Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-43412-7 — Latino Mass Mobilization Chris Zepeda-Millán Index More Information

Index

ASuLado(On Your Side), 84 American Indian Movement, 150 Acción Comunitaria La Aurora, 105, 118, anti-immigration groups. See also nativist 230 extreme groups ACORN, 185 electoral threat to elected officials, 180 Act Now to Stop War and End Racism growth of, 138 (ANSWER) Coalition, 113 response to Comprehensive Immigration activists, 44–46 Reform Act of 2007, 179–80 alliances among foreign-born, 104 April 10. See National Day of Action for business leaders, 58 Immigrant Justice college-educated migrants, 45–46 Archilla, Ana Maria, 106, 110–11, 144 educated urban migrants, 45 Arizona farm labor crew leaders, 52 border enforcement, 29–30 feelings of solidarity among, 48–49 CASA presence in, 32 local leaders, 45 Latino mobilization in 2008 election, messaging strategies, 57 192 motivations of, 52 Latino mobilization in 2016 election, as resources, 56–59 213 small business owners, 52–53 Mexican migration to, 29 use of new and alternative media by, 69 “papers please” law in, 209 Acuña, Rudy, 17, 32 protesters from, 87 AFL-CIO, 37, 164, 230 voter registration campaign in, 189–90 African-Americans, mass incarceration of, Ya Es Hora! campaign in, 187 150 Arpaio, Joe, 212 Agriculture Coalition for Immigration Arreola, Artemio, 76 Reform (ACIR), 40, 164, 170, 184, Asian Americans for Equality (AAE), 107, 230 230 Aguascalientes (magazine), 58 Asman, David, 142 Alabama, protesters from, 87 Asociación Tepeyac, 125, 230 Alatorre, Soledad “Chole,” 32, 89 Associated Press, 133, 206 Alianza Dominicana, 111–12, 116, 123, Association of Senegalese in America 124, 230 (ASA), 120, 230 alternative media, 68–69. See also mass Audre Lorde Project (ALP), 116–17, 230 media auto-mobilization, 110–12

281

282 Index

Avendaño, Ana, 172 Cardenas, Rosalina, 92, 98 Azteca America, 82 Carmona, Arturo, 79 case studies Bagong Alyansang Makabayan – United critical case, 218, 219 States of America (BAYAN-USA), definition of, 216 114, 231 deviant case, 217, 219 Bangladeshi Merchants Association, 117 extreme case, 218, 220 Barreto, Matt, 192 mix and match case, 217 Basta Dobbs campaign, 206 negative case, 218, 219 Batista, Raquel, 107, 110 representative case, 217 Beck, Glenn, 142 selection of, 217–21 black civil rights movement, 37 Catholic Church, 39–40, 46, 49–50, 73, 74, Black Panther Party, 150 90, 98 blogs, 68–69 Cavuto, Neil, 142 Bogado, Aura, 1 Center for American Progress, 168 Border Protection, Antiterrorism, and Center for Autonomous Social Action Illegal Control Act of 2005. See (CASA), 32 Sensenbrenner Bill Center for Community Change (CCC), 40, Boycott America, 96 137, 164, 171, 185, 231 Boykoff, Jules, 144 Central American Peace and Solidarity Bracero Program, 26 Movement, 35, 106 Brown, Scott, 205 Central American Resource Center Buchanan, Pat, 143 (CARECEN), 35, 82–83, 231 Bush, George W., administration of Centro Hispano Cuzcatlán, 106, 109, deportations during, 206 231 immigration reform, 38 Chen, May, 106, 126, 130 Kennedy-McCain Bill and, 167 Chertoff, Michael, 154 special registration program, 122 Chicago anti-Sensenbrenner protests in, 169 Caballes, AnaLiza, 110, 116, 129 global city status of, 27 Cafferty, John, 142 Mexican immigrants in, 128 calendar coalitions, 2 protesters from, 87 California protests in, 75, 87, 127 border enforcement, 29–30 size of, 75, 126, 219–20 CASA presence in, 32 undocumented immigrants in, 127 Cold War recession’s effect on economy Chin, Margaret, 107 of, 30 Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Domestic Worker Bill of Rights law in, Association (CCBA), 108–9, 130 208 Chinese immigrants immigrant advocacy and service groups, mobilization of, 108–9, 130 154 in New York, 120 as key state in presidential contests, 37 Chinese Progressive Association (CPA), Latino mobilization in 2008 election, 106, 108–9, 121, 231 192 citizen voting age population, 191 Mexican migration to, 29 citizenship, 4 Proposition 187 in 1994, 28–29, Civil Rights Act (1964), 161 174 Clergy and Laity United for Economic restrictionist bills, 33 Justice – Los Angeles (CLUE-LA), undocumented immigrants in, 127 74, 231 voter registration campaign in, 188, Clinton, Hillary, 212 189–90 CNN Headline News, 142

Index 283

Coalición de Ligas Hispanas del estado de voter registration campaign in, 188, la Florida, 53, 64, 231 189–90 Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Ya Es Hora! campaign in, 187 Reform (CCIR), 113, 164, 179, 184, Comcast, 189 231 Committee Against Anti-Asian Violence creation of, 40 (CAAAV), 108, 122, 231 lack of electoral success in 2006, 176 Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act lobbying for Kennedy-McCain Bill, of 2007, 177–81 40 backroom negotiations, 178 May 1 Coalition and, 115 failure of left-right coalition strategy in Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of 2007, 179 Los Angeles (CHIRLA), 73, 76, 143, immigrant rights movement and, 231 181 coalitions, 101–32 lack of political leverage, 177–78 April 10 alliance, 106–12 lack of power in D.C., 177 calendar, 2 response from anti-immigrant activists, common identity, 103–4 179–80 degree of participation, 120–25 Comrade, Shaid, 122 diversity, 101 Concilio Mexicano de la Florida, 53, of identities and interests, 119–20 60–61, 232 ideological, 114–19, 201 Congressional Quarterly Weekly, 168 strategic, 114–19 Connecticut factors in, 103 Domestic Worker Bill of Rights law in, formation of, 104–5 208 fragmentation of, 112–14 voter registration campaign in, 189 magnitude mobilization, 126–30 Ya Es Hora! campaign in, 187 March 25th Coalition, 74, 90, 95–97, Consejo de Federaciones Mexicanas 114–15, 174–75, 233 en Norteamérica (COFEM), 79, May 1 Coalition, 114–19 232 multiracial, 103 Cooper, Anderson, 98 organizational diversity, 106–12 Cornyn, John, 167 role of, 200–2 Corona, Bert, 32 social movements and, 103–4 Corpeño, Xiomara, 73, 74, 145, 156–57, social networks and, 106–12 168, 194 threats to different groups and, 201 counter-movements, 137–38 We Are America Alliance (WAAA), 2, 90, critical case, 218, 219 113, 115, 134, 165, 175, 182, 185, Cucuy (radio DJ), 71 189–90, 235 Cucuy, El (radio DJ), 77, 98 We Are America Coalition (WAAC), Current Population Survey (CPS), 91–95, 97–99, 235 127 Coleman, Mathew, 148 cycles of contention, 20 Coleman, Norm, 205 collective identity Dallas definition of, 15 Mexican immigrants in, 128 immigration policies and, 17 protests in, 1–2, 127 Collingwood, Loren, 192 size of, 126, 219–20 Colorado undocumented immigrants in, 127 CASA presence in, 32 Damayan Migrant Workers Association, Latino mobilization in 2016 election, 110, 116, 129, 232 212, 213 Day Without An Immigrant, 2, 73, 90, protesters from, 87 97–99, 126, 134, 153

284 Index

D.C. groups, 164–65, 166 Dominican immigrants. See also Latino comprehensive immigration reform and, immigrants 172–73 activism of, 123 left-right strategy in 2006 and 2007, 178 deportation of, 123 De Castro, Clarissa Martinez, 140–41, 170, mobilization campaigns, 111–12, 198 180 in New York, 120 Deb, Trishala, 116–17 workplace raids, 157 Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals Dream Act, 206 (DACA), 207 Dreamers (undocumented youth), 207 demobilization, 136–37 Drop the I-Word campaign, 206 Democracia USA, 185 Duke, David, 2 Democratic National Committee (DNC), Durazo, Maria Elena, 84, 91–92 73 Democrats Echaveste, Maria, 177, 179, 184 2006 midterm elections and, 175, 177 Ecuadorian immigrants, 120 2008 presidential election and, 187–88 Ellorin, Bernadette, 114 2016 presidential election and, 212 Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act Act (2005), 11 of 2007 and, 181 Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry D.C. groups and, 165 Reform Act, 39 “enforcement first” approach to Entrevision, 185, 189 immigration reform, 206 Escobedo, Efrain, 175 Kennedy-McCain Bill and, 167, 170, Essential Worker Immigration Coalition 172, 173 (EWIC), 40, 164, 171–72, 232 Obama administration’s immigration Estrada, Joseph, 110 policy reforms and, 205–6 ethnic media, 67–100 Sensenbrenner Bill and, 166, 168, 169, coverage of La Gran Marcha de Los 170 Ángeles,87 Department of Homeland Security Day Without An Immigrant coverage, Office of Immigration Statistics, 127 97–99 workplace raid report, 155 growth and influence of, 72 deportation, 150–53 intramovement frames disputes, 90–91 of Dominican immigrants, 123–24 March 25th Coalition, 95–97 statistics, 152–53 mass mobilization and, 57 suppression of immigrant activism with, movement message amplification in, 152 72–76 Desis Rising Up and Moving (DRUM), radio stations, 76–81 113, 122–23, 232 role in politics, 69–71 detention, 150–53 Spanish television, 81–87 state suppression and, 145–46 Spanish-language media, 71–72 statistics, 151 We Are America Coalition and, 91–95 deviant case, 217, 219 ethnic newspapers, 54–55 Diaz, Jesse, 75, 76, 95, 174 European immigrants, 120 Díaz, Rubén, 105 external threats, 200 diversity, 200 extreme case, 218, 220 Dobbs, Lou, 142, 206 extremist groups, 137 Dolores Mission Church, 73 Domestic Worker Bill of Rights laws, face-to-face interviews, research design, 208 221–23 Domination and the Arts of Resistance Fair and Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR), (Scott), 62 142

Index 285

Fair Immigration Reform Movement small business owners, 52–53 (FIRM), 164, 182, 232 case study, 220 Families for Freedom (FFF), 104, 115–16, coalitions in, 53–55, 202 232 community resources, 55–56 farm labor crew leaders, 52 comparison with other protests, 197–204 Federation for American Immigration economic resources, 59–62 Reform (FAIR), 39, 138, 180, 232 individual activists as resources, 56–59 Feinstein, Dianne, 73 lack of head/spokesperson, 58–59 Fifth Avenue Committee (FAC), 111, 121, media images of protests, 49–50 232 motivations for action in, 46–47 Figueroa, Hector, 106 collective threat, 47–50 Filipina domestic workers, 129, 198 group consciousness, 47–50 flags, 2 group solidarity, 51–52 April 10 alliance, 112, 113 individual threats, 50–53 foreign, 96, 98, 118, 142 personal interests, 50–53 immigrants’ refusal to carry American political participation and flag, 116 socio-economic factors correlation Los Angeles protests, 89, 92, 98 in, 44 May 1st Coalition, 116, 118 resources, 198–200 Mexican, 96, 123, 142, 172 sentiments of participants in, 48 pro-immigrant demonstrations, 142 social resources, 62–65 Florida Spanish-language media and, 203–4 deportation of immigrants, 152 Fox News, 142 discrimination against Latinos in, 42–43 framing immigrant mass mobilization in, 42–43 definition of, 70–71 Latino mobilization in 2016 election, of demand, 91 212, 213 of immigration issues, 120–21 Mexican immigrants in, 42 March 25th Coalition’s strategy of, 96 political climate in, 43 in mass media, 70–71, 120–21 social/political invisibility of immigrants May 1 Coalition and, 116–17 in, 43 Franken, Al, 205 voter registration campaign in, 188, Frist, Bill, 167, 168, 169, 173 189–90 Fujian Association of Businesses (FAB), Ya Es Hora! campaign in, 187 130 Florida State Coalition of Hispanic Leagues. See Coalición de Ligas Gaete, Marcelo, 182–83 Hispanas del estado de la Florida Gamaliel Foundation, 185, 187–88 Forever 21, 41 Garcia, Arnoldo, 32 Fort Myers protest, 42–43. See also Los Garcia, Mike, 79, 143–44 Angeles protests; New York protests Garcia, Salvador, 79 activists, 44–46 Georgia, voter registration campaign in, business leaders, 58 189 college-educated migrants, 45–46 get-out-the-vote (GOTV) campaigns, 4–5, educated urban migrants, 45 38, 175, 176, 181–82, 187–90, farm labor crew leaders, 52 191–92, 199, 200, 212 feelings of solidarity among, 48–49 Gilchrist, Jim, 139 local leaders, 45 global cities, 27 messaging strategies, 57 Gonzalez, Javier, 92 motivations of, 52 GOTV. See get-out-the-vote (GOTV) retribution for participating in protest, campaigns 145 Gray, John, 171–72, 184

286 Index

Great American Boycott. See Day Without identity, 15–18 An Immigrant illegal aliens, 27, 35 Great Depression, 71 illegal immigrants. See undocumented Great Immigrant Boycott, 73 immigrants group consciousness, 14–16 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant anti-immigrant attacks and, 203 Responsibility Act (IIRIRA), 148 collective threat and, 47–50 Illinois definition of, 15–16 CASA presence in, 32 ethnic media and, 99 Domestic Worker Bill of Rights law in, group discrimination and, 16 208 H.R. 4437 as trigger of, 80, 131, 196–97 as key state in presidential contests, 37 Latino, 65, 131, 184 restrictionist bills, 33 as motivation for mass actions, 47–50 undocumented immigrants in, 127 racial, 17, 41–42, 51–52, 194, 196–97, voter registration campaign in, 188, 203 189–90 racialized attacks and, 49 Ya Es Hora! campaign in, 187 of radio disk jockeys and their listeners, Illinois Coalition for Immigrant and 81 Refugee Rights, 185 Spanish-language media and, 76 Immigrant Communities in Action (ICA), group discrimination, 16 104, 233 Guerra, Artemio, 111, 121 immigrant entrepreneurs, 51 guest workers, 26 immigrant insurgency. See also mass Guevara, Carolina, 91, 98–99 mobilization Gueye, Fallou, 120 contextual development of, 25–31 Gutierrez, Juan Jose, 75, 76, 81, 95 organizational development of, 31–40 Gutierrez, Luis, 190 immigrant rights movement, 25–40. See Gutierrez, Teresa, 115–16 also mass mobilization Guyanese immigrants, 120 2006 midterm elections and, 175 Guyanese-American Worker’s United 2008 presidential election and, 181–93 (GAWU), 114, 122, 232 allies, 38 coalition formation, 182 H-5B work visa, 167 Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act Haitian Women for Haitian Refugees of 2007 and, 177–81 (HWHR), 120, 232 defeat of its legalization efforts, 181 Hardball with Chris Matthews, 143 electoral threat to legislators, 211 Hart-Celler Law, 25–26 intersectional approach of, 211 hate crimes, 140 lack of electoral success in 2006, 176, Hawaii, Domestic Worker Bill of Rights 182 law in, 208 legislative strategy in 2007, 178 Hermandad Mexicana,32 non-Ya Es Hora! affiliated, 188–89 Hermandad Mexicana Transnacional, 75, Obama campaign and, 190 233 overview, 17–18 Hermandad Mexicana-Latino Americana, political power of Latino voters and, 76, 90, 232 210–11 Hispanic Chamber of Commerce, three-prong approach of, 211–12 117 Immigrant Workers Freedom Rides Homeland Security Act, 39 (IWFR), 39 hometown associations, 34, 79 immigrants H.R. 4437. See Sensenbrenner Bill in 1990–2000, 35–36 Huerta, Dolores, 78 apartheid, 209 human chain action, 115 deportation of, 150–53

Index 287

detention of, 150–53 Kanstroom, Daniel, 152 different perspectives of, 121 Kelley, Angela, 168, 169–70 diversity within diversity, 129–30 Kennedy, Ted, 166, 205 exclusionary inclusion of, 209 Kennedy-McCain Bill, 40, 171–74. See also mass mobilization. See mass mobilization Sensenbrenner Bill in New York (statistics), 125 D.C. groups and, 165 non-Latino, 121–22 left-right policy coalition for, 171–72 organizing for protests, 129 limited legalization provision in, 134 population % from 1960 to 2015, 208–9 protest wave’s impact on, 169–70 response to political threats, 209–10 restrictive amendments, 173 retribution for participating in protests, KMEX, 72 144–45 Knopp, Sarah, 75 rights under the Obama administration, Korean immigrants, 108 204–8 Kyle, Jon, 167, 173–74 social control of, 147–48 immigration La Gran Marcha de Los Ángeles, 73, Latino politics and, 208–14 87–90 media’s framing of, 120–21 mini-rallies along the routes, 89 race and, 208–14 number of demonstrators in, 87, 88 Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 official route of, 88 (Hart-Celler law), 25–26, 32, participant types in, 88–89 208–9 permit for, 87 immigration policies start of, 87–88 287(g) agreements, 148–50 Univision’s live coverage of, 88 municipal ordinances, 147 La Opinión, 72, 73 by proxy, 146–50 La Placita Working Group, 202, 233 state laws, 147 La Virgen de Guadalupe, 105 Immigration Policy Center, 192 Laborers Local 78/79, 109 Immigration Reform and Control Act Latino immigrants, 5 (IRCA), 27, 29, 33, 34, 84 assimilation of, 183–84 ImpreMedia, 185, 188 attacks against immigrants, 141 Inmigrantes Latinos Unidos de la Florida conflict with agenda of other immigrant (ILUF), 53–54, 233 groups, 210–11 International Action Center (IAC), contact with public officials, 180 233 get-out-the-vote campaigns, 188–89 International Socialist Organization (ISO), hate crimes against, 140 75, 90, 233 immigration issue in 2008 presidential International Worker’s Day, 115–16 election, 192–93 Internet, 68–69 petitions for naturalization, 187 interviews, face-to-face, 221–23 political influence of, 210 intramovement frames disputes, 90–91 self-mobilization of, 122 Latino Movement USA, 75, 233 Jackson Heights Merchants Associations, Latino votes/electorate, 38. See also 117 get-out-the-vote (GOTV) Jamaican immigrants, 120 campaigns; voter registration job loss, 144–45 2004 election vs. 2008 elections, 191, Johnson, Kevin R., 140 192 Jun Bum Cha, 108 2006 midterm elections and, 175 Justice for Immigrants Campaign, 39–40, compared with 2002 election, 73 175–76 Justice for Janitors, 79, 143–44 compared with 2008 election, 190–91

288 Index

Latino votes/electorate (cont.) radio stations, 77 2016 presidential election and, 212–13 Spanish-language media in, 71–72, development of, 37 203–4 emergence of, 37–38 undocumented immigrants in, 127 future role of, 212, 213 workplace raids in, 154–55, 156–57 growth of, 210 Los Angeles County Federation of Labor, immigration issue and, 192–93, 210–11 84, 233 political influence of, 38 Los Angeles protests, 73, 87–90. See also Ya Es Hora! campaign and, 188–89 Fort Myers protest; March 25th Latinos Coalition; New York protests citizen voting age population, 176, 191 case study, 219 contact with public officials, 180 comparison with other protests, elected officials, 37–38 197–204 immigration issue in 2008 presidential mini-rallies along the routes, 89 election, 192–93 mobilization campaigns, 128–29, 199 as participants in 2006 protest wave, 6 number of demonstrators in, 87, 88 political activism, 196–97 official route of, 88 political engagement of, 4–5 participant types in, 88–89 U.S. born vs. immigrant, 38 permit for, 87 voter registration and turnout, 175, 176, reasons for decline, 198–99 191, 192 resources, 198–200 in 2016, 212–13 Spanish-language media and, 203–4 youth voters, 189–90 start of, 87–88 LATV, 189 Univision’s live coverage of, 88 Lawless, Laine, 139 Los Angeles Times, 97, 154, 206 Lazada, Susie, 110 Los Angeles Unified School District, 97 Lee, Mae, 106, 108–9, 121, 129, 130 Los Angeles We Are American Coalition, LGBT movement, 210–11 165 Lieberman, Joe, 205 Los Caracoles (magazine), 58 linked fate, 14–15, 131, 196–97 LosTigresdelNorte,98 2006 protest wave and, 16 Lou Dobbs Tonight, 142 anti-immigrant attacks and, 203 Louisiana, protesters from, 87 definition of, 15–16 Lovato, Roberto, 35 ethnic media and, 99 financial, 51 Magallán, Joel, 125 Fort Myers protest and, 48–49 Mahony, Roger, 73, 74 H.R. 4437 as trigger of, 17, 52, 80, 131, Make the Road, 106, 109, 110–11, 144, 196–97 233 Spanish-language media and, 72, 83 Maldonado, Alvaro, 95 between US-born and immigrant Mandril, El (radio DJ), 78 Latinos, 194 Manzano, Sylvia, 192 listservs, 68–69 March 10 Coalition, 2 Local 1877, 143–44 March 25th Coalition, 74, 233. See also locutores. See radio disk jockeys Los Angeles protests Lopez, Nativo, 76, 80, 95 Boycott America action, 96 Los Angeles call for national boycott, 114–15 anti-Sensenbrenner protests in, 169 formation of, 90 coalitions in, 101 on immigrant labor, 95–97 global city status of, 27 media coverage of, 95–97 protests in, 97, 127 number of protesters in, 97 size of, 126, 219–20 voter registration and, 174–75

Index 289

Maryland, voter registration campaign in, political participation and 189 socio-economic factors correlation mass media, 69–70 in, 44 demonization of social movements by, resources 142 citizenship as, 199 framing in, 70–71 community, 55–56 framing of immigration issues, 120–21 economic, 59–62 media attention cycles, 77 role of, 198–200 nativism in, 144 social, 62–65 negative or bias news coverage, 142–43 role of coalitions in, 200–2 news coverage, 70 sentiments of participants in, 48 news coverage of marches, 133 support from major US corporations, 59 right-wing, 206–7 Massachusetts role in politics, 69–71 Domestic Worker Bill of Rights law in, role of, 202–4 208 Spanish-language, 71–72, 203 restrictionist bills, 33 suppression of political activism and, voter registration campaign in, 189 141 Ya Es Hora! campaign in, 187 mass mobilization, 41–66, 101. See also Massachusetts Immigrant and Refugee immigrant rights movement Advocacy Coalition, 185 activists, 44–46 Masto, Catherine, 212 business leaders, 58 Matthews, Chris, 143 college-educated migrants, 45–46 Maulik, Monami, 113, 116–17, 122 educated urban migrants, 45 May 1st Coalition, 234 farm labor crew leaders, 52 call for national boycott, 114–15 feelings of solidarity among, 48–49 contribution of local businesses and local leaders, 45 individuals, 118–19 messaging strategies, 57 divide over US nationalism vs. motivations of, 52 internationalism, 115–16 small business owners, 52–53 flag-waving and, 116 backlash, 141, 158 formation of, 115 case studies, 216–21 media coverage of boycott, 117–18 coalition formation in, 53–55 problem with mainstream coalition’s comparison of, 197–204 discourse, 116–17 decline of, 133–34 self-mobilization of immigrant factors in, 134–35 communities, 118 in Florida, 42–43 May Day, 115–16 identification with larger group and, 49 May Day Committee, 2 immigrant assistance and, 44–45 McCain, John, 166, 167, 187–88 immigrant community members in, 58 Media, Eliseo, 180, 184 individual activists as resources, 56–59 media attention cycles, 77 institutionalization of, 199–200 Media Matters, 142 media images of protests, 49–50 Medina, Eliseo, 84, 170 media’s role in, 202–4 Mehlman, Ira, 138, 180 of Mexican immigrants, 124–25 merchant associations, 117 motivations for action in, 46–47 Mettey, Jorge, 83–86, 88, 182–83, 188 collective threat, 47–50 Mexican American Legal Defense and group consciousness, 47–50 Education Fund (MALDEF), 143, group solidarity, 51–52 170, 233 individual threats, 50–53 Mexican Americans, as targets of country’s personal interests, 50–53 nativism, 128

290 Index

Mexican Council of Florida, 53, 60–61 National Capital Immigration Coalition, Mexican immigrants. See also Latino 185 immigrants National Coalition for Fair Immigration activism of, 123, 124 Laws and Practices (NCFILP), 32 anti-illegal immigrant issues and, 125 National Consultation for Immigrant in Florida, 42 Rights, 33 illegal immigrant issue and, 201 National Council of Churches, 33 major destinations for, 29 National Council of La Raza (NCLR), mass mobilization of, 124–25, 128–29 140–41, 164, 170, 185, 234 in New York, 120 National Day Laborer Organizing Mexico Network (NDLON), 168, 178 economic crisis in National Day of Action for Immigrant in 1994, 28 Justice, 2, 126, 134, 139, 165 in early 1980s, 26–27 auto-mobilization, 110–12 foreign direct investments, 27 diversity, 112 real wages in 2001, 28 flags and homemade signs, 112 Mi Familia Vota Education Fund, 185 formation of, 107 Miami Herald, 138 mainstream groups in, 113–14 Michigan, as key state in presidential May 1 boycott and, 115 contests, 37 overlapping membership bases, 109 Middle Eastern immigrants, 210–11 participation of nonpolitical midterm elections of 2006 members/groups in, 107–8 immigrant rights movement and, 175 recruitment, 109–10 protest wave and, 174–77 tactics from immigrants’ countries of voter registration and turnout, 175–76 origin, 110 migrating militants, 35 National Day of Action for Justice for Miller, Gary, 73 Immigrants and Refugees, 33 Minnesota, Latino mobilization in 2008 National Employment Law Project, 109 election, 192 National Immigration Forum (NIF), Minuteman Civil Defense Corps (MCDC), 32–33, 164, 169, 173, 178, 234 138 National Korean American Service and Minutemen, 39 Education Consortium Minutemen Project, 139 (NAKASEC), 73, 185, 234 Missouri, Latino mobilization in 2008 National Network for Immigrant and election, 192 Refugee Rights (NNIRR), 33, 40, Mohan, Chuck, 114, 122 234 Mothers on the Move (MOM), 107, 233 National People’s Congress, 106–12 MTV, 188, 189 nativist extreme groups. See also multiple-source threats, 12 anti-immigration groups municipal ordinances, 147 attacks against immigrants, 139–40 Muñoz, Cecilia, 171 counter-protests by, 138 Muñoz, Rosalio, 74, 169 growth of, 137 Muslim immigrants, 210–11 neo-Nazis, 138–39 Muslim permanent residents, 200 negative case, 218, 219 neo-Nazi organizations, 138–39 Narro, Victor, 87 Nevada National Association of Latino Elected Latino mobilization in 2016 election, Officials (NALEO), 234 212, 213 calls from media, 175 voter registration campaign in, 189 research of voter data, 183–84, 193 Ya Es Hora! campaign in, 187 study on Latinos’ citizenship, 183, 185 New American Opportunity Campaign, Univision and, 182, 183 40

Index 291

New Jersey newspapers, 54–55, 68 as key state in presidential contests, 37 ethnic, 54–55, 67 voter registration campaign in, 189 Korean community and, 108 new media, 68–69 role in mobilization, 203–4 New Mexico Spanish-language, 57, 71–72, 185, border enforcement, 29–30 189–90 Latino mobilization in 2016 election, vs. new media, 68–69 212, 213 non-Latino immigrants, 121–22 Mexican migration to, 29 activism of, 123 voter registration campaign in, 189 North American Free Trade Agreement Ya Es Hora! campaign in, 187 (NAFTA), 28 New York North Carolina, voter registration as key state in presidential contests, 37 campaign in, 189 voter registration campaign in, 188, Northern Manhattan Coalition for 189–90 Immigrant Rights (NMCIR), 107, Ya Es Hora! campaign in, 187 110, 234 New York City activism of Mexican immigrants in, 124 Obama, Barack, administration of coalitions in Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals diversity of, 101–2 program, 207 divisions between, 117 deportations during, 206 formation of, 104–5 “enforcement first” approach to deportation of immigrants, 152 immigration reform, 206 first protest on Sensenbrenner Bill in, 105 first-year legislative priorities, 205 global city status of, 27 immigrant rights movement and, immigrants in, 120 187–88, 190 activism of, 126 immigrant rights under, 204–8 demonstrations, 130 Republicans’ blocking of policy different perspectives of, 121 proposals, 205–6 organizing for protests, 127, 129 OC Media, 92 statistics, 125 Office of Immigration Statistics, 127 Mexican immigrants in, 128 Ohio separate May Day rallies in, 119 as key state in presidential contests, 37 undocumented immigrants in, 127 Latino mobilization in 2008 election, workplace raids in, 154–55, 157 192 New York Civic Participation Project Oliver, Pamela, 150 (NYCPP), 107, 109, 123, 234 Operation Wetback, 71 New York Daily News, 117, 118 Oregon New York Immigration Coalition (NYIC), CASA presence in, 32 67, 106, 107, 133, 143, 165, 185, Domestic Worker Bill of Rights law in, 234 208 New York Post, 117, 126 voter registration campaign in, 189 New York protests, 219–20. See also Fort O’Reilly, Bill, 142 Myers protest; Los Angeles protests; O’Reilly Factor, 142 May 1st Coalition coalitions in, 202 Pakistan USA Freedom Forum (PFF), 234 comparison with other protests, 202 Paquita la del Barrio,98 resources, 198–200 Pargava, Deepak, 137, 171 Spanish-language media and, 204 Passel, Jeffrey, 125 New York Times, 112, 118, 126, 145–46, Patriot Act, 9, 39 154 Pennsylvania, as key state in presidential Newman, Chris, 168, 178 contests, 37

292 Index

Pérez, Moisés, 111–12, 116, 123 protests Pérez, Rhadames, 105, 118 media’s role in, 202–4 petitions for naturalization, 187 resources, 198–200 Pew Hispanic Center, 192 role of coalitions in, 200–2 Philippine Forum, 114, 234 public service announcements (PSAs), 189 Piolín, El (radio DJ), 71, 77–80, 83, 98, 186 Pirani, Zahida, 109 qualitative research, 223 pirate radio, 68–69. See also radio stations qualitative transferability, 224 Placita Working Group, 74–75, 90 quantitative generalizability, 224 political behavior, 3–6 quantitative research, 223 political process theory, 6 political refugees, 27, 35 Race Forward, 206 Presenter.org, 206 racialization, 21 presidential election of 2008, 181–93 of illegality, 21, 101–32, 140–41, 147 get-out-the-vote campaigns, 181–82, of issues on undocumented immigrants, 187–88 201 immigration issue in, 192–93 political incorporation and, 208–9 Latino votes and voters in, 190–91, 192 radio disk jockeys, 75, 77–80, 81 voter registration campaign, 187–88 radio stations, 57, 68. See also mass media presidential election of 2016 Fort Myers protest and, 58–59, 67, 75, Latino mobilization in 2016 election, 203–4 213 Korean community and, 108 protest wave of 2006 and its effects on, Los Angeles protests and, 89, 97, 98, 197 158 Trump’s nativist rhetoric in, 197, New York protests and, 204 210–11, 212 pirate radio, 68–69 process tracing, definition of, 217 role in mobilization, 203–4 Proposition 187 (California), 28–29, 174 social appropriation of, 76–81 protest wave of 2006, 18 Spanish-language, 57 2006 midterm elections and, 174–77 voter registration campaign, 189 demonization by right-wing media, vs. new media, 68–69 206–7 Ya Es Hora! campaign, 185 electoral effects of, 193 Ramírez, Miguel, 106, 109 emergence of, 3–18 Raoul, Ninaj, 120, 121 explanations for, 8–18 Reagan, Ronald, administration of, 27 political behavior and, 3–6 REAL-ID Act, 9, 11, 53–54 social movement theory, 6–8 Regelbrugge, Craig, 170, 172, 184 failure of, 161–62 representative case, 217 historical significance of, 2 Republican National Committee (RNC), immigrant politics and, 209–10 73 Kennedy-McCain Bill and, 171–74 Republicans, 166 overview, 1–2 2008 presidential election and, 187–88 participants, 6 anti-immigrant strategy of, 184 polarizing effect on Congress, 172 Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act pro- and anti-local immigration of 2007 and, 179, 181, 184 legislations after, 207–8 control of Congress in 2006, 164 reasons for, 9 control of federal government in 2016, identity, 15–18 197 threats, 11–15 D.C. groups and, 165 Sensenbrenner Bill and, 166–71 domination of state and federal significance of, 196 governments in early 2000s, 43

Index 293

filibusters, 179 political backlash, 162–63 Iraq War of 2003 and, 166 potential impact of, 11–12, 41–42 Kennedy-McCain Bill and, 166, 168, protests against, 67, 162, 169, 170 170, 172, 173–74 racist nativism of, 184 Mexican immigrants and, 143 Republican-sponsorship of, 206 Obama administration’s policy proposals Senate Judiciary Committee meetings, and, 205–6 169 protest wave of 2006’s electoral effects September 11 attacks (2001), 39 on, 193 Service Employees International Union Senate Judiciary Committee meetings, (SEIU), 234 169 Local 1199, 106, 235 Sensenbrenner Bill and, 90, 166, 170 Local 1877, 79, 235 voter suppression techniques, 212–13 Local 32BJ, 109, 234 research design, 215–29 ASuLadoproduction, 84 case studies, 216–21 support for Kennedy-McCain Bill, 171 face-to-face interviews, 221–23 Ya Es Hora! campaign, 185 objectivity and identity, 224–29 Shahani, Aarti, 105, 115–16 transferability of findings, 223–24 Sharry, Frank, 169, 173, 178 River, Rhadames, 106 Simpson-Rodino-Mazzoli Bill, 33 Rock the Vote, 188 single-source threats, 11–12 Rodriguez, Isabel, 96 The Situation Room, 142 Rodriguez, Javier, 73, 81–82 small business owners, 52–53 Russian immigrants, 122 Smerconish, Michael, 143 Smith, Linda Tuiwai, 224 Salaman, Wanda, 107 soccer leagues, 54–55, 62–64 Salas, Angelica, 76, 84, 143 social helpers, 4 Salvatiera, Alexia, 74 social movement organizations (SMOs), 5 Sanders, Bernie, 213 list of, 230–35 Saucedo, Gloria, 75 social movement theory, 6–8 SBS, 189 social movement unionism, 37 Scarborough Country, 143 social movements, 20–21 Schwarzenegger, Arnold, 139 D.C. groups, 164–66 Scott, James C., 62 intramovement relations, 163–66 Sensenbrenner, James, 166 mass media’s demonization of, 142 Sensenbrenner Bill, 40, 90, 166–71. See radical flank, 163 also Kennedy-McCain Bill South Asian immigrants, 121, 122 as attack on collective identity of Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), Latinos, 18, 51 42–43, 137, 138 community leaders’ actions, 56–57 Southern United States felonization of undocumented people in, industrial growth in 1960s to 1990s, 11–12, 47 30–31 fines, 50 new industries, 31 Fort Myers protest against, 46–47 population decline, 30–31 human chain action against, 115 Southwest Florida immigrant rights movement and, 9–10, coalition formation in, 101 170 coalition in, 202 as legislative threat to immigrants, community leaders, 56 11–12, 14–15 corporate support to rallies in, 59 limited legalization program and, 168 immigrant soccer leagues in, 62–64 mass mobilization against, 17, 74, 165 mass mobilization in, 46–47 overview, 2 Mexican immigrants in, 42, 43

294 Index

Southwest Florida (cont.) Texas movement leaders in, 199, 202 CASA presence in, 32 protest organizers, 46–47 Latino mobilization in 2008 election, Spanish-language media in, 203–4 192 Southwest Voter Registration Education Mexican migration to, 29 Project (SVREP), 189 restrictionist bills, 33 Spanish-language media, 71–72. See also Spanish-language media in, 71 ethnic media; mass media undocumented immigrants in, 127 in 1800s, 71 voter registration campaign in, 188, growth of, 71–72 189–90 newspapers, 57, 185, 189–90 Ya Es Hora! campaign in, 187 protest wave of 2006 and, 203 threats radio stations, 57 broad, 11–12, 13–14, 50 role in mobilization, 202–4 multiple dimensions of, 11–15 television, 80, 81–87 multiple-source, 12 special registration programs, 122, narrow, 11–12, 13–14 200 single-source, 11–12 Spector, Arlen, 167 timing of, 13–15 state laws, 147 visibility of, 13–15 state suppression, 145–46 Time Warner Cable, 189 local movements’ response to, 158 Tr3s (TV network), 189 responses to, 157–59 Trasviña, John, 143, 170 Stolz, Rich, 172, 182 Trump, Donald Student Nonviolent Coordinating nativist rhetoric of, 197, 210–11, 212 Committee (SNCC), 207 victory as blow to immigrant right suppression of immigrant contention, advocates, 212 133–60 Turner, Hal, 138 demobilization, 136–37 deportation, 150–53 UCLA Downtown Labor Center, 87, 235 detention, 150–53 undocumented immigrants, 2. See also immigration policing by proxy, illegal immigrants 146–50 amnesty for, 173 responses to, 157–59 dependence on political brokers, societal backlash, 137–45 209–10 state suppression, 145–46 deportation of, 150–53 theorizing threat, 136–37 detention of, 150–53 workplace raids, 153–57 Dreamers (undocumented youth), 207 Kennedy-McCain Bill and, 173 Tactaquin, Catherine, 33 legalization of, 162 Telemundo, 82, 98 non-Latino, 121–22 telenovelas, 188 path to citizenship, 173 television, 67 political influence of, 210 coverage of March 25 protest, 81–87 racialization of issues on, 201 Los Angeles protests and, 76 social control of, 147–48 role in mobilization, 203–4 statistics, 127 Spanish-language, 71–72, 80, 81–87 vulnerability to deportation of, 123–24 voter registration campaign, 189 undocumented immigration, 25 vs. new media, 69 United Farm Workers (UFW), 78, 235 Ya Es Hora! campaign, 185 United Latino Immigrants of Florida. See temporary protected status (TPS), 57 Inmigrantes Latinos Unidos de la termination from job, 144–45 Florida (ILUF)

Index 295

United States We Are America Alliance (WAAA), 2, 90, border enforcement, 29–30 235 economic boom in 1990s, 30 April 10 alliance and, 113, 115 flow of refugees into, 27 Democracy Summer campaign, 175 foreign policy in late 1970s and 1980s, local affiliates, 165 34–35 National Day of Action for Immigrant guest worker arrangement with Mexico, Justice, 134 26 study on Latinos’ citizenship, 185 illegal Mexican immigrants in voter registration campaign, 175, 182, 1990–2000, 28 189–90 immigrants in 1990–2000, 35–36 Ya Es Hora! campaign and, 185 neoliberal economic policies, 27–28 We Are America Coalition (WAAC), United States Chamber of Commerce, 91–95, 235 235 candlelight vigil and procession in Los United States Conference of Catholic Angeles, 90 Bishops, 39–40, 164, 180, 235 foreign people’s contribution to the US, UNITE-HERE, 106, 109, 126, 130, 171, 92–93 235 formation of, 90 Univision, 71, 77, 81–82, 83–86, 88, 182, framing of demand, 91 183, 185, 186, 189 march and rally, 97–99 US Chamber of Commerce, 164 media strategy, 91–92 USA Today, 206 media training for immigrants, 92 racial and ethnic diversity of immigrants, Valdez, Javier, 108, 143 93 Varsanyi, Monica, 146–47 support from Latino and immigrant Villaraigosa, Antonio, 89, 139 communities, 94 Virginia Welch, Michael, 150–51 voter registration campaign in, 189 Wisconsin, protesters from, 87 Ya Es Hora! campaign in, 187 women’s suffrage movement, 161 voter registration Wong, Tom, 150 Latino youth, 189 worker centers, 37 Latinos, 175, 176, 191, 192, 212–13 workplace raids, 153–57 March 25th Coalition and, 174–75 effects on undocumented immigrants, midterm elections of 2006, 175–76 154 presidential election of 2008, 187–88 local movement’s response to, 158 radio stations and, 189 mass demonstrations and, 154 television and, 189 media coverage of, 156–57 We Are America Alliance’s campaign for, statistics, 155–56 175, 182, 189–90 Voto Latino, 189 Ya Es Hora! 183, 185–88, 199, 212, 213 Yoon, Haeyoung, 108, 122 Washington Young Korean American Service and CASA presence in, 32 Education Center (YKASEC), 108, protesters from, 87 235 restrictionist bills, 33 Your World, 142 voter registration campaign in, 189 youth voters, 189–90 Washington Examiner, 181 Washington Post, 161 zines, 68–69