachment 2 23 „Tanzania: Villagers storm Barrick gold mine: Inflict much damage, FFU police deployed to disperse them‟ 2008, This Day (Tanzania), CorpWatch website, 13 December http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=15263 – Accessed 8 September 2010 – Attachment 2 24 Mwera, F. and Mkinga, M. 2008, „Tanzania: Five Killed in Fresh Mara Ethnic Clashes‟, Nigeria Daily News, NGN website, 15 May http://ndn.nigeriadailynews.com/templates/default.aspx?a=8941&template=print- article.htm – Accessed 8 September 2010 – Attachment 12 25 Mwera, F. and Mkinga, M. 2008, „Tanzania: Five Killed in Fresh Mara Ethnic Clashes‟, Nigeria Daily News, NGN website, 15 May http://ndn.nigeriadailynews.com/templates/default.aspx?a=8941&template=print- article.htm – Accessed 8 September 2010 – Attachment 12 26 Mwera, F. and Mkinga, M. 2008, „Tanzania: Five Killed in Fresh Mara Ethnic Clashes‟, Nigeria Daily News, NGN website, 15 May http://ndn.nigeriadailynews.com/templates/default.aspx?a=8941&template=print- article.htm – Accessed 8 September 2010 – Attachment 12 27 Jacob, M. 2009, „Three killed as clan violence spreads to Serengeti‟, Daily News, Daily News Online Edition, 19 April http://www.dailynews.co.tz/home/?n=1411 – Accessed 8 September 2010 – Attachment 16

Page 5 of 10 why local authorities in the region had failed to contain clashes that had resulted in many deaths and significant loss of property.28

2. Please try to ascertain whether there was a riot in March 2010 in which a number of houses were burnt down in Rwamlini Mutex/Musoma.

No reports were located of a riot in March 2010 in Musoma, or in the Mara region. Two reports were found, however, of a violent attack in Tarime district, Mara region in March 2010 in which five people were killed.

No information was located about an area of Musoma called Rwamlini Mutex, and thus specific information could not be located. Two references to a settlement named Rwamlini in Musoma were found; however they do not contain any detailed information.

The information and examples of inter-clan conflicts outlined under Question One indicate that Tarime and Musoma are prone to clashes, including violent deaths and burning of houses.

The only report located of a clan-based violent incident in the Mara region in March 2010 was a Reuters article. The report states that five people were killed when unidentified gunmen raided a wedding party at a village in Tarime District, Mara region.29 The incident was also reported on the Africa Generation News website.30 The Reuters article states that police were investigating whether or not the incident was related to inter-clan fighting that had been going on in the region.31

Two references to Rwamlimi were located that indicate it is a settlement within Musoma. The first is in the “Musoma City Development Strategy” published on the UN-Habitat website. The website lists 18 “Action Plans Implemented in Musoma”, one of which is “Construction of Rwamlimi water reservoir tank”.32 The second reference to Rwamlimi was located on a website listing the parishes of the Diocese of Musoma. Rwamlimi is listed as one of the Diocese‟s parishes.33

3. Please advise on the feasibility of relocation to other parts of Tanzania.

Little information was found on the feasibility of internal relocation in Tanzania. The reports of violence in the Mara region indicate that disputes are localised and contained to the area in which they occur; reports that violence has spread from Tarime and Musoma

28 Nyakeke, B. 2009, „Tanzania: Plan to Put Tarime, Rorya Under Military‟, The Citizen, All Africa website, 2 July http://allafrica.com/stories/200907020994.html - Accessed 8 September 2010 – Attachment 17 29 „Five killed in attack on Tanzanian wedding‟ 2010, Reuters, AltertNet website, 6 March http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/LDE62501V.htm - Accessed 7 September 2010 – Attachment 1 30 „Tanzania: Suspected clan gunmen kill five in Tanzania‟ 2010, Africa Generation News website, 7 March http://www.burundi-agnews.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=494:burundi-africa- international-07-mars-2010-dictators-son-declared-winner-in-togo-election&catid=30:daily-africa- news&Itemid=30 – Accessed 8 September 2010 – Attachment 5 31 „Five killed in attack on Tanzanian wedding‟ 2010, Reuters, AltertNet website, 6 March http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/LDE62501V.htm - Accessed 7 September 2010 – Attachment 1 32 UN-Habitat (undated), „Musoma City Development Strategy‟, UN-Habitat website http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=374&id=3582 – Accessed 8 September 2010 – Attachment 26 33 „Diocese of Musoma‟ (undated), Tripod website http://tecdirectory.tripod.com/dmusoma.htm - Accessed 16 September 2010 – Attachment 27

Page 6 of 10 into the Serengeti district, however, could indicate the potential for local conflicts to move beyond community boundaries.

Advice received by the RRT from external experts in 2006 suggests that relocation would not be difficult for a young man, and that safety would be particularly assured in large cities such as . One external expert advised that relocation could be difficult due to costliness and lack of social and family support.

The US Department of State‟s most recent report notes that Tanzania‟s constitution provides for freedom of movement within the country, foreign travel, emigration, and repatriation, and states that the government generally respected these rights.34

The Overseas Security Advisory Council‟s (OSAC) 2010 report on Tanzania notes that petty crimes are common in cities such as Dar es Salaam and that border regions near Rwanda and Burundi have been the site of minor military clashes and some criminal and violent activity.35

In October 2006 the RRT sought the advice of a number of external experts regarding the possibility of internal relocation for a young man in Tanzania. Abdul Jetha, Country Director of Help-Age International Tanzania, stated the following:

 It is practicable for an individual to relocate to another region of Tanzania or to Dar-es-Salaam

 Age is always a factor – an older person would find relocation difficult; but not a young person – who can and do – move freely for employment or other reasons.36

Mr. Jetha stated in a further email on the subject:37

It appears that relocation to another area (outside the immediate location or the cultural boundaries where witchcraft is part of the belief system) where the individual is not known, is safe for that individual, where he or she is unlikely to be known, and this safety is particularly assured in Dar es Salaam, or other large cities.38

Dr. Simon Mesaki, Program coordinator of the Department of sociology at the University of Dar es Salaam, was also contacted by the RRT and advised that “Relocating of a young person in other parts of Tanzania is possible and is encouraged”.39

Dr Maia Green, however, a Professor of Social Anthropology at the University of Manchester, advised that “…in general relocation is difficult, especially for the old and

34 US Department of State 2010, 2010 Human Rights Report: Tanzania, March 11, S.2.d. – Attachment 21 35 Overseas Security Advisory Council 2010, Tanzania 2010 Crime & Safety Report, OSAC website, 18 May 2010 https://www.osac.gov/Reports/report.cfm?contentID=117478 – Accessed 8 September 2010 – Attachment 20 36 Jetha, Abdul 2006, Email „Witchcraft Issues‟, 20 November – Attachment 22 37 Please note that the external advice received from Mr. Jetha, Dr. Mesaki and Dr. Green was in regards to the possibilities of internal relocation for a young male whose mother was accused of witchcraft. The information included in this response, however, is general in nature and applicable to the case at hand. 38 Jetha, Abdul 2006, Email „Re Witchcraft Issues‟, 28 November – Attachment 23 39 Mesaki, Dr Simeon 2006, Email „Re: Request for assistance from Refugee Review Tribunal, Sydney Australia (RRT ref: TZA30796)‟, 26 October 2006 – Attachment 24

Page 7 of 10 vulnerable, because of issues around cost and the need for some kind of family support…The possibility of harm is always present”.40

The Daily News report from April 2009 referred to in the response to Question Two describes clan violence spreading from Tarime and Musoma districts into the Serengeti district of the Mara region.41 This indicates that clan conflicts in the region do not always remain localised and do have potential to spread to other areas of the country.

Attachments

1. „Five killed in attack on Tanzanian wedding‟ 2010, Reuters, AlertNet website, 6 March http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/LDE62501V.htm - Accessed 7 September 2010.

2. „Tanzania: Villagers storm Barrick gold mine: Inflict much damage, FFU police deployed to disperse them‟ 2008, This Day (Tanzania), CorpWatch website, 13 December http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=15263 – Accessed 8 September 2010.

3. Mwera, F. 2008, „Tanzania: CCM – Elect our candidate and we‟ll exhume chief‟s body‟, The Citizen, All Africa website, 29 September http://allafrica.com/stories/200809291311.html - Accessed 8 September 2010.

4. Overseas Security Advisory Council 2009, Tanzania 2009 Crime & Safety Report, OSAC website, 23 July https://www.osac.gov/Reports/report.cfm?contentID=105346 – Accessed 8 September 2010.

5. „Tanzania: Suspected clan gunmen kill five in Tanzania‟ 2010, Africa Generation News website, 7 March http://www.burundi- agnews.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=494:burundi-africa- international-07-mars-2010-dictators-son-declared-winner-in-togo- election&catid=30:daily-africa-news&Itemid=30 – Accessed 8 September 2010.

6. Jacob, M. 2010, „Tanzania: Have Authorities Failed to Stop Bhang Business in Tarime?‟, Tanzania Daily News, All Africa website, 13 April http://allafrica.com/stories/201004140219.html - Accessed 8 September 2010.

7. „What‟s wrong in Mara Region?‟ 2010, Daily News, Daily News Online Edition, 6 March http://www.dailynews.co.tz/editorial/?n=7982 – Accessed 8 September 2010.

8. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) 2007, Reference Map of the Great Lakes, ReliefWeb website, 7 May http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/fullmaps_af.nsf/luFullMap/F2FDC0C395D8DCB2852572D4 005C139F/$File/ocha_REF_afr070507-b.pdf?OpenElement.

9. „Musoma Rural‟ 2009, Wikipedia, 30 December http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musoma_Rural - Accessed 8 September 2010.

40 Green, Dr Maia 2006, Email „Re: Request for assistance from Refugee Review Tribunal, Sydney Australia (RRT ref: TZA30796)‟, 17 October 2006 – Attachment 25 41 Jacob, M. 2009, „Three killed as clan violence spreads to Serengeti‟, Daily News, Daily News Online Edition, 19 April http://www.dailynews.co.tz/home/?n=1411 – Accessed 8 September 2010 – Attachment 16

Page 8 of 10 10. „Musoma Urban‟ 2010, Wikipedia, 25 August http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musoma_Urban - Accessed 8 September 2010.

11. „Tarime District‟ 2009, Wikipedia, 30 December http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarime_District - Accessed 14 September 2010.

12. Mwera, F. and Mkinga, M. 2008, „Tanzania: Five Killed in Fresh Mara Ethnic Clashes‟, Nigeria Daily News, NGN website, 15 May http://ndn.nigeriadailynews.com/templates/default.aspx?a=8941&template=print- article.htm – Accessed 8 September 2010.

13. „Mara Region‟, 2010, Wikipedia, 25 August http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_Region - Accessed 8 September 2010.

14. „Homes for 100 Kenyan families torched in Tanzania‟ 2008, The Standard, 29 July. CISNET Tanzania/Kenya (CX206689).

15. „Mara murders not motivated by religion, bishop says‟ 2010, The Church of New England Newspaper, Conger website, 1 April http://geoconger.wordpress.com/2010/04/01/mara- murders-not-motivated-by-religion-bishop-says-the-church-of-england-newspaper-march- 19-2010-p-7/ - Accessed 8 September 2010

16. Jacob, M. 2009, „Three killed as clan violence spreads to Serengeti‟, Daily News, Daily News Online Edition, 19 April http://www.dailynews.co.tz/home/?n=1411 – Accessed 8 September 2010.

17. Nyakeke, B. 2009, „Tanzania: Plan to Put Tarime, Rorya Under Military‟, The Citizen, All Africa website, 2 July http://allafrica.com/stories/200907020994.html - Accessed 8 September 2010.

18. „Rorya‟ 2010, Wikipedia, 20 July http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rorya - Accessed 15 September.

19. Mayunga, A. 2010, „Tanzania: Grief as 17 Butchered in Mystery Night Raid‟, The Citizen, All Africa website, 17 February http://allafrica.com/stories/201002170415.html - Accessed 8 September 2010.

20. Overseas Security Advisory Council 2010, Tanzania 2010 Crime & Safety Report, OSAC website, 18 May 2010 https://www.osac.gov/Reports/report.cfm?contentID=117478 – Accessed 8 September 2010.

21. US Department of State 2010, 2010 Human Rights Report: Tanzania, March 11, S.2.d. 22. Jetha, Abdul 2006, Email „Witchcraft Issues‟, 20 November. 23. Jetha, Abdul 2006, Email „Re Witchcraft Issues‟, 28 November. 24. Mesaki, Dr Simeon 2006, Email „Re: Request for assistance from Refugee Review Tribunal, Sydney Australia (RRT ref: TZA30796)‟, 26 October 2006.

25. Green, Dr Maia 2006, Email „Re: Request for assistance from Refugee Review Tribunal, Sydney Australia (RRT ref: TZA30796)‟, 17 October 2006.

26. UN-Habitat (undated), „Musoma City Development Strategy‟, UN-Habitat website http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?typeid=19&catid=374&id=3582 – Accessed 8 September 2010.

Page 9 of 10 27. „Diocese of Musoma‟ (undated), Tripod website http://tecdirectory.tripod.com/dmusoma.htm - Accessed 16 September 2010.

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