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Venezuela Länderfokus European Asylum Support Office Venezuela Länderfokus Informationsbericht über das Herkunftsland August 2020 SUPPORT IS OUR MISSION European Asylum Support Office Venezuela Länderfokus Informationsbericht über das Herkunftsland August 2020 Weitere Informationen über die Europäische Union sind im Internet unter http://europa.eu verfügbar. PDF ISBN:978-92-9485-826-9 doi:10.2847/953182 BZ-02-20-557-DE-N © European Asylum Support Office (EASO) 2020 Nachdruck mit Quellenangabe vorbehaltlich anderslautender Bestimmungen gestattet. Für die in dieser Veröffentlichung wiedergegebenen Inhalte Dritter wird auf deren Urheberrechtsvermerke verwiesen. Titelfoto: © Tomer Urwicz/UNFPA. Zahlreiche Menschen umgehen bei der Flucht aus Venezuela die Einreisekontrollen, in: UNFPA, Würde und Stärke: venezolanische Flüchtlinge und Migranten in Kolumbien, 5. Juni 2019, url EASO-INFORMATIONSBERICHT ÜBER DAS HERKUNFTSLAND VENEZUELA: LÄNDERFOKUS — 3 Danksagung Dieser Bericht wurde von James Restrepo verfasst. Herr Restrepo, unabhängiger Sachverständiger für Herkunftsländerinformationen (COI), insbesondere für Lateinamerika, war neun Jahre für die Forschungsdirektion des Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (IRB) tätig. Er verfügt insgesamt über eine 12-jährige Erfahrung in der Recherche von Migrationsfragen in der Region sowohl im akademischen als auch im institutionellen Bereich. Herr Restrepo hat COI-Forschungsreisen in Kolumbien, Honduras, Guatemala, Mexiko und El Salvador sowie zahlreiche Projekte zum Aufbau von COI-Kapazitäten in Amerika geleitet. Dieser COI-Bericht geht zurück auf eine gemeinsame Initiative des Europäischen Unterstützungsbüros für Asylfragen (EASO) und des Secretariat of the Intergovernmental Consultations on Migration, Asylum and Refugees (IGC, Sekretariat für zwischenstaatliche Beratungen über Migration, Asyl und Flüchtlinge)1. Der Bericht baut auf dem ersten gemeinsamen COI-Workshop des EASO und des IGC auf, der im September 2019 in Genf zum Thema Kolumbien und Venezuela durchgeführt wurde. Die folgenden nationalen Asyl- und Migrationsstellen haben diesen Bericht gegengelesen: Kanada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (IRB) und Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) Norwegen: Norwegian Country of Origin Information Centre (Landinfo – Norwegisches Zentrum für Herkunftsländerinformationen) Schweiz: Staatssekretariat für Migration (SEM), Abteilung Länderanalyse SEM Vereinigte Staaten: Refugee Asylum and International Operations (RAIO), US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) Darüber hinaus wurde dieser Bericht vom EASO und vom IGC geprüft. Es wird darauf hingewiesen, dass die Prüfung durch die vorstehend genannten Stellen zwar zur Gesamtqualität des Berichts beiträgt, jedoch nicht notwendigerweise deren offizielle Billigung des endgültigen Berichts beinhaltet, für den ausschließlich das EASO verantwortlich ist. 1 Folgende Staaten sind im IGC-Forum vertreten: Australien, Belgien, Kanada, Dänemark, Finnland, Deutschland, Griechenland, Irland, Niederlande, Neuseeland, Norwegen, Polen, Portugal, Spanien, Schweden, Schweiz, das Vereinigte Königreich und die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika. 4 — EASO-INFORMATIONSBERICHT ÜBER DAS HERKUNFTSLAND VENEZUELA: LÄNDERFOKUS Inhalt Danksagung ............................................................................................................................................. 3 Inhalt ....................................................................................................................................................... 4 Haftungsausschluss ................................................................................................................................. 7 Glossar und Abkürzungen ....................................................................................................................... 8 Einleitung .............................................................................................................................................. 12 Methodik .......................................................................................................................................... 12 Festlegung der Aufgabenstellung ................................................................................................. 12 Informationserhebung ................................................................................................................. 13 Qualitätskontrolle ........................................................................................................................ 14 Aufbau und Verwendung des Berichts ............................................................................................. 14 Karten .................................................................................................................................................... 16 1. Überblick ........................................................................................................................................... 18 1.1 Wirtschaft ................................................................................................................................... 18 1.2 Sicherheitslage ............................................................................................................................ 20 1.3 Institutioneller Dualismus ........................................................................................................... 22 1.3.1 Exekutive ............................................................................................................................. 24 1.3.2 Legislative ............................................................................................................................ 25 1.3.3 Judikative ............................................................................................................................. 27 1.3.4 Sicherheitskräfte ................................................................................................................. 27 1.4 Demonstrationen ........................................................................................................................ 29 1.5 Übergriffe und Überwachung durch die Sicherheitskräfte ........................................................ 31 1.5.1 Willkürliche Festnahmen ..................................................................................................... 31 1.5.2 Außergerichtliche Hinrichtungen ........................................................................................ 33 1.5.3 Überwachung ...................................................................................................................... 36 1.6 Auswirkungen der COVID-19-Pandemie auf die Krise in Venezuela .......................................... 41 1.7 Fehlen statistischer Informationen ............................................................................................ 43 2. Humanitäre Situation ........................................................................................................................ 44 2.1 Migration .................................................................................................................................... 45 2.2 Gesundheit ................................................................................................................................. 48 2.2.1 Medizinische Behandlung ................................................................................................... 49 2.2.2 Infrastruktur ........................................................................................................................ 50 2.3 Ernährungssicherheit .................................................................................................................. 51 EASO-INFORMATIONSBERICHT ÜBER DAS HERKUNFTSLAND VENEZUELA: LÄNDERFOKUS — 5 2.4 Leistungen der Grundversorgung ............................................................................................... 52 3. Profile von Zielpersonen ................................................................................................................... 54 3.1 Politische Opposition .................................................................................................................. 57 3.2 Menschenrechtsaktivisten und Aktivisten aus dem sozialen Bereich ........................................ 59 3.3 Demonstranten ........................................................................................................................... 61 3.4 Staatsangestellte und Gewerkschaftsfunktionäre ..................................................................... 63 3.5 Wissenschaftler, Dozenten und Lehrkräfte ................................................................................ 65 3.6 Militärangehörige ....................................................................................................................... 66 3.6.1 Rekrutierung und Reserve ................................................................................................... 68 3.7 Journalisten und Medien ............................................................................................................ 69 3.8 Indigene Völker ........................................................................................................................... 71 3.9 Aktivitäten in den sozialen Medien ............................................................................................ 72 3.10 Beschäftigte im Gesundheitswesen ........................................................................................
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