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Differential Anticancer Activity of Pterostilbene Against Three

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Differential Anticancer Activity of Pterostilbene Against Three ANTICANCER RESEARCH 37 : 6153-6159 (2017) doi:10.21873/anticanres.12064 Differential Anticancer Activity of Pterostilbene Against Three Subtypes of Human Breast Cancer Cells REI WAKIMOTO, MISAKI ONO, MIKAKO TAKESHIMA, TAKAKO HIGUCHI and SHUJI NAKANO Graduate School of Health and Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, Fukuoka, Japan Abstract. Although pterostilbene, a natural analog of factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression. Therapeutic options for resveratrol, has potent antitumor activity against several patients with advanced breast cancer are limited and depend human cancer types, the possible inhibitory mechanisms on the breast cancer subtype. Although survival of patients against subtypes of human breast cancer with different with breast cancer has been improved by hormonal and hormone receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor targeted therapy in recent years, triple-negative breast cancer, 2 (HER2) status remain unknown. We investigated the which is clinically negative for expression of ER, PR and anticancer activity of pterostilbene using three subtypes of HER2, is associated with a poor prognosis (2). Because there breast cancer cell lines. Pterostilbene treatment exhibited a are a limited number of treatments for triple-negative breast dose-dependent antiproliferative activity, with the greatest cancer, development of novel treatment options and prevention growth inhibition observed in triple-negative MDA-MB-468 for this type of breast cancer is extremely important. In this cells. Although pterostilbene arrested cell-cycle progression at context, fruit and vegetables have attracted attention because the G 0/G 1 phase regardless of breast cancer subtype, its their intake has been shown to reduce the risk of breast cancer apoptosis-inducing activity was highly apparent in MDA-MB- (3), and differentially affect ER-negative and -positive breast 468 cells. Pterostilbene induced strong and sustained cancer incidence rates, preferentially lowering the risk of ER- activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, negative breast cancer in postmenopausal women (4). with concomitant cyclin D1 suppression and p21 up-regulation, Furthermore, a recent cohort study showed that fruit intake in and inhibited the phosphorylation of AKT and mammalian adolescence significantly reduces the risk of ER-negative, but target of rapamycin (mTOR), followed by subsequent up- not ER-positive premenopausal breast cancer (5). Such regulation of BAX without affecting B-cell lymphoma-extra differential cancer-preventive potentials of fruit and vegetables large (BCL-xL). Oral administration of pterostilbene are considered to be attributable to phytochemicals, since a significantly suppressed tumor growth in nude mice growing number of studies have uncovered potential xenotransplanted with MDA-MB-468 cells. These data suggest applications for phytochemicals for chemoprevention and a potential role of pterostilbene for prevention and treatment treatment for cancer, not only in cell lines but also in animal of human breast cancer, especially of triple-negative breast models of cancer (6). Accordingly, we recently showed that cancer. phytochemicals such as lycopene and nobiletin possess differential anticancer activity against breast cancer cells with Breast cancer is the most frequently occurring cancer among different hormone receptor and HER2 status (7, 8). women, and the leading cause of cancer death worldwide (1). Pterostilbene ( trans- 3, 5-dimethoxy-4’-hydroxystilbene) is a Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease that can be classified stilbenoid phytochemical with similar structure and biological into several distinct subtypes based on estrogen receptor (ER), activities to those of resveratrol (9). Like resveratrol, progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth pterostilbene has multiple pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cancer-preventive activity (10-12). Although many of the benefits associated with resveratrol also apply to pterostilbene, pterostilbene has a Correspondence to: Shuji Nakano, Graduate School of Health and longer half-life and higher oral bioavailability (13). Moreover, Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, 5-7-1 Befu, it is more potent than resveratrol in inhibiting the growth of Johnan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0198, Japan. E-mail: snakano@nakamura- u.ac.jp human colon cancer cells as well as preventing azoxymethane- induced colonic tumorigenesis (14). Although the excellent Key Words: Breast cancer, pterostilbene, cell cycle, G 0/G 1 arrest, antioxidant property of pterostilbene is most likely the basis for apoptosis. its preventive role against cancer at the initiating and 6153 ANTICANCER RESEARCH 37 : 6153-6159 (2017) progression stages, increasing evidence indicates that vehicle-treated cells taken as 100%. Each experiment was pterostilbene has anticancer activity against a variety types of performed using three replicate dishes for each pterostilbene human cancer cells through modulation of diverse molecular concentration and was carried out independently three times. The IC value defined as the concentration needed for a 50% reduction targets involving growth factor signaling, cell-cycle regulation, 50 in cell viability, was determined. The antiproliferative effects of and cell survival/apoptosis (15-17). In animal studies, similar concentrations of resveratrol on these breast cancer cell lines pterostilbene inhibited the growth of pancreatic and breast were also assessed using the same method as described above. cancer in xenotransplanted nude mice (16, 18). These in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that pterostilbene might be Cell-cycle analysis and apoptosis measurement. At different times potentially useful for the prevention and treatment of various following treatment with 100 μM pterostilbene, floating and trypsinized types of human cancer. Since phytochemicals have been adherent cells were combined, fixed in 70% ethanol, and stored at 4˚C suggested to lower the risk of ER-negative rather than ER- prior to cell-cycle analysis. We used this high concentration of pterostilbene, because lower concentration is insufficient to clearly positive breast cancer, it is of interest to determine whether visualize the difference of cell cycle distribution. After removal of there are any differences in pterostilbene activity among ethanol by centrifugation, cells were washed with phosphate-buffered different subtypes of breast cancer cells. In the present study, saline and stained with a solution containing RNase A and propidium we investigated the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the iodide (Sigma-Aldrich). Cell-cycle analyses were performed on a growth-inhibitory activity of pterostilbene against three human Beckman Coulter Gallios Flow Cytometer using the Kaluza ver.1.2 breast cancer cell lines that differ in their hormone receptor and software Packages (Beckman Coulter), and the extent of apoptosis was HER2 status. In addition, an in vivo experiment using a mouse determined by measuring the sub-G 0/G 1 population. xenograft model was conducted to determine whether the Western blot analysis of signaling proteins for cell cycle, growth and inhibitory effects of pterostilbene are clinically applicable to apoptosis. Western blot analysis was performed as previously human breast cancer. described (20). Equal amounts of proteins prepared by lysed cells treated with 100 μM pterostilbene were resolved by 4-15% sodium Materials and Methods dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Bio Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) and electrotransferred onto a polyvinylidene Cell culture and chemicals. The study was performed on three difluoride membrane (GE Healthcare, Piscataway, NJ, USA). Non- subtypes of breast cancer cell lines, namely ER-positive MCF-7 specific binding sites were blocked by incubating the membranes in cells, hormone receptor-negative but HER2-positive SK-BR-3 cells, blocking buffer (Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan) at room temperature and triple-negative MDA-MB-468 cells, all purchased from the for 30 min. The membranes were then incubated with primary American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA). Origins antibodies against either phospho-mTOR (Ser2448) (Abcam, of the cell lines and their hormone receptor and HER2 status have Cambridge, UK), phospho-p44/42 ERK1/2 (Thr202/Tyr204), been described previously (19). These cell lines were cultured in phospho-AKT (Ser473), Cyclin D1 (2992), p21 (C19) (Santa Cruz RPMI-1640 (Wako, Osaka, Japan) supplemented with 10% fetal Biotech, Dallas, TX, USA), BCL-xL (2762), or BAX (2772). The bovine serum (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA), 100 IU/ml membranes were hybridized with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated penicillin and 100 μg/ml streptomycin in a humidified atmosphere secondary antibody. Immunoblots were then developed with the of 95% air and 5% CO 2 at 37˚C. Pterostilbene was purchased from enhanced chemiluminescence system (GE Healthcare) and were then Carbosynth Ltd. (Berkshire, UK), and stored at −80˚C. A 1.0 M quantified using a LAS-3000 Luminescent Image Analyzer (Fuji solution was prepared by dissolving original pterostilbene with Film, Tokyo, Japan). The blots were stripped and reprobed with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). primary antibodies against mTOR, ERK1/2, AKT and β- actin. All A 10 mM solution was prepared by diluting this 1.0 M pterostilbene primary and secondary antibodies, except those for p21 and phospho- solution with 99.5% ethanol
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