DOCSLIB.ORG

Radon Gas in Caves of the Peak District

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Radon Gas in Caves of the Peak District University of Huddersfield Repository Hyland, Robert Quentin Thomas. Spatial and temporal variations of radon and radon daughter concentrations within limestone caves Original Citation Hyland, Robert Quentin Thomas. (1995) Spatial and temporal variations of radon and radon daughter concentrations within limestone caves. Doctoral thesis, University of Huddersfield. This version is available at http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/4839/ The University Repository is a digital collection of the research output of the University, available on Open Access. Copyright and Moral Rights for the items on this site are retained by the individual author and/or other copyright owners. Users may access full items free of charge; copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided: • The authors, title and full bibliographic details is credited in any copy; • A hyperlink and/or URL is included for the original metadata page; and • The content is not changed in any way. For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please contact the Repository Team at: [email protected]. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/ SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIATIONS OF RADON AN]) RADON DAUGHTER CONCENTRATIONS WITHIN LIMESTONE CAVES BY ROBERT QIJENTIN THOMAS IIYLAND A thesis submitted to the University of Huddersfield in partial fhlflhlment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy January 1995 Volume One ABSTRACF This thesis outlines results from an investigation of radon and radon daughter concentrations in limestone caves, from a geographical and geological perspective Investigations were conducted at all geographical scales, ranging from a national investigation in the four major caving regions of England and Wales to a detailed survey within a single cave in the Peak District The measured radon concentrations in some limestone caves in England and Wales are amongst the highest ever recorded in the world Significant spatial and temporal variations were recorded m concentrations at all scales, within a single cave, between caves in the same region and between different regions Additionally, seasonal and diurnal variations in concentrations were highlighted. External climatic variables and the cave radon budget were demonstrated to account for variations in cave radon concentrations Within limestone caves seven primary sources of radon were identified and the relative importance of each to the overall radon budget was determined Sediments and the contaming limestone rock were the major sources although in certain cases water and the soil were demonstrated to be influential Models were developed to predict cave radon concentrations within a single cave However, these could not be transposed to predict radon concentrations in other caves in the same region or other regions The users of limestone caves were identified, their potential exposure times were examined and legislation concerning their exposure was discussed Four groups were identified as being at risk from radon while underground, and three groups were identified as bemg at little risk Methods by which the risk from radon exposure can be reduced were examined m ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thanks go to Professor John (3unn and Dr Simon Bottrell for support and encouragement durmg the course of this research. Without the help of the 'Team' at home none of this would have been possible, especially Mm for all her support, Bar for his editorials and Mildred for always being willing to go for a walk when I needed to get away Thanks also go to all cavers who helped during the National project, and to Gill and all the employees at Peak Cavern for allowmg access and always bemg available with a cup of coffee at the end of a long day 'in the field' Thanks also to John and Cathy Gunn, John Beck, Dave Nixon and Steve Pratt for assistance with the production of figures and photos 'V TABLE OF CONTENTS SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIATIONS OF RADON AND RADON DAUGHTER CONCENTRATIONS WITHIN LIMESTONE CAVES .......................I Frontispiece........................................................................................................ II ABSTRACT....................................................................................................... 111 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................................................................................iv TABLEOF CONTENTS.....................................................................................v CHAPTERONE: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 1 1 .1 Background to the thesis................................................................................1 1.1.1 Project Definition...................................................................................1 1 .1.2 Impetus thesis.............................................................................1 1 .2AimsandObjectives.......................................................................................4 1 .3 Environmental radiation..................................................................................5 1 .3.1 Sources f radiation...............................................................................5 1.3.2 Radon isotopes 4 environmental significance fRadon-222 ..........5 1.3.3 Definition and characterisation of radon ?i4 radon daughters.................6 1 .4 Karst Environments: Definitions.....................................................................7 V 1.4.lKarst.7 1.4.2 Limestones .8 1.4.3 Caves.....................................................................................................8 1.4.4 Cave Microclimate.................................................................................9 1.5 Structure ofthethesis...................................................................................14 CHAPTER TWO: ENVIRONMENTAL IONISING RADIATIONS AND PROPERTIESOF RADON-222..............................................................................13 2.1 Introduction...................................................................................................13 2.2 Radiochemical principles...............................................................................14 2.2.1 Properties Qf atoms..............................................................................14 2.2.2 Radioactive decay...............................................................................15 2.2.3 Decay series.........................................................................................16 2.2.4 Radioactive equilibrium........................................................................17 2.2.5 Radioactive decay................................................................................19 2.2.6 Development discovery fradiochemistry. yj special reference radon-222.....................................................................................................20 2.3 Properties of radon and radon daughters.......................................................21 vi 2.3 Properties of radon and radon daughters .21 2.3.1 Properties Qf radon ....................................................................... 21 2.3.2 Properties short-lived radon daughters.......................................21 2.3.3. Attached 4 unattached fractions.......................................................23 2.3.4. Equilibrium f radon 4 radon daughters...........................................29 2.4. Units...........................................................................................................24 2.4.1 Introduction.........................................................................................24 2.4.2.Radonunits.........................................................................................25 2.4.3. Radon daughters.................................................................................26 2.4.4. Dose...................................................................................................28 2.5 Summary......................................................................................................29 CHAPTER THREE: RADON IN LIMESTONE CAVES: AN INTERNATIONAL LITERATUREREVIEW.........................................................................................31 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................31 3.2 Historical summary of international radon literature......................................31 3.3 The general cave radon system.....................................................................33 3.4 Theories proposed to account for the cave radon system...............................33 vu 3.4.1 Cave moho10 .33 3.4.2 Temperature........................................................................................37 3.4.3 Pressure...............................................................................................38 3.4.4 Depth...................................................................................................39 3.4.5 Equilibrium between radon 4 radon daughters ..................................40 3.4.6 Radon-220 (Thoron)............................................................................40 3.4.7 Sources radon to limestone cave environments.................................40 3.4.8 Variations 21 radon j relation to height within passages..............41 3.4.9
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Archaeological Test Pit Excavations in Castleton, Derbyshire, 2008 and 2009
    Archaeological Test Pit Excavations in Castleton, Derbyshire, 2008 and 2009 Catherine Collins 2 Archaeological Test Pit Excavations in Castleton, Derbyshire in 2008 and 2009 By Catherine Collins 2017 Access Cambridge Archaeology Department of Archaeology and Anthropology University of Cambridge Pembroke Street Cambridge CB2 3QG 01223 761519 [email protected] http://www.access.arch.cam.ac.uk/ (Front cover images: view south up Castle Street towards Peveril Castle, 2008 students on a trek up Mam Tor and test pit excavations at CAS/08/2 – copyright ACA & Mike Murray) 3 4 Contents 1 SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................... 7 2 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 8 2.1 ACCESS CAMBRIDGE ARCHAEOLOGY ..................................................................................................... 8 2.2 THE HIGHER EDUCATION FIELD ACADEMY ............................................................................................ 8 2.3 TEST PIT EXCAVATION AND RURAL SETTLEMENT STUDIES ...................................................................... 9 3 AIMS, OBJECTIVES AND DESIRED OUTCOMES ........................................................................ 10 3.1 AIMS ..........................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Wessex Cave Club Journal Volume 24 Number 261 August 1998
    THE WESSEX CAVE CLUB JOURNAL VOLUME 24 NUMBER 261 AUGUST 1998 PRESIDENT RICHARD KENNEY VICE PRESIDENTS PAUL DOLPHIN Contents GRAHAM BALCOMBE JACK SHEPPARD Club News 182 CHAIRMAN DAVE MORRISON Windrush 42/45 Upper Bristol Rd Caving News 182 Clutton BS18 4RH 01761 452437 Swildon’s Mud Sump 183 SECRETARY MARK KELLAWAY Ceram Expedition 183 5 Brunswick Close Twickenham Middlesex NCA Caver’s Fair 184 TW2 5ND 0181 943 2206 [email protected] Library Acquisitions 185 TREASURER & MARK HELMORE A Fathers Day To Remember 186 MRO CO-ORDINATOR 01761 416631 EDITOR ROSIE FREEMAN The Rescue of Malc Foyle 33 Alton Rd and His Tin Fish 187 Fleet Hants GU13 9HW Things To Do Around The Hut 189 01252 629621 [email protected] Observations in the MEMBERSHIP DAVE COOKE St Dunstans Well and SECRETARY 33 Laverstoke Gardens Ashwick Drainage Basins 190 Roehampton London SW15 4JB Editorial 196 0181 788 9955 [email protected] St Patrick’s Weekend 197 CAVING SECRETARY LES WILLIAMS TRAINING OFFICER & 01749 679839 Letter To The Membership 198 C&A OFFICER [email protected] NORTHERN CAVING KEITH SANDERSON A Different Perspective 198 SECRETARY 015242 51662 GEAR CURATOR ANDY MORSE Logbook Extracts 199 HUT ADMIN. OFFICER DAVE MEREDITH Caving Events 200 HUT WARDEN ANDYLADELL COMMITTEE MEMBER MIKE DEWDNEY-YORK & LIBRARIAN WCC Headquarters, Upper Pitts, Eastwater Lane SALES OFFICER DEBORAH Priddy, Somerset, BA5 3AX MORGENSTERN Telephone 01749 672310 COMMITTEE MEMBER SIMON RICHARDSON © Wessex Cave Club 1998. All rights reserved ISSN 0083-811X SURVEY SALES MAURICE HEWINS Opinions expressed in the Journal are not necessarily those of the Club or the Editor Club News Caving News Full details of the library contents are being Swildon’s Forty - What was the significance of the painstakingly entered by the Librarian onto the 10th July this year? WCC database.
    [Show full text]
  • Dave Turner Caving
    Dave Turner’s Caving Log Date Day Category Subcat Time Country Region Cave Description Accompanied by 61-?-? Sat Caving Trip UK Mendips Goatchurch 61-?-? Sat Caving Trip UK Mendips Rod's Pot 61-?-? ? Caving Trip UK Mendips Swildons Hole Top of 20' 61-?-? Wed Caving Trip UK Mendips Goatchurch 61-?-? Wed Caving Trip UK Mendips East Twin 61-?-? Wed Caving Trip UK Mendips Hunter's Hole 62-1-7 Wed Caving Trip UK Mendips Goatchurch 62-1-7 Wed Caving Trip UK Mendips Rod's Pot Aven 62-1-24 Wed Caving Trip UK Mendips Swildons Hole Top of 40' 62-1-28 Sun Caving Trip UK Mendips Lamb Leer Top of pitch 62-1-28 Sun Caving Trip UK Mendips Swildons Hole Mud Sump 62-2-3 Sat Caving Trip UK Mendips St. Cuthbert's Swallet 62-2-4 Sun Caving Trip UK Mendips Attborough Swallet (MNRC dig) 62-2-11 Sun Caving Trip UK Mendips Hilliers Cave 62-2-17 Sat Caving Trip UK Mendips Swildons Hole Shatter Pot and Sump 1 62-2-18 Sun Caving Trip UK Mendips GB Cave 62-2-24 Sat Caving Trip UK Mendips Longwood Swallet 62-2-25 Sun Caving Trip UK Mendips Balch's Cave 62-2-25 Sun Caving Trip UK Mendips Furnhill 62-3-10 Sat Caving Trip UK Mendips Gough's Cave 62-3-17 Sat Caving Trip 09:30 UK Mendips Swildons Hole Vicarage Pot Forest of 62-3-24 Sat Caving Trip UK Dean Iron Mine Forest of 62-3-25 Sun Caving Trip UK Dean Iron Mine 62-3-28 Wed Caving Trip UK Mendips Swildons Hole Sump 1 62-4-28 Sat Caving Trip UK Mendips Attborough Swallet 62-4-29 Sun Caving Walk UK Mendips Velvet Bottom 62-5-5 Sat Caving Trip UK Mendips Swildons Hole Vicarage Pot and Sump 2 62-5-6 Sun Caving Visit UK
    [Show full text]
  • Palaeolithic and Pleistocene Sites of the Mendip, Bath and Bristol Areas
    Proc. Univ. Bristol Spelacol. Soc, 19SlJ, 18(3), 367-389 PALAEOLITHIC AND PLEISTOCENE SITES OF THE MENDIP, BATH AND BRISTOL AREAS RECENT BIBLIOGRAPHY by R. W. MANSFIELD and D. T. DONOVAN Lists of references lo works on the Palaeolithic and Pleistocene of the area were published in these Proceedings in 1954 (vol. 7, no. 1) and 1964 (vol. 10, no. 2). In 1977 (vol. 14, no. 3) these were reprinted, being then out of print, by Hawkins and Tratman who added a list ai' about sixty papers which had come out between 1964 and 1977. The present contribution is an attempt to bring the earlier lists up to date. The 1954 list was intended to include all work before that date, but was very incomplete, as evidenced by the number of older works cited in the later lists, including the present one. In particular, newspaper reports had not been previously included, but are useful for sites such as the Milton Hill (near Wells) bone Fissure, as are a number of references in serials such as the annual reports of the British Association and of the Wells Natural History and Archaeological Society, which are also now noted for the first time. The largest number of new references has been generated by Gough's Cave, Cheddar, which has produced important new material as well as new studies of finds from the older excavations. The original lists covered an area from what is now the northern limit of the County of Avon lo the southern slopes of the Mendips. Hawkins and Tratman extended that area to include the Quaternary Burtle Beds which lie in the Somerset Levels to the south of the Mendips, and these are also included in the present list.
    [Show full text]
  • UBSS Newsletter Third Series Volume 1 No 9
    ISSN 1756-2988 (Print) ISSN 1756-2996 (Online) Third Series S Newsle Number 9 BS tte U r Charterhouse Extension Mendip Cave Rescue Workshop WW II Archaeology Around the Hut Summer 2008 UBSS Newsletter Third Series Number 9 The Charterhouse Cave Extension The Charterhouse extension looking downstream from the Blades (the stream is flowing under the floor of the passage). Photo: Pete Hann The UBSS team working in Great we sub-contracted the dig to our Graham (another of the 80s Swallet have missed the big prize club mate Pete Hann and set our diggers) undertaking cementing and, now that Charterhouse Cave sights elsewhere on Mendip. Pete trips each fortnight. I was happy to has gone, Bat Dig in GB certainly had dug with Willie Stanton and he give moral support from my does deserve the accolade “Best copied the methods Willie employed armchair. Then in April, with Ali potential in Mendips”, though that at Reservoir Hole. Cement complaining that the team were potential has been rather diminished. everything in sight, remove the having trouble finding enough But it is not all doom and gloop, the boulders blocking the way, move ballast in the splash pools through Society did have a representative forward, cement everything in sight, the cave for the concrete, I foolishly embedded in the successful team of remove the boulders blocking the suggested that instead of wasting Wessex Cave Club diggers at way, move forward and repeat again, an hour or so each trip sieving grit, Charterhouse. What follows is my again and again. It is very effective they bring gravel in from the surface.
    [Show full text]
  • Somerset Geology-A Good Rock Guide
    SOMERSET GEOLOGY-A GOOD ROCK GUIDE Hugh Prudden The great unconformity figured by De la Beche WELCOME TO SOMERSET Welcome to green fields, wild flower meadows, farm cider, Cheddar cheese, picturesque villages, wild moorland, peat moors, a spectacular coastline, quiet country lanes…… To which we can add a wealth of geological features. The gorge and caves at Cheddar are well-known. Further east near Frome there are Silurian volcanics, Carboniferous Limestone outcrops, Variscan thrust tectonics, Permo-Triassic conglomerates, sediment-filled fissures, a classic unconformity, Jurassic clays and limestones, Cretaceous Greensand and Chalk topped with Tertiary remnants including sarsen stones-a veritable geological park! Elsewhere in Mendip are reminders of coal and lead mining both in the field and museums. Today the Mendips are a major source of aggregates. The Mesozoic formations curve in an arc through southwest and southeast Somerset creating vales and escarpments that define the landscape and clearly have influenced the patterns of soils, land use and settlement as at Porlock. The church building stones mark the outcrops. Wilder country can be found in the Quantocks, Brendon Hills and Exmoor which are underlain by rocks of Devonian age and within which lie sunken blocks (half-grabens) containing Permo-Triassic sediments. The coastline contains exposures of Devonian sediments and tectonics west of Minehead adjoining the classic exposures of Mesozoic sediments and structural features which extend eastward to the Parrett estuary. The predominance of wave energy from the west and the large tidal range of the Bristol Channel has resulted in rapid cliff erosion and longshore drift to the east where there is a full suite of accretionary landforms: sandy beaches, storm ridges, salt marsh, and sand dunes popular with summer visitors.
    [Show full text]
  • Wessex-Cave-Club-Journal-Number
    Vol. 17 No. 193 CONTENTS page Editorial 27 Letter to the Editor Bob Lewis 27 Longwood – The Renolds Passage Extension Pete Moody 28 Caving on a Coach Tour, 1982 Paul Weston 32 Charterhouse Caving Committee Phil Hendy 35 The Works Outing Sanity Clause 36 Book Review; Northern Caves Volumes Two and Three Steve Gough 37 From The Log 37 CLUB OFFICERS Chairman Philip Hendy, 10 Silver St., Wells, Somerset. Secretary Bob Drake, Axeover House, Yarley, Nr. Wells, Somerset. Asst. Secretary Judith Vanderplank, 51 Cambridge Road, Clevedon, Avon Caving Secretary Jeff Price, 18 Hurston Road, Inns Court, Bristol. Asst. Caving Sec. Keith Sanderson, 11 Pye Busk Close, High Bentham, via Lancaster. (Northern caves only) Treasurer Jerry (Fred) Felstead, 47 Columbine Road, Widmer End, High Wycombe, Bucks. Gear Curator Dave Morrison, 27 Maurice Walk, London NW 11 HQ Warden Glyn Bolt, 4 The Retreat, Foxcote, Radstock, Avon. HQ Administration John Ham, The Laurels, East Brent, Highbridge, Som. Editor Al Keen, 88 Upper Albert Road, Sheffield, S8 9HT Sales Officer Barry Davies, 2 North Bank, Wookey Hole, Wells, Som. HQ Bookings Adrian Vanderplank, 51 Cambridge Road, Clevedon, Avon Librarians Pete & Alison Moody Survey Sales Maurice Hewins (c) Wessex Cave Club 1982 Price to non-members 60p inc. P&P. Vol. 17 No. 193 EDITORIAL If there is such a thing as a silly season for editorials, then this is it. I have recently moved back to London after changing jobs, and I have also been preparing for a few weeks abroad, all of which has left little time even to think of this padding! There is no 'Mendip News' or 'Club News' in this issue, as activity since the last reports is continuing on much the same lines.
    [Show full text]
  • Hope to Hathersage Or Bamford Via Castleton
    Hope to Hathersage (via Castleton) Hope to Bamford (via Castleton) 1st walk check 2nd walk check 3rd walk check 1st walk check 2nd walk check 3rd walk check 17th August 2020 Current status Document last updated Wednesday, 19th August 2020 This document and information herein are copyrighted to Saturday Walkers’ Club. If you are interested in printing or displaying any of this material, Saturday Walkers’ Club grants permission to use, copy, and distribute this document delivered from this World Wide Web server with the following conditions: • The document will not be edited or abridged, and the material will be produced exactly as it appears. Modification of the material or use of it for any other purpose is a violation of our copyright and other proprietary rights. • Reproduction of this document is for free distribution and will not be sold. • This permission is granted for a one-time distribution. • All copies, links, or pages of the documents must carry the following copyright notice and this permission notice: Saturday Walkers’ Club, Copyright © 2019-2020, used with permission. All rights reserved. www.walkingclub.org.uk This walk has been checked as noted above, however the publisher cannot accept responsibility for any problems encountered by readers. Hope to Hathersage or Bamford (via Castleton) Start: Hope Station Finish: Hathersage or Bamford Stations Hope Station, map reference SK 180 832, is 18 km south west of Sheffield, 231 km north west of Charing Cross and 169m above sea level. Bamford Station, map reference SK 207 825, is 3 km south east of Hope Station and 151m above sea level.
    [Show full text]
  • The Growth of Geological Knowledge in the Council Peak District Mrs
    VOLUME 14 PART 4 DECEMBER 1999 Journal of the East Midlands Contents Geological Society Mercian News 154 President Vice-President Bakewell Bargains; The Flying Finns; Rockwatch Dr. R. J. O. Hamblin Mrs. S. M. Miles 1999; Sculptured Stones; Trent Trends Secretary Treasurer Reports 156 Mr. A. J. Filmer Mrs. C. Moore Cool Peterborough exhibition — A. Dawn and A. Filmer Editorial Board Peak District Mining Museum — L. Willies Dr. J. N. Carney Mrs. J. B. Rigby Dr. A. S. Howard Mrs. J. M. Small Mr. T. Morris Dr. A. C. Waltham T. D. Ford 161 The Growth of Geological Knowledge in the Council Peak District Mrs. J. Anderson Mr. L. R. Hall Mr. J. Aram Mrs. P. M. Jones Mr. C. Bagshaw Dr. P. G. Small M. Evans 191 Mr. B. Bentley Dr. I. D. Sutton A new reconstruction of the skull of the Callovian Dr. P. Gutteridge Mr. D. Usher elasmosaurid plesiosaur Muraenosaurus leedsii Seeley Address for Correspondence General information and membership details: The Secretary, E.M.G.S. H. E. Boynton 197 Rose Cottage, Chapel Lane, New fossils in the Precambrian of Charnwood Epperstone, Nottingham NG14 6AE Forest, Leicestershire, England Tel: 01159 663854 The Mercian Geologist is published by the East Excursion Reports 201 Midlands Geological Society and printed by P. Gutteridge — Wye Valley Norman Printing Ltd, Nottingham and London. K. Ambrose and A. Filmer — Cloud Hill Quarry Paper made from woodpulp harvested from J. Small — Field excursion to Skipton Moor renewable forests, where replacement rate exceeds K. Ambrose — Ticknall and Ibstock Brick Pit consumption. T. Morris — Field visit to the Malverns Area No part of this publication may be reproduced in any other publication without the prior written Secretary’s Report 213 consent of the Society.
    [Show full text]
  • GEOMORPHOLOGY and HYDROLOGY of the CENTRAL MENDIPS Steady Gradient of About I in 90 to Crook Peak (628 Ft.) and with Only Slightly Less Regularity to 400 Ft
    Geomorphology and Hydrology or the Central Mendips. Proc. Univ. Brist. Spe1. Soc., 1969, 12 (I), 63-74. Jubilee Contribution University ofBristol Spel.eological Society Geomorphologyand Hydrology of the Central Mendips By D. T. DONOVAN, D.Se. Only in the last few years has the Society carried out and published work on cave geomorphology and hydrology. This article attempts to relate this work to the geomorphological problems of the Mendip Hills. These will be reviewed first. The first question which must be settled is the degree to which the relief of the Palreozoic rocks is an exhumed relief dating from Triassic times, revealed by the removal ofMesozoic rocks. Some authors, perhaps in­ spired by Lloyd Morgan (Morgan 1888 p. 250; Morgan & Reynolds 1909, p. 24), have thought Triassic erosion an important factor in determining details ofpresent relief. While the broad reliefofnorth Somerset certainly reflects that of the late Trias, when the Coal Measures vales between the Carboniferous Limestone uplands had already been eroded to their present level or lower, I question whether the relationship holds in any detail. Some of the marginal slopes of Mendip may be little more than old Carboniferous Limestone slopes exhumed by removal of Trias, but along the southern limit of the Mendips the characteristic steep, regular marginal slope is, in fact, largely cut in the Triassic Dolomitic Conglo­ merate which has an exceedingly irregular contact with the Carboniferous Limestone. Similarly, the summit plateau cuts indiscriminately across Carboniferous and Triassic. All the anticlinal cores were exposed by erosion in Triassic times, but except west of Rowberrow, where the Old Red Sandstone core ofthe Blackdown anticline was already eroded down to a low level in the Trias, I conclude, with Ford and Stanton (1969) that the Triassic landscape is unimportant in controlling present relief.
    [Show full text]
  • The Limestone and Dolomite Resources of the Country Around Tideswell, Derbyshire. Description of 1:25 000 Sheets SK17 and Parts
    INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES Mineral Assessment Repor-t98 Natural EnvironmentResearch Council .. The limestoneand dolomite 7 resources of the country SK 08 SK 28 around Tideswell, 0 Whaley Bridge Derbyshire SK 07 SK 27 Description of 1 :25 000 Buxton Eyam Tidegwell Calve? sheets SK 17 and parts of c SK 18 and 27 MatlocE R. W. Gatliff @ Crown copyright 1982 ISBN 0 11 884298 6" LondonHer Majesty's Stationery Office 1982 PREFACE The first twelve reports on the assessment of British National resources of many industrial minerals may seem sand and gravel resources appeared in the Report Series so large that stocktaking appears unnecessary, but the of theInstitute of Geological Sciences as a subseries. demand for minerals and for land for all purposesis Report No. 13 and subsequent reports appear as Mineral intensifying and it hasbecome increasingly clear in Assessment Reports of the Institute. recent years that regional assessments of resources of these minerals should be undertaken. The publication of Details of published reports appear at the endof this information about the quantity and quality of deposits Report. over large areas is intended to provide a comprehensive factual background against which planning decisions can Any enquiries concerning this report may be addressed to be made. Head, Industrial Minerals Assessment Unit, The interdepartmental Mineral Resources Con- Institute of Geological Sciences, sultative Committee recommended that limestone should Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG. be investigated, and,following a feasibility study initiated in 1970 by theInstitute andfunded by the Department of Education and Science, the Industrial The asterisk on the cover indicates that parts of sheets MineralsAssessment Unit (formerly the Mineral adjacent to the one cited are described in this report.
    [Show full text]
  • Pen Park Hole Biological Report 2013
    PEN PARK HOLE INVERTEBRATE SURVEY, 2013 Top left: Niphargus fontanus (Andy Lewington); top right: sampling the lake; bottom: Niphargus kochianus AUTHOR: LEE R.F.D. KNIGHT, Consultant Freshwater Biologist PEN PARK HOLE INVERTEBRATE SURVEY, 2013 CONTENTS Page No. 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Description of the Cave System and its History 1 1.2 Previous Biological Survey Work 2 2. MATERIALS & METHODS 5 3. RESULTS 6 3.1 Terrestrial Fauna 6 3.2 Aquatic Fauna 7 3.3 Faunal Distributions 7 4. DISCUSSION 11 4.1 Terrestrial Fauna 11 4.2 Aquatic Fauna 12 4.3 Comparison of Pen Park Hole Fauna with that of Other Caves 14 5. CONCLUSIONS 16 6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 17 7. REFERENCES 18 APPENDIX: Photos of Sampling and Habitat in Pen Park Hole 20 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Description of the Cave System and its History Pen Park Hole lies on the edge of Southmead, Bristol and has been formed in a submerged ridge of Carboniferous limestone (the Clifton Down Limestone). The system has developed along the line of a high angle reverse fault, which has formed parallel to the 50⁰ north- western dip of the limestone (Bristow, 1963). It is the largest cave known in the Bristol limestone; other caves exist further south, principally along the Avon Gorge [most notably St. Vincent’s Cave (also known as Giant’s or Ghystan’s Cave) below the camera obscura on Clifton Down] and elsewhere but these are all very small in extent. The system is 112m in length, with a vertical range of 61m (Mullan, 1993; Gray et al.
    [Show full text]