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Egg Production and Larval Rearing of Orange-Spotted Grouper (Epinephelus Coioides) Using Reared Broodstocks in Hormozgan Province, Iran

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Egg Production and Larval Rearing of Orange-Spotted Grouper (Epinephelus Coioides) Using Reared Broodstocks in Hormozgan Province, Iran Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 16(3) 984-992 2017 Egg production and larval rearing of orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) using reared broodstocks in Hormozgan Province, Iran Fourooghifard H.1*; Matinfar A.2; Abdolalian E.1; Moezzi M.1; Roohani Ghadikolaee K.1; Kamali E.1 ; Allen S.3; Zahedi M.R.1 Received: June 2014 Accepted: June 2015 Abstract Egg production of cultivated broodstocks of orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides and larvae rearing were surveyed in Iran from 2008 to 2012. Broodstocks were obtained by rearing of 7 wild juveniles (587.57±132.63 g body weight) who were caught from the north of Persian Gulf in October 2008 and reared to December 2012. Captured juvenile fishes were fed using defrosted trash fish at a rate of 4-6 percent of body weight per day. Four-year-old fishes spawned spontaneously, when weight of females and males average were about 7020±1277 g and 5128±253 g, respectively. Effects of four temperature ranges (23-24, 26-27, 28-29 and 31-32°C) and three tank size (40L, 300L and 2400L) on hatching and survivle rates were examined. Eggs were stocked as a density of 25 Eggs L-1. Effects of tank size on hatching rate and survival of larvae were assessed at 1, 5, 10, 20 and 30 days after hatching (DAH). The optimal temperature range for hatching was 28-29°C. No difference was observed among hatching rates of fish within the various tank sizes. Survival rates of larvae in 2400L fiber glass tanks until 30 days after hatching were significantly higher than the other tanks. Results indicate this species can be reproduced and reared in large numbers under normal rearing conditions and carefully controlled temperature. Keywords: Orange-spotted grouper, Eggs production, Larvae rearing, Epinephelus coioides, Tank size 1- Persian Gulf and Oman Sea Ecological Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bandar Abbas, Iran, 2- Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran, 3- New Mexico State University, Agricultural Science Center, P.O. Box 1018, Farmington, NM 87499-1018 USA * Corresponding author's Email: [email protected] 985 Fourooghifard et al., Egg production and larval rearing of orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus … Introduction ranges east into Oceania only to Palau Marine species aquaculture such as in the Northern Hemisphere and Fiji in shrimp and marine fishes has been the Southern. Orange-spotted groupers regarded as an important contributor to inhabit turbid coastal reefs and are often the economies of southern provinces of found in brackish water over mud and Iran. The technique of artificial rubble. Juveniles are common in the reproduction and seed production of shallow waters of estuaries over sand, some species of marine fish such as, mud and gravel and among mangroves, yellow fin sea bream (Acanthopagrus feeding on small fish, shrimp, and latus) and Sobaity sea bream crabs. E. coioides are Eurythermal and (sparidentex hasta) has almost been Euryhaline (FAO, 2012). expanded and some species such as E. coioides like other serranid Rabbit fish (siganus sutor) and grouper species are protogynous (Epinephelus coioides) are still at the hermaphrodites. They first mature as embryo stage (Fourooghifard and females at around 3-4 kg body weight. Daghooghi, 2006; Abbassi et al., 2008; Some of the fastest growing females Bahmani et al., 2009, Fourooghifard et transform into males when they reach al., 2009). more than 6 kg body weight. Because Groupers are classified into 14 of the difficulty in obtaining mature genera of the subfamily Epinephelinae, males, studies to develop methods to which comprises at least half the induce sex-inversion in juveniles and approximately 449 species in the family adults were undertaken (Tan-Fermin et Serranidae. They are found throughout al., 1994) most warm and temperate marine The major spawning period is from regions. Serranids are highly valued for March to June. Females mature at 250- food, and both small and large species 300 mm TL at an age of 2-3 years; are kept in aquaria (Tucker, 1999). sexual transition occurs at a total length Groupers are highly valued for the of 550-750 mm. Fecundity estimates quality of their flesh, and high market varied from 850 186 ova in a 350 mm prices. They are the most intensively TL fish to 2 904 912 ova for one of 620 exploited group in the fish trade, and mm TL. Eggs are pelagic; best survival the high prices paid by exporters to of larvae is attained at 30°C and 30‰. local fishermen mean that target species Successful artificial propagation of E. may be heavily over-fished (Morris et coioides has been reported in Malaysia. al., 2000). They probably spawn during restricted E. coioides occurs in the western periods and form aggregations when Indian Ocean from the southern Red doing so and the eggs and early larvae Sea to Natal and east to the western are probably pelagic (FAO, 2012). Pacific where it is distributed from Grouper larvae are stocked at relatively Ryukyu Islands to New South Wales. It Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 16(3) 2017 986 high density: 20–30 per liter Stereomicroscope equipped with a (Ruangpanit, 1993; Duray et al., 1996) microcomputer. Diameter of 30 eggs In general, the main factors that was measured. determine larval mortality are biotic In order to determine the best water factors (For example food, disease, temperature, for eggs incubation , four parasitism and predation) and abiotic various ranges of temperature included factors (for example oxygen, pH, 23-24, 26-27, 28-29°C and 31-32°C salinity, toxic substances and were compared. Experiments were temperature) (Kamler, 1992). conducted in 300 L polyethylene tanks which contained 200 L water. Eggs Material and methods were stocked as a density of 25 eggs per This study was conducted at the Persian liter. Effects of various tank sizes (40 L Gulf and Oman Sea Ecological aquarium, 300 L polyethylene tanks and Research Center, which is located in 2400 L fiber glass tanks) on hatching Hormozgan Province. The project was and survival rates of larvae were conducted from March to June 2012. surveyed on days: 1, 5, 10, 20 and 30 Broodstocks were obtained by DAH. All experiments were performed rearing wild juveniles that captured with 3 replications. Hatching rate were from 2007 to 2008 and reared until the obtained by counting the larvae after 1 year 2012. Fishes were reared for a DAH1. Survival rates were obtained by period of four years until they matured. counting the number of survival larvae Captured juvenile fish were stocked in per liter. Larvae were fed by fiberglass tanks at a density of 6-4 kgm-3 Nannochloropsis and sieved rotifer (45- and were fed defrosted trash fish at a 80 μm) Brachionus plicatilis at a rate of 4-6 percent of body weight per density in sequence, 500000 cell/mL day. Fish were individually tagged by and 15-20 ind mL-1. cutting off dorsal fin spins for identification of their growth rate and Results maturation and reared for a period of 4 4 years old, orange-spotted grouper years until they matured. In the 3rd year spawned spontaneously, when average of culture, a group of tagged fish was weight of females and males was about transferred into a 5 m3 fiberglass tank. 5.360±0.253 kg and 7.020 ± 1.277 kg, Before the reproduction season respectively in 2012, Eggs were (February), a running water and collected from February to March 2012. aeration system were designed to get The fertilized egg of E. coioides was eggs moved forward in an egg collector. round with its shell membrane, An easy system was designed to collect measuring about 857.70 mm (n=30) in the floating eggs (Table 1) (Figs. 1-3). diameter (Fig. 4). Eggs were collected during February till March 2012. The diameter of eggs was measured by 1. Days After Hatching 987 Fourooghifard et al., Egg production and larval rearing of orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus … Table 1 : Data of the initial and final biometry of grouper (Epinephelus coioides) reared in fiberglass tanks. Initial data (September of 2008) Final data (July of 2012 ) Total Body Body Total Body Body Number gender length height weight length height weight (Cm) (Cm) (g) (Cm) (Cm) (g) 1 36 9 820 77 20.5 7855 male 2 37 9 850 72 19 6825 male 3 29 8 440 68 18 6380 male 4 31 8 495 65 18 5250 female 5 33 8 595 66 18 5360 female 6 28 7.5 400 60 17 4800 female 7 28 8 450 59 17 4850 female Figure 1: Broodstocks of Epinephelus coioides Figure 2: Running water and aeration system in spawning tank. to facilitate movement of eggs to egg collector. Figure 3: Designed system to collect the floating eggs of Epinephelus coioides. Most of the eggs held embryos in was about 2207.86 ± 54.04 μm and they themselves. Eggs of E. coioides hatched had no pigment in their eyes. Larvae at temperatures above 25°C. started exogenous feeding 2 or 3 days According to results, the average length after hatching (Fig. 5). of newly hatched larvae (1 day larvae) Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 16(3) 2017 988 Figure 4: Fertilized eggs of Epinephelus Figure 5: Newly hatched larvae (1 day larvae) of coioides. Epinephelus coioides. Results of comparison between various differences between survival rates of levels of water temperature on hatching larvae in aquaria, 300 L polyethylene rate of E. coioides indicated significant tanks and 2400 L fiber glass tanks differences between them (p<0.05).
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