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The Effects of a Transcontinental Flight on Markers of Coagulation and Fibrinolysis in Healthy Men After Vigorous Physical Activity

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The Effects of a Transcontinental Flight on Markers of Coagulation and Fibrinolysis in Healthy Men After Vigorous Physical Activity See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309711480 The effects of a transcontinental flight on markers of coagulation and fibrinolysis in healthy men after vigorous physical activity Article in Chronobiology International · February 2017 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2016.1247851 CITATIONS READS 0 427 13 authors, including: William J Kraemer David Robert Hooper The Ohio State University Jacksonville University 1,009 PUBLICATIONS 40,809 CITATIONS 56 PUBLICATIONS 327 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Lee E Brown California State University, Fullerton 796 PUBLICATIONS 4,227 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Western States Endurance Race (WSER) View project Effect of Different Concentric and Eccentric Muscle Action Training Protocols on Knee Strength Ratios, Neuromuscular Adaptations, and Functional Performance View project All content following this page was uploaded by Brian Kupchak on 16 May 2018. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Chronobiology International The Journal of Biological and Medical Rhythm Research ISSN: 0742-0528 (Print) 1525-6073 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/icbi20 The effects of a transcontinental flight on markers of coagulation and fibrinolysis in healthy men after vigorous physical activity Brian R. Kupchak, William J. Kraemer, David R. Hooper, Cathy Saenz, Lexie L. Dulkis, Paul J. Secola, Lee E. Brown, Andrew J. Galpin, Jared W. Coburn, William H. DuPont, Lydia K. Caldwell, Jeff S. Volek & Carl M. Maresh To cite this article: Brian R. Kupchak, William J. Kraemer, David R. Hooper, Cathy Saenz, Lexie L. Dulkis, Paul J. Secola, Lee E. Brown, Andrew J. Galpin, Jared W. Coburn, William H. DuPont, Lydia K. Caldwell, Jeff S. Volek & Carl M. Maresh (2016): The effects of a transcontinental flight on markers of coagulation and fibrinolysis in healthy men after vigorous physical activity, Chronobiology International, DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2016.1247851 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07420528.2016.1247851 Published online: 04 Nov 2016. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 1 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=icbi20 Download by: [Brian Kupchak] Date: 06 November 2016, At: 10:57 CHRONOBIOLOGY INTERNATIONAL http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07420528.2016.1247851 The effects of a transcontinental flight on markers of coagulation and fibrinolysis in healthy men after vigorous physical activity Brian R. Kupchaka,c, William J. Kraemerb, David R. Hooperd, Cathy Saenzb, Lexie L. Dulkisc, Paul J. Secolac, Lee E. Browne, Andrew J. Galpine, Jared W. Coburne, William H. DuPontb, Lydia K. Caldwellb, Jeff S. Volekb, and Carl M. Mareshb aDepartment of Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA; bDepartment of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; cDepartment of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA; dDepartment of Health Sciences, Armstrong State University, Savannah, GA, USA; eDepartment of Kinesiology, California State University- Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Purpose: Athletes and military service members are known to undergo strenuous exercise and some- Received 6 August 2016 times have to take long haul flights soon afterwards; however, its combined effect on many physiolo- Revised 20 September 2016 gical functions is relatively unknown. Therefore, we examined the combined effects of a full-body Accepted 10 October 2016 muscle-damaging workout and transcontinental flight on coagulation and fibrinolysis in healthy, KEYWORDS resistance trained men. We also determined the efficacy of a full-body compression garment in limiting coagulation; compression their coagulation responses. Materials and Methods: Nineteen healthy, resistance trained men flew from apparel; exercise; fibrinoly- Connecticut (CT) to California (CA), performed a full-body muscle-damaging workout and then flew sis; long-haul flights back to CT. Ten participants wore full-body compression garments (FCG) for the duration of both flights and during all other portions of the study except during workouts and blood draws, when they wore loose clothing. Nine controls wore loose clothing (CON) throughout the study. Blood samples were collected at 16 h and 3 h before the initial flight from CT, immediately after landing in CA, immediately before and immediately after the full-body workout in CA, immediately after landing in CT, and at 29 h after landing in CT. Plasma markers of coagulation included activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin fragment 1+2 (PTF 1+2) and thrombin ant-thrombin (TAT). Markers of the fibrino- lytic system included the tissue plasmigen activator (tPA), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and D-Dimer. Results: Both FCG and CON groups exhibited a faster aPTT after the full-body workout compared to all other time points. Thrombin generation markers, TAT and PTF 1+2, increased significantly after the full-body workout and immediately after landing in CT. Additionally, tPA increased after the full-body workout, while PAI-1 increased before the flight to CA, after the full-body workout, and just after landing in CT. The D-Dimer significantly increased after the full-body workout and at 29 h post-flightinbothgroups.Betweengroups,aPTTwas significantly faster and TAT elevated with the CON group at 29 h post-flight. Also, PAI-1 demonstrated higher concentrations immediately after landing in CT for the CON group. Conclusion:Afull-bodymuscle-damagingworkout in conjunction with a trans- continental flight activated the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems. Additionally, wearing a full-body compression garment may limit coagulation following a workout through the recovery period. Introduction More than 2 billion passengers fly annually world- et al., 1988). Additionally, the long periods inside wide, with estimated 300 million flights considered an airplane may lead to dehydration and hemo- long-haul flights (> 5 h) (Anning, 2005). The concentration (Moyses, 1988). Long-haul travel combination of long-haul flights and limited thus increases the risk of deep vein thrombosis space available for passengers traveling in econ- (DVT) between 2- and 4-fold (Schwarz et al., omy class forces many travelers into periods of 2003). Nonetheless, previous research regarding prolonged sitting, which in turn reduces venous the effects of long haul flights on coagulation and return from the lower extremities due to compres- fibrinolytic processes has yielded only conflicting sion of popliteal and femoral veins (Cruickshank results on blood parameters, including an increase CONTACT William J. Kraemer [email protected] Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, A054 PAES Building, 305 Annie & John Glenn Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/icbi. © 2016 Taylor & Francis 2 B. R. KUPCHAK ET AL. in thrombin generation or fibrinolytic parameters 93% in healthy individuals (Toff et al., 2006). (Schreijer et al., 2006), a decrease (Boccalon et al., In addition, the atmosphere inside commercial air- 2005), or no changes (Schobersberger et al., 2002). liners is typically very dry, usually around 1% Regular endurance exercise, recommended for relative humidity, which can cause increased per- the avoidance of thrombotic events (Sacco et al., spiration rates. The environmental factors inside 2006), may also protect against the formation of the aircraft coupled with reduced access to ad lib. deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism fluid intake can lead to dehydration and hemo- (Gough et al., 1992). Both acute endurance exercise concentration. Yet, although a synergistic effect of (Menzel and Hilberg, 2011) (marathon) and resis- these three risk factors may contribute to the for- tance exercise (Kupchak et al., 2013a) (6 sets of 10 mation of VTE, taken independently they likely do repetitions of squats) can activate the coagulation not explain clot formation during air travel cascade, through stripping away at the endothelium (Schreijer et al., 2008). baselayer through increased blood viscosity, exhib- Traveler-related risk factors can also play a role in ited by a decrease in activated partial thromboplas- the development of VTE. Many of these risk factors, tin time (aPTT) (a measure of the intrinsic and including being overweight or obese (Body Mass common pathways) and increases in markers of Index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg∙m2), having a history of VTE, thrombin formation (prothrombin fragments 1 recent major surgery, or exercise that causes muscle and 2, PTF1+2 and TAT). Such exercises also acti- damage can increase the odds of clot formation dur- vate the fibrinolytic systems, as seen by increases in ing a flight (Landgraf et al., 2002).Themorerisk the tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) (enzyme factors that apply to an individual, the greater his/ that catalyzes the conversion of plasminogen to her chance of developing a thrombosis through flight. plasmin, the major enzyme responsible for clot Despite the increased risk of DVT after long-haul breakdown), plasminogen activator inhibitor flights (Kuipers et al., 2006), anticoagulant therapy (PAI-1) (main inhibitor of tPA) and D-Dimer (a carries its
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