LCUK CAULDON WORKS, STAFFORDSHIRE

Revised Phase 3 & 4 Proposals

Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Assessment

Prepared for: Lafarge Cement UK Cauldon Works Yelsway Road Cauldon STOKE-ON-TRENT Staffordshire ST10 3EQ

By: Wessex Archaeology Portway House Old Sarum Park SALISBURY Wiltshire SP4 6EB

Report reference: 63505.01

September 2009

© Wessex Archaeology Limited 2009, all rights reserved Wessex Archaeology Limited is a Registered Charity No. 287786 LCUK Cauldon Works Archaeological & Cultural Heritage Assessment

LCUK CAULDON WORKS, STAFFORDSHIRE

Revised Phase 3 & 4 Proposals

Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Assessment

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Project Background...... 1 1.2 Site Location and Topography...... 1 1.3 Legislative and Planning Background ...... 2 2 METHODOLOGY ...... 5 2.1 Introduction...... 5 2.2 Staffordshire Historic Environment Record ...... 5 2.3 Aerial Photographs...... 5 2.4 Cartographic Sources...... 5 2.5 Best Practice Guidance ...... 5 2.6 Assumptions ...... 6 3 RESULTS ...... 6 3.1 Presentation of Results ...... 6 3.2 Statutory and Advisory Designations...... 6 3.3 Mesolithic (c. 8,500 - 4,000 BC) ...... 7 3.4 Neolithic (c. 4,000 - 2,400 BC) ...... 7 3.5 Bronze Age (c. 2,400 - 700 BC) ...... 8 3.6 Romano-British (c. AD 43 - 410) ...... 8 3.7 Early medieval (c. AD 410 - 1066)...... 8 3.8 Medieval (c. AD 1066-1499)...... 9 3.9 Post-medieval (c. AD 1500 - 1799) ...... 9 3.10 Modern (c. AD 1800 - present) ...... 10 3.11 Undated ...... 11 3.12 Cartographic Evidence...... 11 3.13 Staffordshire Historic Landscape Characterisation ...... 13 3.14 Results of Archaeological Evaluations 2006-2008 ...... 14 3.15 Summary ...... 14 4 CONCLUSIONS ...... 15 4.1 Archaeological Potential and Predicted Impacts ...... 15 5 REFERENCES ...... 17 5.1 Documentary sources...... 17 5.2 Web pages...... 17 5.3 Cartographic sources...... 17 APPENDICES...... 19 Appendix 1: Gazetteer of archaeological and historical sites and findspots...... 19

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FIGURES Figure 1: Site location map showing archaeological sites and findspots Figure 2: Additional land to be quarried under proposed June 2009 working scheme Figure 3: Proposed extension to limestone quarry (Site 2) - 1881 OS Map Figure 4: Proposed extension to shale quarry (Site 1) - 1881 OS Map Figure 5: 1888 OS Map

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LCUK CAULDON WORKS, STAFFORDSHIRE

Revised Phase 3 & 4 Proposals

Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Assessment

Summary

Wessex Archaeology was commissioned by Lafarge Cement UK to undertake a revision of an earlier (2004) archaeological assessment of two areas of land (‘the Sites’) proposed for quarrying at Cauldon, Staffordshire. The assessment is required to inform an Environmental Impact Assessment required in connection with the proposed extension of two sites; a shale quarry (Site 1) and a limestone quarry (Site 2). The proposal area for the shale quarry extension covers c. 25 hectares, whilst that for the new limestone quarry extension covers c. 13 hectares. Both Sites lie beyond the boundary of the Peak District National Park, which extends into the north- eastern part of the Study Area.

This archaeological assessment collates the known archaeological and cultural heritage information about the Sites in the context of a wider Study Area centred on NGR 407800 349000, through review of existing data sources and archaeological reports. From documentary evidence and recent field evaluation work, two post- medieval or modern archaeological features are known to exist within each Site: a field barn and drainage system in Site 1 and a quarry and lime kiln in Site 2. However, the archaeological resource base within the overall Study Area includes a number of Bronze Age barrows, two of which are Scheduled Monuments, along with post-medieval and modern industrial sites and transport links. Quarrying has removed the previous locations of other barrows, although antiquarian investigations have provided some information on their contents.

The earliest land use within the Study Area, as recorded by the Staffordshire Historic Landscape Characterisation project, comprises settlement with medieval origins adjacent to the north-west end of Cauldon Low Quarry. All other areas have post- medieval land uses. During the post-medieval period industrial activity within the Study Area became more intensive and new transport links were constructed. Settlements were extended and new ones set up in order to provide the labour for these industries. This intensification continued into the Modern era, with the development of the Lafarge cement works. Most of the former transport links are now disused.

Although the previous archaeological evaluations have not revealed any archaeological features there remains the potential within each Site for the presence of settlement or other activity of a later Neolithic or Bronze Age date, i.e. contemporary with the barrows. The potential for the presence of significant remains of Iron Age, Roman, medieval and early medieval date is considered to be very low. Although there is much industrial activity of post-medieval and modern date within the Study Area, this is comparatively well-mapped and documented and it is unlikely that as yet unidentified remains of this date survive within the Sites, although the remains of small-scale quarrying efforts are likely to be present. The impact of the proposals on the setting of Scheduled Monuments within the vicinity of the Sites will be negligible. None of the 23 Listed structures within the Study Area would be affected by the proposals.

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LCUK CAULDON WORKS, STAFFORDSHIRE

Revised Phase 3 & 4 Proposals

Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Assessment

Acknowledgements

This report was commissioned and funded by Lafarge Cement UK. Wessex Archaeology is grateful for the assistance of Chris Down of Lafarge Cement UK, Cauldon. Wessex Archaeology is also grateful to the staff of the Staffordshire County Council Sites and Monuments Record.

The project was managed for Wessex Archaeology by Paul White. This report was compiled by Matt Rous and Caroline Russell. The illustrations were prepared by Kenneth Lymer.

iv LCUK Cauldon Works Archaeological & Cultural Heritage Assessment

LCUK CAULDON WORKS, STAFFORDSHIRE

Revised Phase 3 & 4 Proposals

Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Assessment

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Background

1.1.1 Wessex Archaeology was commissioned in 2004 by Lafarge Cement UK to undertake an archaeological and cultural heritage assessment of two areas of land proposed for quarry extensions at Cauldon, Staffordshire (Figure 1). Phase 1 and 2 extensions were proposed for a shale quarry (Site 1) and a limestone quarry (Site 2). The planned extension to the shale quarry covered an area of c. 25 hectares, whilst the planned extension to the limestone quarry covered an area of c. 35 hectares.

1.1.2 Subsequent proposed additions to the limestone quarry (Phase 3 & 4), which extended into the Cauldon Dales SSSI were not approved. However, following negotiations a revised boundary of this quarry was proposed which compensates a reduction in the area to be quarried from the SSSI to the north with about two additional hectares of agricultural land to be taken on the eastern boundary. The enlargement of the eastern boundary extends Site 2 beyond the bounds of the original 2004 assessment (Figure 2).

1.1.3 The principal aim of this assessment is to collate the known archaeological and historical information through a review of existing data sources and reports, and to assess the potential for undiscovered archaeological remains. The archaeological and cultural heritage assessment considers both Sites within a single large sub-circular Study Area with a radius of c. 3.5 km, centred on NGR 407800 349000. This report incorporates the data gathered in the initial 2004 assessment with updated information which has occurred during the subsequent five years. The assessment report is required to inform an Environmental Impact Assessment for the revised area.

1.2 Site Location and Topography

1.2.1 The two Sites are located on either side of the village of Cauldon in Staffordshire, just to the south of the Peak District National Park (Figure 1). The shale quarry is approximately 1.0 km to the north-west of Cauldon whilst the limestone quarry is approximately 1.4 km to the south-east of the village.

1.2.2 The shale quarry extension Site (Site 1) is on an east-facing slope that falls from c. 275m above Ordnance Datum (aOD) to c. 230m aOD. The limestone quarry extension Site (Site 2) essentially covers the northern half or so of an elongated north-west to south-east aligned hill where the ground falls steeply to the north from 308m aOD at its easternmost peak to 286m aOD at its base. Elsewhere the slope is more gradual, as in the additional strip of

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land to the east side of the Site which slopes from 304m aOD to 298m aOD (Figure 2).

1.2.3 The new proposed limestone quarry extension (Site 2) is to incorporate a smaller area of Unit 2 of the Caldon Dales SSSI (no. 1014750) than the approximate two-thirds of the 4.4 hectares unit as planned previously. The Caldon Dales SSSI comprises a total 14.22 hectares and is described as an area of ‘calcareous grassland - upland’. The remaining units of this SSSI (Units 3 and 4) lie to the northeast of Site 2.

1.3 Legislative and Planning Background

National guidelines 1.3.1 The principal legislation concerning protection of important archaeological sites comprises the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 (as amended). Guidance on the identification and protection of historic buildings, conservation areas, historic parks and gardens and other elements of the historic environment is provided by Planning Policy Guidance Note 15: Planning and the Historic Environment (PPG 15) issued by the Department of the Environment in September 1994.

1.3.2 PPG15 notes that the desirability of preserving any listed building or its setting, and preserving or enhancing the character or appearance of any conservation area, are a material consideration in the planning process; this principle also applies where development proposals outside a conservation area would affect its setting, or views into or out of the area. Authorities should take account of the historic dimension of the landscape as a whole rather than concentrate on selected areas. LDPs should protect its most important components and encourage development that is consistent with maintaining its overall historic character.

1.3.3 Guidance on the importance, management and safeguarding of the archaeological resource within the planning process is provided by Planning Policy Guidance Note 16: Archaeology and Planning (PPG 16) issued by the Department of the Environment in November 1990. The underlying principle of this guidance is that archaeological resources are non-renewable, stating that:

‘where nationally important archaeological remains, whether scheduled or not, are affected by proposed development there should be a presumption in favour of their physical preservation. (Para. 8)’.

1.3.4 Decisions by planning authorities on whether to preserve archaeological remains in situ, in the face of proposed development, have to be taken on merit, taking account of development plan policies and all other material considerations ⎯ including the importance of the remains ⎯ and weighing these against the need for development.

1.3.5 Under the Hedgerow Regulations 1997, hedgerows are deemed to be Important if they are documented to be of pre-enclosure date, which for the purposes of the Regulations, is currently taken (by case law precedent) to mean pre-1845 (the earliest Act of Enclosure recorded in the Small Titles Act of 1896). Although originally framed to identify and preserve pre- enclosure landscapes and boundaries, the established date of 1845 actually

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post-dates the great majority of parish tithe maps, which in themselves often document fully or predominantly enclosed landscapes. Hedgerows may, therefore, be deemed Important under the Hedgerow Regulations 1997 if they can be demonstrated to exist on the appropriate pre-1845 parish tithe map.

Regional and local guidelines 1.3.6 The Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent Structure Plan and Mineral Local Plan remain in force pending replacement by the emerging new Regional Spatial Strategy (RSS); the following relevant policies are currently ‘saved’ whilst the RSS is under preparation.

1.3.7 The Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent Structure Plan 1996-2011 ‘Saved’ policies extended beyond 28th September 2007 include:

NC14: Sites of Archaeological Importance Proposals for development or land use change affecting sites of known or potential archaeological importance and their settings will be considered in the light of information held by the County or City councils. Where necessary, developers will be required to supplement this information with the results of desk based assessments and field evaluations before any decision on the planning application is taken. Where the planning authority decides on the basis of professional advice that archaeological remains are not sufficiently important to warrant physical preservation in situ, developers will be required to make appropriate and satisfactory provision for the excavation and recording of the remains prior to development, and for the publication of the results.

NC15: Sites of National Archaeological Importance Development which would adversely affect Scheduled Ancient Monuments or archaeological sites of national importance or, in either case, their settings, will only be allowed in the most exceptional circumstances.

1.3.8 The Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent Mineral Local Plan 1994-2006 (adopted 1999) includes the following ‘Saved’ policies extended beyond 28th September 2007:

MLP Policy 16: Planning applications for mineral development which affect the following existing or proposed sites, or their settings, of national importance will be subject to careful consideration. 1. Scheduled Ancient Monuments 2. Listed Buildings 3. Registered Historic Battlefields 4. Registered Historic Parks and Gardens

Planning applications for mineral development which would cause any direct or indirect unacceptable adverse impacts on the national value of the site should demonstrate that material planning benefits arising from the proposals outweigh the material planning objections. If the benefits would not outweigh the objections then

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planning permission will only be granted if the need for the mineral outweighs the material planning objections.

MLP Policy 19. In considering planning applications for mineral development the effects on the special interest in the following areas will be taken to account. 7. Sites of significant archaeological interest or their settings, areas of historic or archaeological value, historic battlefields, and historic parks and gardens other than those which are registered.

Planning applications for mineral development which would cause any direct or indirect adverse impacts on the essential value of the above areas should demonstrate that mitigation measures and/or any material planning benefits arising from the proposal outweigh the material planning objections. If the measures and benefits do not outweigh the objections then planning permission will only be granted if the need for the mineral outweighs the material planning objections. In assessing the impacts a lesser degree of weight will be accorded than would be the case with nationally important sites the subject of MLP policies 15 and 16.

MLP Policy 21. Minerals development proposals should be informed by and be sympathetic to landscape character and quality. Proposals with landscape and visual implications will be assessed having regard to the extent to which they would. a. Cause visual intrusion, incapable of satisfactory mitigation. b. Introduce, or conversely lead to the removal of incongruous landscape elements. c. Cause the disturbance or loss of, or conversely help to maintain: ii. historic elements which contribute significantly to landscape character and quality, such as field, settlement or road patterns

Planning applications for mineral development which would cause any direct or indirect unacceptable adverse impacts should demonstrate that material planning benefits arising from the proposal outweigh the material planning objections. If the benefits would not outweigh the objections then planning permission will only be granted if the need for the mineral outweighs the material planning objections.

MLP Policy 24. Archaeological Sites: Prior to the determination of a planning application for any mineral development, which might affect a feature or an area of known potential archaeological interest, or its setting, the applicant(s) will be required to submit an archaeological evaluation of the full effects of the proposal by a competent person or body. This will be based on documentary research, site investigations and if necessary, trial excavations.

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MLP Policy 25. Archaeological Sites: Prior to the determination of a planning application and where the case of extracting the mineral is likely to override the case for preservation in situ of the feature or area of known archaeological interest. The applicant(s) will be required to submit a statement for the approval of the Mineral Planning Authority of the means by which the archaeological interest is to be recorded or recovered by, or on the behalf of, the applicant.

MLP Policy 26. Historic Landscapes: Prior to the determination of a planning application for any mineral development, which might affect a landscape of historic interest, the applicant(s) will be required to submit an evaluation of the full effects of the proposal on the important components of the historic landscape by a competent person or body based on documentary research and site investigations.

2 METHODOLOGY

2.1 Introduction

2.1.1 This report provides a detailed inventory of the known archaeological and cultural heritage resource base within the Sites, in the context of a wider Study Area (Figure 1). A summary of sources consulted is given below.

2.2 Staffordshire Historic Environment Record

2.2.1 The baseline data for this report was provided by Staffordshire County Council’s Historic Environment Record (HER). This comprises an index with associated distribution maps of all known archaeological sites, findspots, historic buildings and historic landscapes within the county.

2.3 Aerial Photographs

2.3.1 The National Library of Air Photographs at Swindon (English Heritage) was consulted in 2004. A number of aerial photographs held by Staffordshire County Council were also examined at this time.

2.4 Cartographic Sources

2.4.1 Historic maps covering the Study Area were consulted at the Staffordshire Record Office. These included estate maps and early edition Ordnance Survey (OS) maps. Note was taken of any historically or archaeologically significant place names, field names and structures. Copies of the OS maps were obtained in order to examine the historic landscape development of both Sites (Figures 3-5). A full list of cartographic sources is given in Section 5 of this report. No tithe maps or apportionments exist for the Sites.

2.5 Best Practice Guidance

2.5.1 This study has been undertaken in line with best practice, as described in Management of Archaeological Projects (English Heritage 1991), and the

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Institute for Archaeologists’ Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Desk-based Assessment (IfA 1999).

2.6 Assumptions

2.6.1 The HER data consists of secondary information derived from varied sources, only some of which have been directly examined for the purposes of this study. The assumption is made that this data, as well as that derived from other secondary sources, is reasonably accurate.

3 RESULTS

3.1 Presentation of Results

3.1.1 Archaeological and historical sites and findspots are referred to in chronological order. Although many of the features have not been formally dated, where possible provisional dates have been assigned to aid in the presentation of the results.

3.1.2 Site and findspots have been assigned a unique Wessex Archaeology (WA) number for the purposes of this report. These numbers are shown on Figure 1 and are listed in the Gazetteer (Appendix 1).

3.2 Statutory and Advisory Designations

3.2.1 Both Sites lie beyond the boundary of the Peak District National Park, which extends into the north-eastern part of the Study Area. This conservation designation is aimed at the protection of the natural beauty, wildlife and cultural heritage of the National Park area.

3.2.2 There are two Scheduled Monuments within the Study Area, neither of which lie within the Sites. Both are Bronze Age bowl barrows: the Ribden Low barrow (WA11 - SM no. AM13596) lies in the south-western part of the Study Area whilst the other (WA19 - SM no. AM13600) is located on Milk Hill in the north-eastern sector of the Study Area. Both were visited to assess the possible impact of the proposed quarry extensions on their settings.

3.2.3 The revised proposal for the limestone quarry extension (Site 2) incorporates a smaller area of Unit 2 of the Cauldon Dales SSSI (no. 1014750) than the approximate two-thirds of the 4.4 hectares unit as planned previously. The Cauldon Dales SSSI comprises a total 14.22 hectares and is described as an area of ‘calcareous grassland - upland’. The remaining units of this SSSI (Units 3 and 4) lie to the northeast of Site 2.

3.2.4 There are 23 Listed structures within the Study Area, although none of these lie within the Sites. All are Listed Grade II, with the exception of the Grade II* Leehouse Farmhouse and its attached garden wall and troughs (WA52). The 22 Grade II Listed structures comprise:

• Cauldon Orchard farmstead and attached former farmhouse/cowhouse (Cauldon) (WA41)

• Shaw’s Farmhouse (close to the LCUK offices, Earlsway) (WA42)

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• Red Morley Farmhouse (Waterhouses) (WA43)

• Ye Olde Crown Hotel (Waterhouses) (WA44)

• Church Farmhouse and attached cowhouse (Cauldon) (WA45 and WA46)

• Cottage (Lytch Gate, Cauldon) (WA47)

• Pair of cottages, now a house (Lytch Gate, Cauldon) (WA48)

• Cowhouse, Shaw’s Farm (close to the LCUK offices, Earlsway) (WA50)

• Cowhouse and cartshed, Leehouse Farm (Waterhouses) (WA51)

• The Old Beams restaurant (Waterhouses) (WA53)

• the Church of St Mary and St Lawrence in Cauldon (WA57) and two chest tombs associated with it (WA49 and WA56).

• Stoney Rock house, Milk Hill (WA58)

• Donnithorne Chase house, Waterfall Lane (Waterhouses) (WA60)

• Yew Tree Inn (Cauldon) (WA61)

• Five cast iron mileposts (WA65, WA66, WA67, WA69 and WA70).

3.3 Mesolithic (c. 8,500 - 4,000 BC)

3.3.1 There is one known Mesolithic site within the Study Area; WA1 refers to the findspot of a flint scatter located to the south-west of Site 2. The assemblage comprised approximately 30 worked flints and included components of Early Mesolithic to Middle Bronze Age date.

3.4 Neolithic (c. 4,000 - 2,400 BC)

3.4.1 No Neolithic remains have been made within either of the Sites, although there is some evidence of activity within the Study Area. This may include a total of four stone axe hammers (WA2-5) which, although dated broadly to sometime between the Early Neolithic and Middle Bronze Age, are probably of Neolithic date. Two of these references (WA2 and WA3) are likely to represent a duplicate entry within the HER, having both been discovered at Ribden Farm in 1892.

3.4.2 A relatively large flint scatter (WA6) to the south-west of Site 2 may indicate the location of a Neolithic settlement. Another flint scatter, apparently Neolithic in date, was found in an area later to become part of Cauldon Low Quarry (WA7). Three other findspots of worked flint are located to both the south-west (WA8 and WA9) and north-west of Site 2 (WA10).

3.4.3 The possible settlement evidence and axe hammers may imply a moderate level of economic and social activity in the Study Area during this period.

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3.5 Bronze Age (c. 2,400 - 700 BC)

3.5.1 The potential for Bronze Age activity in the vicinity of the Study Area is high; a large number of barrows (burial mounds) were excavated in antiquity although not all could be located again in the course of a survey of the area undertaken in 1989 (Barnatt 1989), having been subsequently destroyed (see 3.5.4 below).

3.5.2 Both of the Scheduled Monuments within the Study Area are Bronze Age barrows. Ribden Low Bowl Barrow (WA11) lies over 1km to the south-west of Site 2 and was excavated in 1849. It contained a possible primary cremation burial along with three barbed and tanged flint arrowheads. Above this was a secondary crouched inhumation burial in a stone cist accompanied by a flint spearhead.

3.5.3 The other Scheduled Monument (WA19) is a bowl barrow on Milk Hill, to the north of Site 2. This barrow was reported as undisturbed in the survey of 1989, although there were some remnants of a pit excavated into the north- west side of the monument.

3.5.4 With the apparent exception of the plough damaged WA21 all other barrows within the Study Area (WA13-18 and WA22) are no longer extant, having been predominantly quarried away in the 19th and 20th centuries; WA7 was seemingly ploughed out and that at Windy Harbour (WA12) was destroyed by the insertion of a limekiln. The barrows were largely sited to the west of Site 2, although both WA18 and WA21 were located in the northern part of the Study Area, to the north of Waterhouses.

3.5.5 Many of the barrows were excavated by either Samuel Carrington or his employer Thomas Bateman in 1849. There were also other excavations into the barrows in the 19th century. The finds from the early excavations included inhumations and cremations as well as flint arrowheads, ceramic vessels (Cinerary Urns) and animal bones.

3.5.6 No Bronze Age settlement is known to be associated with the burial monuments recorded within the Study Area. A socketed and looped bronze axe or palstave (WA23) was found close to WA18, one of the two outlying barrows to the north of Waterhouses.

3.6 Romano-British (c. AD 43 - 410)

3.6.1 Between the Bronze Age and the Romano-British period there is no evidence for any activity within the Study Area. Sherds of Romano-British pottery of 2nd and 3rd century date have been recovered from a location between the two Sites (WA24).

3.7 Early medieval (c. AD 410 - 1066)

3.7.1 One of the three round barrows at Caldon Low (WA22) contained an intrusive Anglo-Saxon inhumation burial accompanied by a globular narrow- necked ceramic vessel.

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3.7.2 The village of Cauldon or ‘Caldone’ is recorded in the Domesday Book (WA25), thus indicating an earlier origin. The Domesday Book records the village as ‘a place with land for one plough’.

3.8 Medieval (c. AD 1066-1499)

3.8.1 There are three sites of this period within the Study Area. The first (WA26) refers to a surviving isolated patch of medieval ridge and furrow located to the north-east side of the Study Area. It would originally have been part of a larger field system.

3.8.2 The second medieval entry is the site of the documented Cauldon Grange (WA27). The mapped locations of Lower Cauldon Grange and Over Cauldon Grange are about 1.6 km to the south-east of the village, and either site could be the location of the medieval Grange. Documentary evidence suggests that it was occupied in the 13th century.

3.8.3 Another possible medieval building that once stood within the Study Area is Cauldon Mill (WA28); documentary evidence also points towards a 13th century date. This Mill may have stood on the site of a now derelict 18th century corn mill, which is located at the southern end of what was formerly a dye works. The pond bay and millpond of this later mill survived into the mid-20th century along with several millstones. Both the medieval Mill and Grange were recorded in the late 13th century as being under the possession of the Cistercian abbey of Croxden.

3.8.4 The church of St Mary and St Laurence at Cauldon (WA57) incorporates some probable 14th century fabric within its chancel, although most of the building is Georgian.

3.9 Post-medieval (c. AD 1500 - 1799)

3.9.1 No post-medieval site lies within Site 1, although two are found within Site 2; a lime kiln (WA30) and a quarry (WA31) lie on or very close to the western boundary of the Site. A recent survey of the lime kiln (Wessex Archaeology 2008ii) revealed surviving components to comprise a flat terrace or working area for loading the kiln, a circular combustion chamber and the collapsed remains of the stoke hole. This feature has been tentatively dated to between 1790 and 1810. The quarry appears to have gone out of operation by 1881, as it is labelled as an ‘Old Quarry’ on an OS map of this date (Figure 3). Excavation in 2006 (Wessex Archaeology 2006) suggests that the final infilling and levelling of this quarry did not occur until quite recently.

3.9.2 Old quarries pock-mark the post-medieval landscape to both the west and south of Site 2 (WA32-WA37). As with WA30 and WA31, and a clay pit (WA38), all have been identified from aerial photographs and are likely to have gone out of use by the late 19th century, as suggested by the documentary evidence. All of the above sites have been broadly dated to between 1486 and 1888.

3.9.3 The Caldon Low tramway was first constructed in around 1777 (WA54) to move the quarried stone from Cauldon Low Quarry to Cauldon canal at Froghall. The route of this railway was revised three times, further to the south of the original, in 1780 (WA55), 1802 (WA59) and 1849 (WA71).

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3.9.4 Lead was also extracted within the Study Area during this period, albeit further to the west of the quarries at Ribden (WA39). The remains at this small lead mine include parts of the engine house, spoil heaps, a gin circle with shaft and a scatter of bell pits.

3.9.5 Some of the surviving buildings within Cauldon village were constructed in this period. As stated above, the Church of St Mary and St Lawrence (WA57) was predominantly constructed between 1781 and 1784 with later additions. The church is Listed (Grade II), as are the two chest tombs associated with it (WA49 and WA56).

3.9.6 A long-house derivative known as Red House at Rue Hill (WA29) may be of post-medieval date, but is not Listed. The formal garden at Lee House, Waterhouses (WA40) is also noted in the HER but is not included on English Heritage’s Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.

3.9.7 There are eleven further Listed Buildings of post-medieval date within the Study Area (WA41-48, WA50-53) although none of these lie within the Sites. All are Grade II with the exception of Leehouse Farmhouse and its attached garden wall and troughs (WA52) which is Grade II*.

3.10 Modern (c. AD 1800 - present)

3.10.1 No site of a modern date lies within Site 2, although Site 1 contains two within its southern side; a limestone built field barn that still stands today (WA64) and evidence of a field drainage system (WA68). This modern barn is not Listed and was recently investigated as part of the same study as the topographical survey of the late 18th/early 19th century lime kiln (WA30) in Site 2 (Wessex Archaeology 2008ii). The field drains were discovered during an archaeological evaluation of the southern half of Site 1 in 2008 (Wessex Archaeology 2008i). Although no dating evidence was recovered, it is probable that the drains are contemporary with the 20th century agricultural buildings within the local vicinity.

3.10.2 A number of old quarry sites appear to postdate AD 1800. The early 19th century quarry of WA62 is located within the general vicinity of the earlier quarries, to the west of Site 2, whilst the other four (WA72-WA74 and WA76) were opened to the north of Site 2, likewise an old clay pit (WA75), and closed by the late 19th century. Other industries can be found in the form of a 19th century brickworks (WA63) sited over the western border of the Study Area and a good distance away from the only known contemporary clay pit (WA75).

3.10.3 The Leek and Waterhouses section of the North Staffordshire railway (WA78) opened in 1905, but was closed to passengers in 1935.

3.10.4 Five cast iron mileposts within the Study Area are situated on former turnpike roads: close to the south-west border at Windy Harbour (WA65); to the east of Waterhouses (WA66); close to the north border near Redmorlea Farm (WA67); at Hoften’s Cross to the west of Cauldon Low (WA69), and at Rue Hill (WA70). All are Grade II Listed and date to between 1834 and 1901.

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3.10.5 Further 19th century buildings recorded within the Study Area include three that are Listed Grade II (WA58, WA60, WA61); and the site of a farm building near Rue Hill Farm (Waterhouses) (WA77) demolished sometime after 1963.

3.11 Undated

3.11.1 Five features of unknown date are located within the Study Area. A quarry site was opened to the north of Site 2 (WA83). It was recorded on aerial photographs, likewise two areas of mining which are both sited to the west of Site 2 (WA80 and WA82). The southernmost mine corresponds with a group of disused copper and lead mines marked on the 1st edition Ordnance Survey maps of the area.

3.11.2 A stone (WA81) found just to the west of Site 2 has been described as an axe, but may be a natural pebble.

3.11.3 A group of low earthworks (WA79) once stood within a field just to the east of this findspot, prior to having been quarried away. These formed a small rectangular enclosure which if not agricultural of mining related, may have represented a settlement site associated with Cauldon Grange.

3.12 Cartographic Evidence

3.12.1 Consideration of the development of the historic landscape has been based on an examination of the historic maps of the area (Figures 3-5), not all of which are reproduced here.

3.12.2 A map of 1631 (D476/1/1-1/7/12, not available for reproduction) by William Senior of Cauldon showed a total of 384 acres of land belonging to the Earl of Newcastle. Most of the land was used for grazing, and both Waterfall Common and Cauldon Common were marked as large open areas.

3.12.3 An 18th century plan of Cauldon Canal (D3186/8/1/30/58, not reproduced) shows a railway four miles in length connecting the quarries at Cauldon with the Canal at Froghall, from where limestone was transported westwards.

3.12.4 Two early Ordnance Survey maps of the area were viewed; the first edition map of 1881 (Sheet XIV/14, Figures 3 and 4), and the later first edition map of 1888 (Sheet 14/SW, Figure 5) on a scale of 6 inches to the mile. These show the main roads and settlements within the Study Area to have remained relatively unchanged to the present day. Some of the barrows (or tumuli) discussed in 3.5 above are shown on these early OS maps, having survived as extant monuments until the modern expansion of the quarrying operations.

3.12.5 The field pattern detailed on the early OS maps of the Study Area shows little change over the time-scale covered by available mapping, and a number of field pattern groups can be identified.

3.12.6 Immediately adjacent to the settlements are groups of long narrow fields extending back from the roads into the edges of the uplands. These are particularly clear to the south of Cauldon and Cauldon Low (Figure 5). Such

11 LCUK Cauldon Works Archaeological & Cultural Heritage Assessment

fields are likely to represent localised pasture land cleared and enclosed in the medieval period.

3.12.7 The gradual small scale clearance of fields as the need for grazing increased in the later part of the medieval period and into the post-medieval period can be seen by the presence of groups of small irregular fields with boundaries often following natural topographic features. The best example of such a group can be seen to the west of Cauldon, around Moorend (Figure 5) and is likely to represent the extension of the land holdings of a single farmstead.

3.12.8 As the woollen industry became more profitable, so sheep farming extended into areas that had previously been marginal. The large open commons were gradually enclosed and divided, resulting in a pattern of small regular fields such as those seen within the Site of the proposed extension to the limestone quarry.

3.12.9 The final stage of the enclosure of the previously open landscape resulted in the creation of much larger regular fields, such as those visible in Site 1 and much of the land to the south of it. This final stage of enclosure is likely to be a post-medieval and/or 19th century development (see 3.13 below).

3.12.10 The extant field boundaries within and around the Sites are not marked by hedgerows and therefore do not require consideration in relation to the Hedgerow Regulations 1997 (as amended).

3.12.11 Numerous quarries are sited within the Study Area; some have continued in use into the present day, whilst others have been abandoned (recent work on these sites by the Staffordshire HER team has significantly increased the total number of overall sites within the updated Gazetteer). Therefore, in addition to field systems, the actual quarries themselves are a key element of tracking historic landscape development within the Study Area, along with evidence for associated activities such as processing and transport. The same can be said of other extractive industries including mining. Initially extraction would have been on a local scale with small quarries and mineral mines. This can be seen clearly on the 1888 Ordnance Survey map (Figure 5) which depicts a number of small ‘Old Quarries’, often with an adjacent ‘Old Limekiln’. This map also shows the Cauldon Tramway (WA71) leading to the canal at Froghall, and a brickworks at Windy Harbour (WA63).

3.12.12 The 1888 map also shows that the Cauldon Low quarries have expanded into a much more industrialised landscape, with internal tramways leading to the main Cauldon Tramway. Several of the older quarries have been incorporated into this much larger one, and the transport infrastructure has had to keep pace with this expansion.

3.12.13 One such old small quarry (WA30) is present within the very western side of Site 2, as seen on the OS maps of 1881 (Figure 3) and 1888 (Figure 5). An ‘Old Limekiln’ (WA31) is also depicted on both these maps, to the immediate north side of the quarry. The remainder of the land within Site 2 comprises small pasture fields. To the south of Site 2 the main road (the A52) and the houses along it have remained relatively unchanged to the present day, including Red House (WA29), built in c. 1547 although with later additions.

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3.12.14 In Site 1 the landscape has similarly remained relatively unchanged (Figures 4 and 5), although the construction of New House Farm in the centre of the Site was a 20th century addition. A small building, probably a barn, is shown in this location on the early OS maps. A number of other small structures, presumably of agricultural origin, are also visible on these maps, further to the south-west and north-west of the probable barn. One of these structures, located approximately 80m to the south-west of New House Farm, is definitely a field barn (WA64). It is still present today, and was surveyed in 2008. New House Farm itself has subsequently been demolished.

3.12.15 The south-western edge of Site 1 is formed by a deep cutting representing the line of the now dismantled railway (WA78), constructed in July 1905 as part of the North Staffordshire railway between Leek and Waterhouses. It was closed to passengers in 1935.

3.13 Staffordshire Historic Landscape Characterisation

3.13.1 As part of a national programme supported by English Heritage, Staffordshire County Council undertook a countywide Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC) project between 2003 and 2006.

3.13.2 The earliest land use within the Study Area, as recorded by the HLC, comprises settlement with medieval origins adjacent to the north-west end of Cauldon Low Quarry. All other areas have post-medieval land uses.

3.13.3 Site 1 comprises part of a large field system, whose fields (the ‘Other Small Rectilinear Fields’ HLC type) were established between 1486 AD and 1799 AD and hence mostly within the post-medieval period.

3.13.4 Site 2 largely comprises fields that were created at a later date between 1800 AD and 1913 AD. A narrow belt of land within the north side of the Site is an isolated planned field (the ‘Planned Enclosure’ HLC type), whilst the rest of the Site is mostly part of a large semi-planned field system formed of ‘other small rectilinear fields’. At the very north of Site 2, a thin belt of woodland (the ‘Other Woodland with Sinuous Boundaries’ HLC type) begins to curve around the east end of Caldon Low Quarry; this is the only area of woodland within the Study Area.

3.13.5 Caldon Low Quarry (the ‘Active Stone Quarries’ HLC type) dominates the centre of the Study Area. It dates from 1945 to the present day and is surrounded by four ‘Active Stone Quarries’ of varying size to its immediate north and south. Three of these are broadly contemporary with Caldon Low Quarry whilst the large quarry to its south-west is the earliest, dating to between 1800 AD and 1913 AD. An additional four relatively large ‘active stone quarries’ are located within the Study Area, to the south-west and particularly the north-west of Caldon Low Quarry. Each again post-dates 1945. An ‘abandoned stone quarry’ of the same date lies half within the southern border to the Study Area. Likewise the nearby site of what was a pre-18th century clay pit and is now fieldscape.

3.13.6 There are a number of settlements located within the Study Area. There is a group of three attached settlement areas to the south-west side, comprising two 19th century (pre-1880s) settlements to the north and a later post-1945

13 LCUK Cauldon Works Archaeological & Cultural Heritage Assessment

settlement to the south. Further to the north and west is a settlement from the first half of the 19th century. A second cluster of settlement is found to the very north side of the Study Area at Waterhouses. It appears that settlement here moved north over time, as the two 19th century settlement areas are found to the south of the three that are post-1945.

3.13.7 Two areas of pre-1945 parkland (the ‘Other Parkland’ HLC type) are found at opposite ends of a quarry within the north-east quadrant of the Study Area. A third area to come under the broad type of ‘Ornamental, Parkland and Recreational’ is a post-1945 sports field that clips the northern boundary to the Study Area.

3.13.8 The rest of the Study Area comprises fieldscapes of varying type dating from between 1486 AD to 1913 AD.

3.14 Results of Archaeological Evaluations 2006-2008

3.14.1 Following the recommendations of the earlier archaeological and cultural heritage assessment (Wessex Archaeology 2004), two archaeological field evaluations were undertaken within the old limestone quarry extension site in 2006 and 2007, and one within the shale quarry extension site (Site 1) in 2008 (Wessex Archaeology 2006, 2007, 2008i). The location and extent of the evaluations can be seen in Figure 1. The current proposed limestone quarry extension site (Site 2) was not included in these evaluations. The evaluations found no archaeological features, with the exception of 20th century field drains within Site 1 (WA68) and the modern infill of a quarry (WA31) within Site 2, despite the potential outlined in the 2004 assessment. The results would suggest very limited potential for any further existing archaeology within the two Sites.

3.14.2 In addition to the evaluations in 2008, a modern field barn (WA64) was recorded within Site 1 and a topographic survey was carried out around a late 18th/early 19th century lime kiln (WA30) within Site 2 (Wessex Archaeology 2008ii) as part of a condition of planning permission for Phases 1 and 2.

3.15 Summary

3.15.1 There are two principal components of the known archaeological resource base within the Study Area: a series of Bronze Age round barrows along with findspots of Neolithic and Bronze Age artefacts; and post-medieval industrial activity with associated transport links.

3.15.2 Although the flint scatters recorded within the Study Area may have some possible Mesolithic elements, it is during the Neolithic and Bronze Age that activity within the Study Area seems to be more widespread. There is very limited evidence for settlements of these periods. However, this may well be a result of the lack of any purposeful archaeological investigation: most of the scatters of worked flint identified within the Study Area (WA1; WA6, WA8-9; WA21) are located just to the south of the A52, their discovery being linked to archaeological fieldwork associated with either a road improvement scheme or a previous quarry extension (Ward Low Quarry).

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3.15.3 The more obvious funerary monuments (barrows) and their likely contents have made them the focus for investigation, particularly during the 19th century. Within the Study Area such sites are concentrated to the west and south-west of the proposed extension to the limestone quarry, with a couple of outlying examples to the north. This group forms part of a large clustering of barrows in the Peak District (Barnatt & Collis 1996).

3.15.4 Centuries of arable cultivation followed by recent intensive quarrying have led to the loss of most of the barrows within the Study Area; those that remain as upstanding earthworks are now protected as Scheduled Monuments.

3.15.5 There is very little evidence for activity within the Study Area during the Iron Age, Roman and early medieval periods. There is a single findspot of Roman pottery and place name evidence suggests an early medieval origin for Cauldon. There is a secondary Anglo-Saxon burial inserted into an earlier barrow, but overall the evidence for these periods suggests limited settlement in the valleys with little use of the uplands other than as pasture.

3.15.6 The same is reasonably likely for the medieval period, although there may have been some initial development of industrial activity in the form of localised stone quarrying and mineral mining.

3.15.7 During the post-medieval period industrial activity within the Study Area became more intensive and new transport links were constructed. Settlements were extended and new ones set up in order to provide the labour for these industries. This intensification continued into the Modern era, with the development of the Lafarge cement works. Most of the former transport links are now disused. A map of 1881 depicts an ‘old limekiln’ within the proposed extension to the limestone quarry (Site 2). A topographical survey mapped the extent of the post-medieval/modern lime kiln works in June 2008 (Wessex Archaeology 2008ii).

4 CONCLUSIONS

4.1 Archaeological Potential and Predicted Impacts

4.1.1 There are two known archaeological sites within each Site; a field barn and drainage system in Site 1 (WA64 and 68) and a lime kiln and quarry in Site 2 (WA30 and 31). These sites were either known prior to the 2006-2008 archaeological evaluations, or in the case of the field drains to be expected within an agricultural landscape. Both the barn and lime kiln were comprehensively surveyed in 2008, as part of the previous phased extension of the quarry and are outside of the current proposed extension boundary.

4.1.2 Although the previous archaeological evaluations have not revealed any archaeological features there remains the potential within each Site for the presence of settlement or other activity of a later Neolithic or Bronze Age date, i.e. contemporary with the barrows. The potential for the presence of significant remains of Iron Age, Roman, medieval and early medieval date is considered to be very low. Although there is much industrial activity of post- medieval and modern date within the Study Area, this is comparatively well-

15 LCUK Cauldon Works Archaeological & Cultural Heritage Assessment

mapped and documented and it is unlikely that as yet unidentified remains of this date survive within the Sites. The remains of small-scale quarrying efforts are likely to be present within both Sites.

4.1.3 The impact on the setting of Scheduled Monuments within the vicinity of the Site will be negligible. Both of the proposed quarry extensions will be visible from two Scheduled Monuments (both round barrows) immediately to the north of Waterhouses (SMs 13562 and 22048). However, the views south from these barrows are dominated by the current quarrying and the proposed extensions will not greatly alter this situation. The noise of the present quarrying operations can also be quite clearly heard from these two barrows, and no increase in this is considered likely.

4.1.4 The impacts on the settings of a number of Scheduled Monuments to the south and east of the Sites were also examined. The Sites would not be visible from Scheduled Monuments in the Ribden and Threelows area (SMs 13511, 13597 and 13598). The limestone proposal area (Site 2) would be just visible from Ribden Low Bowl Barrow (SM 13596, WA11), but this would be as an extension to an already visible quarry and would be a negligible impact.

4.1.5 To the east and south-east of the Sites are a number of Scheduled Monuments, all round barrows, including WA19 (Milk Hill, SM 13600) and examples in the vicinity of Stanton Dale Farm and Dale Abbey Farm (SMs 13679, 13580), and Thorswood (SM 13581). The Sites are not visible from the latter of these, but the limestone proposal area (Site 2) would be seen from the others as a distant extension to existing quarrying and would be a negligible impact.

4.1.6 No Listed Buildings within the Study Area would be affected by the proposed quarry extensions.

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5 REFERENCES

5.1 Documentary sources

Barnatt, J, 1989, Peak District Barrow Survey

Barnatt, J & Collis, J, 1996, Barrows in the Peak District: Recent Research, Sheffield

CHCCE (Cultural Heritage Committee of the Council of Europe), 2000 Code of Good Practice On Archaeological Heritage in Urban Development Policies; adopted at the 15th plenary session in Strasbourg on 8-10 March 2000 (CC-PAT [99] 18 rev 3)

Gibson, A, 1989, Midlands Prehistory Some recent and current researches into the prehistory of central England. BAR British Series 204.

Wessex Archaeology, 2004, LCUK Cauldon Works, Staffordshire, Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Assessment, Ref: 53946.01, Unpublished client report

Wessex Archaeology, 2006, LCUK Cauldon Works, Staffordshire, Proposed Extension to Limestone Quarry: Archaeological Evaluation Report, Ref: 63500.03, Unpublished client report

Wessex Archaeology, 2007, LCUK Cauldon Works, Staffordshire, Proposed Extension to Limestone Quarry Phase 2, Archaeological Evaluation Report, Ref: 63502.03, Unpublished client report

Wessex Archaeology, 2008i, LCUK Cauldon Works, Staffordshire, Proposed Extension to Shale Quarry: Phase 1, Archaeological Evaluation Report, Ref: 63503.03, Unpublished client report

Wessex Archaeology, 2008ii, LCUK Cauldon Works, Staffordshire, Proposed Extension to Limestone and Shale Quarries, Historic Building Recording of Field Barn and Topographic Survey of Historic Limekiln, Ref: 63504.01, Unpublished client report

5.2 Web pages

Garwood, P, 2003. Early Bronze Age Funerary monuments and Burial traditions in the West midlands. West Midlands Regional Research Framework for Archaeology, Seminar 1 www.arch- ant.bham.ac.uk/wmrrfa/Garwood

5.3 Cartographic sources

1631 Area Map D476/1/1-1/7/12 (not available for reproduction)

18th century Plan of Cauldon Canal to Limestone quarries D3186/8/1/30/58

1881, OS 6” map sheet XIV.14

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1888, OS 6” map sheet 14 SW

1888, OS 6” map sheet 14 NW

18 LKUK Cauldon Works Archaeological & Cultural Heritage Assessment

APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Gazetteer of archaeological and historical sites and findspots

Staffordshire County Council: Historic Environment Record WA No NGR Ref HER NMR No Site Name Date Description Listing Scheduled Events and activities at the NGR No Ancient Monument No WA1 408300/34 01675 Flints Ward Low Prehistoric c. 30 flints recovered from N edge of Ward NA NA ST843: intervention, an archaeological 7600 Quarry (Early Mesolithic - Low Quarry in 1976. assessment of the proposed A52 Bucknall to Middle Bronze Ashbourne road improvement scheme 1992. Age)

WA2 407630/34 00270 Axe hammer, Ribden Prehistoric Perforated stone axe hammer found in NA NA 7860 Farm (Early Neolithic - 1892 at Ribden Farm. Probably the same Late Bronze Age) as WA3

WA3 407640/34 00269 Axe hammer, Ribden Prehistoric Perforated stone axe hammer found in NA NA 7830 Farm (Early Neolithic - 1892 at Ribden Farm. Probably the same Middle Bronze as WA2 Age)

WA4 408430/34 01957 Axe hammer, Prehistoric Perforated stone axe hammer found at NA NA NA 8520 Cauldon (Early Neolithic - Cauldon c. 1864 Middle Bronze Age)

WA5 407800/34 02739 Axe hammer, Prehistoric Axe hammer found at Cauldon, exact site NA NA NA 9400 Cauldon (Early Neolithic - unknown Middle Bronze Age)

WA6 408630/34 03768 Probable settlement Prehistoric Numerous flints recorded, including NA NA ST843: Archaeological assessment of the 7850 site, N of Red (Neolithic) scrapers, three leaf-shaped arrowheads, proposed A52 Bucknall to Ashbourne road House, Rue Hill fabricators, backed and saw edged blades, improvement scheme 1992. Farm, Cotton awls and part of two polished flint or stone axes. A number of pottery sherds, probably prehistoric but not verified, were also found.

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WA7 407960/34 00285 Flint scatter and Prehistoric Neolithic flint scatter found approximately NA NA ST1160: Survey: Archaeological survey of BA 8510 possible round (Neolithic and where Bronze Age cinerary urns and flint barrows in the Staffordshire Moorlands District barrow, Cauldon Low Bronze Age) arrowheads were discovered. They of Staffordshire 1993 Quarry possibly indicate the presence of a destroyed or ploughed out barrow.

WA8 408350/34 03509 Flint working site, Prehistoric Worked flints, cores, chips and calcined NA NA ST843: intervention, an archaeological 7750 Rue Hill, Farley (unspecified flint. All surface finds recovered in 1983. assessment of the proposed A52 Bucknall to period) Ashbourne road improvement scheme 1992.

WA9 408060/34 03514 Flint scatter, Prehistoric Flint flakes recovered from area scraped in NA NA NA 7600 Wardlow Quarry, (unspecified advance of quarrying in 1984 Farley period)

WA10 408250/34 03765 Flint Scatter, Prehistoric Small scatter of flints, including a knife or NA NA NA 8800 Cauldon Low (unspecified spear point period)

WA11 407620/34 00115 Ribden Low Bowl Prehistoric Bowl Barrow surmounted by OS point. NA 13596 ST1160 Survey: Archaeological survey of BA 7770 Barrow (Bronze Age) Possibly a primary burial at the centre barrows in the Staffordshire Moorlands District point, a cremation with three barbed and of Staffordshire 1993 ST122: tanged arrowheads and five bone spatulae. Carrington Excavation 1849 Above this a stone-built cist covered with a ST286: Survey 1965 ST420: Survey large slab and containing a crouched 1982 ST519: Survey 1979 skeleton and a flint spearhead. The SW half of the burial has quarry pits around the edge. NE edge well ploughed.

WA12 406550/34 00279 Windy Harbour Prehistoric Lime kiln inserted into top of barrow and so NA NA ST1160: Survey: Archaeological survey of BA 8550 Barrow (Bronze Age) destroyed it, although possible that it was barrows in the Staffordshire Moorlands District never a barrow. Not located in 1989 survey. of Staffordshire 1993 ST122: Carrington Excavation 1849

WA13 407790/34 00283 Barrow Nr Caldon Prehistoric Site of a round barrow now destroyed by NA NA ST1160 Survey: Archaeological survey of BA 8800 Low (Bronze Age) quarrying. Human remains found in 1857 barrows in the Staffordshire Moorlands District of Staffordshire 1993

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WA14 407990/34 00284 Farlow Round Prehistoric This round barrow had a primary skeleton NA NA ST107: Intervention ST1160: Survey: 8790 Barrow (Bronze Age) of a youth laid on a framework of Ox rib Archaeological survey of BA barrows in the bones, secondaries: on the north side a Staffordshire Moorlands District of Staffordshire rock cut grave contained a skeleton with a 1993 ST123: Archaeological excavation food vessel and 9 flint implements. On the Carrington 1849 south and east side were 2 other skeletons without grave goods. An excavation prior to Carrington in 1849 found part of a decorated urn. This barrow was not located in 1989 survey.

WA15 408550/34 00286 Caldon Low Round Prehistoric This site is now quarried away. Pottery, flint NA NA ST1160: Survey: Archaeological survey of BA 8550 Barrow (one of three) (Bronze Age) and bones found in 1849 excavation. barrows in the Staffordshire Moorlands District of Staffordshire 1993 ST123: Archaeological excavation Carrington 1849

WA16 408550/34 00287 Caldon Low Round Prehistoric This site is now quarried away. 1849 NA NA ST1160: Survey: Archaeological survey of BA 8550 Barrow (one of three) (Bronze Age) excavation found broken cinerary urn, burnt barrows in the Staffordshire Moorlands District bone and a flint arrowhead. John Barnet of Staffordshire 1993 unable to locate site. ST123: Archaeological excavation Carrington 1849

WA17 408550/34 00289 Cairn near Caldon Prehistoric Excavation in 1871 recorded human bone, NA NA ST1160: Survey: Archaeological survey of BA 8550 Low (Bronze Age) charcoal and flint chippings. John Barnet barrows in the Staffordshire Moorlands District unable to locate site in 1989 survey of Staffordshire 1993 probably destroyed by quarrying & may ST123: Archaeological excavation Carrington have been one of the sites excavated by 1849 ST45 human intervention Carrington in 1849

WA18 408550/35 00303 Barrow Nr Prehistoric Barrow located near Waterhouses opened NA NA ST1160: Survey: Archaeological survey of BA 0550 Waterhouses (Bronze Age) in 1849 by Mr Hall. The site and position of barrows in the Staffordshire Moorlands District the burial is unknown. A skeleton was of Staffordshire 1993 recorded in a natural depression in the rock ST174: Intervention 1849 beneath the centre of the mound. Recorded as female by excavator.

WA19 409290/54 00307 Bowl Barrow on Milk Prehistoric Bowl Barrow no visible ditch. John Barnett NA 13600 ST1160: Survey: Archaeological survey of BA 9670 Hill (Bronze Age) reports an oval mound which appears to be barrows in the Staffordshire Moorlands District undisturbed except for a slight pit to the of Staffordshire 1993 NW. It is possible that this was excavated ST125: Intervention 1849 by Hall or Carrington in 1849 ST174: Intervention 1849

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WA20 408100/34 03505 Flints Rue Hill Prehistoric Numerous flint cores and flakes, and NA NA NA 7750 (Bronze Age) unworked flints from ploughed land in 1982. BA chevron-patterned pot. Single barbed flint arrowhead. Possibly all associated with low mound.

WA21 408404/35 00147 Stonesteads Bowl Prehistoric Round barrow - plough damaged round NA NA EST122: Carrington Excavations 0525 Barrow (Bronze Age) barrow. Contained a crouched male ESST286, EST519 and EST420 - All surveys inhumation with a worked boar tusk and EST1160: Survey: Archaeological survey of BA flints barrows in the Staffordshire Moorlands District of Staffordshire 1993

WA22 408550/34 00288 Caldon Low Round Prehistoric Round barrow now destroyed by quarrying. NA NA ST1160: Survey: Archaeological survey of BA 8550 Barrow (one of three) (Bronze Age) and The excavation found the remains of a barrows in the Staffordshire Moorlands District Anglo Saxon skeleton and sherds of pottery. John of Staffordshire 1993 ST123: Barnett unable to locate feature in 1989 Archaeological excavation Carrington 1849 survey. The Anglo-Saxon burial is intrusive, accompanied by a globular narrow necked vessel, Early Anglian date likely

WA23 408540/35 00304 Socketed Bronze Prehistoric Socketed and looped bronze axe, possibly NA NA NA 0560 Axe (Late Bronze Age) a palstave, now in the British Museum

WA24 408500/34 01849 Roman Pottery Roman Late 2nd and 3rd century AD pottery finds NA NA NA 9250 in 1961

WA25 407800/34 02404 Cauldon / Caldone Early Medieval Significant place name: place with land for NA NA NA 9400 (Place name) one plough, noted as waste in Domesday book

WA26 409220/34 53240 Medieval ridge and Medieval Ridge and Furrow - originally part of a NA NA NA 9750 furrow, southwest of larger field system but only survives in an Stoney Rock Farm isolated patch. Runs northeast to southwest.

WA27 408430/34 00306 Cauldon Grange Medieval Site is not known but most likely position is NA NA NA 8540 (13th century) c. 1.6km SE of Cauldon. In 1288 Cauldon Grange was held by Croxden Abbey

WA28 408090/35 00302 Cauldon Mill Medieval and Derelict remains of an old corn mill at the S NA NA NA 0170 Post-Medieval end of what is now an old dye works. (13th century and Probably 18th century. Mill wheel, pond bay 18th century) and mill pond survived in 1957, along with

22 LKUK Cauldon Works Archaeological & Cultural Heritage Assessment

several millstones. Probably on the site of a medieval mill although none of the remains are of that date. Cauldon mill was recorded as the possession of Croxden Abbey in 1291.

WA29 408550/34 03588 Red House, Rue Hill Post-Medieval Domestic dwelling, long-house derivative. NA NA ST341: Survey 1981 ST843: 7750 (1486 - 1799) Later additions at both ends Archaeological assessment of the proposed A52 Bucknall to Ashbourne road improvement scheme 1992.

WA30 408896/34 50744 Lime Kiln, Nr Rue Post-Medieval Lime Kiln - visible on APs from 1963. NA NA 8346 Hill Farm, (1486 - 1888) Documentary evidence suggests that it had Waterhouses gone out of use by the late C19. Dated tentatively to 1790-1810.

WA31 408900/34 50745 Quarry, Nr Rue Hill Post-Medieval Quarry - visible on APs from 1963. NA NA NA 8310 Farm, Waterhouses (1486 - 1888) Documentary evidence suggests that it had gone out of use by the late C19.

WA32 409147/34 20153 Quarry, Nr Red Post-Medieval Quarry - one of two old quarries visible on NA NA NA 7694 House, Wooten (1486 - 1888) an AP (the other being 50737). Documentary evidence suggests that it had gone out of use by the late C19.

WA33 408997/34 50737 Quarry, Nr Red Post-Medieval Quarry - one of two quarries visible on an NA NA N/A 7755 House, Cotton (1486 - 1888) AP (the other is 20153). Documentary evidence suggests that both had gone out of use by the late C19.

WA34 408214/34 50738 Quarry, Cauldron Post-Medieval Quarry - visible on an AP from 1963. NA NA NA 7864 Low (1486 - 1888) Documentary evidence suggests that it had gone out of use by the late C19.

WA35 408385/34 50740 Quarry, Red House Post-Medieval Quarry or quarries - visible on APs from NA NA NA 7982 Farm, Cotton (1486 - 1888) 1963. Documentary evidence suggests that the quarry site had gone out of use by the late C19.

WA36 408382/34 50741 Quarry, Cauldon Post-Medieval Quarry - visible on APs from 1963. NA NA NA 8290 Low, Cotton (1486 - 1888) Documentary evidence suggests that it had gone out of use by the late C19.

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WA37 408774/34 50742 Quarry, Nr Rue Hill Post-Medieval Quarry - visible on APs from 1963. NA NA NA 8185 Farm, Waterhouses (1486 - 1888) Documentary evidence suggests that it had gone out of use by the late C19.

WA38 408191/34 50739 Clay Pit, Nr Cauldon Post-Medieval Clay pit - visible on an AP from 1963. NA NA NA 7627 Low, Farley (1486 - 1888) Documentary evidence suggests that it had gone out of use by the late C19.

WA39 407490/34 04391 Ribden Mine (Post-Medieval Lead mine, small mine site with spoil heaps NA NA NA 7700 (1547 AD - 1899 and a fragment of an engine house, also AD) gin circle with shaft and scatter of bell pits

WA40 408240/35 40181 Lee House Garden Post-Medieval Formal garden around Lee House NA NA NA 0280 (1547 - 1899)

WA41 408156/34 MST14 Cauldon Orchard Post-Medieval Farmstead (MST14126) - comprises a Grade II NA NA 9449 126 and Farm (17th century with listed former farmhouse/cowhouse, now 06325 18th century activity centre (06325). Farm is extant. extensions and mid-19th century alterations and additions)

WA42 408490/34 13238 Earlsway (south Post-Medieval Farmhouse Grade II NA NA 9340 side) Shaw’s (17th century with Farmhouse later additions in the mid-18th century)

WA43 407004/35 MST14 Red Morley Post-Medieval Farmstead (MST14124) - C17 farm with a Grade II NA NA 0609 124 (Redmorlee) Farm (17th century with listed farmhouse (13251) and loose and remodelling in the courtyard. C17 farmhouse, remodelled mid- 13251 mid-19th century) C19. Farm is extant.

WA44 408390/35 13249 Ye Olde Crown Hotel Post-Medieval Inn Grade II NA NA 0200 (18th century with later alterations)

WA45 407830/34 06322 Church farmhouse Post-Medieval Farmhouse, agricultural workers cottage Grade II NA NA 9500 and attached (18th century) and cowhouse cowhouse, Cauldon

24 LKUK Cauldon Works Archaeological & Cultural Heritage Assessment

WA46 407900/34 MST14 Church farmhouse, Post-Medieval Farmstead (MST14389) - 18th century Grade II NA NA 9480 389 Cauldon (18th century) farmstead with a listed former farmhouse (farmhous and (06323). Almost all the additional farmstead e: 06323 elements seem to have been demolished in 407870/34 the late 20th century, including the 9460) buildings adjacent to the farmhouse, the L shaped courtyard and a further building to the N.

WA47 407850/34 06324 Cottage, Lytch Gate, Post-Medieval Cottage Grade II NA NA 9430 Cauldon (18th century with later additions)

WA48 407920/34 13234 House, Lytch Gate, Post-Medieval House, formerly a pair of cottages, with Grade II NA NA 9350 Cauldon (18th century) later alterations and additions

WA49 407840/34 13235 Memorial, Nave, Post-Medieval Triple chest tomb Grade II NA NA 9450 Church of St Mary, (18th century) Cauldon

WA50 408520/34 13239 Cowhouse, Shaw’s Post-Medieval Cowhouse Grade II NA NA 9370 Farm, Earlsway (18th century)

WA51 408240/35 13250 Cowhouse, Post-Medieval Cartshed and cowhouse Grade II NA NA 0270 Leehouse Farm, (18th century) Waterhouses

WA52 408260/35 06332 Leehouse Post-Medieval Farmhouse dated to 1751 Grade II* NA NA 0270 Farmhouse (and (mid-18th century) attached garden wall and troughs), Waterhouses WA53 408130/35 06331 The Old Beams Post-Medieval Mid-18th century house, now a restaurant Grade II NA NA 0370 Restaurant, (mid-18th century Waterhouses with later additions)

WA54 403700/34 04820 Cauldon Low Post-Medieval Line of 1777 tramway - the probable first NA NA ST1176: Survey, an assessment of the industrial 8130 Tramway (1777 (1777) railway route to connect Cauldon canal at archaeology of the Churnet Valley in 1992 route) Froghall to Cauldon Low Quarry. Line ST760: Survey, Shirley Brook Tramway Bridge authorised by Act of Parliament. Four Survey 1999 successive lines were built.

25 LKUK Cauldon Works Archaeological & Cultural Heritage Assessment

WA55 404820/34 04821 Cauldon Low Post-Medieval Line of 1780 tramway - the probable NA NA NA 7730 Tramway (1780 (1780) second railway route to connect Cauldon Route) canal to Cauldon Low Quarry.

WA56 407810/34 13236 Cauldon Thomas Post-Medieval Chest tomb of Thomas Harvey 1780 Grade II NA NA 9430 Harvey Memorial (1780)

WA57 407850/34 01285 Church of St Mary Medieval (14th Cauldon Church: and cemetery: west tower Grade II NA NA 9430 and St Lawrence century) and Post- with crocketed obelisk pinnacles and nave Medieval (1781) with north arcade of two bays. North aisle added in 1926. South porch added in 1885. Chancel added in 1784. Chancel incorporates some earlier work (probably 14th century).

WA58 409380/34 13242 Stoney Rock, Milk Modern House Grade II NA NA 9910 Hill (early 19th century)

WA59 403750/34 04822 Cauldon Low Modern Line of 1802 tramway to Caldon Low NA NA ST1176: Survey, an assessment of the industrial 7290 Tramway (1802 (1802) archaeology of the Churnet Valley in 1992 Route)

WA60 407920/35 13247 Waterfall Lane (west Modern House Grade II NA NA 0480 side) Donnithorne (early 19th Chase century)

WA61 407630/34 06321 Cauldon Yew Tree Modern Early 19th century Inn with later additions Grade II NA NA 9280 Inn (early 19th century)

WA62 408110/34 52170 Limestone Quarry, Modern Limestone Quarry NA NA NA 8150 Little Rue Hill Farm, (early 19th Cotton century)

WA63 406282/34 20149 Rakes, Brick Yard Modern Rake, Kiln, Brickworks NA NA N/A 8405 Farm (19th century)

WA64 406970/34 52153 Field Barn, Cauldon Modern Field Barn - limestone built. Plotted on 1881 NA NA EST1866 - Historic building recording of a field 9830 Work (1800 - 1913) OS map. Surveyed in 2008. barn and topographic survey of historic limekiln.

26 LKUK Cauldon Works Archaeological & Cultural Heritage Assessment

WA65 406414/34 13187 Milepost, Windy Modern Milepost - mid to late C19 cast iron milepost Grade II NA NA 8364 Harbour (1825 - 1899)

WA66 408860/35 03119 Milepost Modern Cylindrical cast iron milepost Grade II NA NA 0190 (1834)

WA67 407264/35 13223 Milepost, A523 Nr Modern Cast iron milepost Grade II NA NA 0647 Redmorlea Farm (1834)

WA68 407290/35 52109 Field drain, East of Modern Field drainage system - identified during an NA NA NA (see description however) 008 Newhouse Farm, (1837 - 1901) archaeological evaluation. Possibly Cauldon contemporary with the C20th agricultural buildings within the local vicinity.

WA69 407050/34 13185 Hoften's Cross, Modern Milepost dated to the mid-late 19th century Grade II NA NA 8090 Milepost at NGR (mid-late 19th in cast iron SK07054809 century)

WA70 408550/34 13186 Rue Hill milepost at Modern Milepost dated to the mid-late 19th century Grade II NA ST843: intervention, an archaeological 7770 NGR SK08554777 (mid-late 19th assessment of the proposed A52 Bucknall to century) Ashbourne road improvement scheme 1992.

WA71 403890/34 03266 Caldon Low Modern Line of 1849 tramway to Caldon Low NA NA NA 7930 Tramway (1849 (1849) Route)

WA72 409200/34 53236 Site of an old quarry Modern Quarry - visible on various APs. NA NA 9400 ((pre) Victorian - Documentary evidence suggests that it had 1880) gone out of use by the late C19.

WA73 409200/34 53237 Site of an old quarry Modern Quarry - visible on APs from 2000. NA NA 932 ((pre) Victorian - Documentary evidence suggests that it had 1880) gone out of use by the late C19.

WA74 409660/34 53238 Site of an old quarry, Modern Quarry - visible on APs from 1963. NA NA 9270 South of Milk Hill ((pre) Victorian - Documentary evidence suggests that it had Cottage 1880) gone out of use by the late C19.

WA75 409310/34 53239 Old clay pit, Huddale Modern Clay Pit - visible on APs from 1963. NA NA 9000 Lane ((pre) Victorian - Documentary evidence suggests that it had 1880) gone out of use by the late C19.

27 LKUK Cauldon Works Archaeological & Cultural Heritage Assessment

WA76 409260/34 MST14 Site of an old quarry, Modern Quarry - visible on modern APs. NA NA NA 9730 674 North of Milk Hill ((pre) Victorian - Documentary evidence suggests that it had bowl barrow 1880) gone out of use by the late C19.

WA77 408735/34 50743 Farm building, Nr Modern Farm Building - extant by 1888. NA NA NA 8221 Rue Hill Farm, (c. 1888 AD - Demolished some time after 1963. Waterhouses 1980)

WA78 406800/34 305297 Leek and Modern Dismantled section of the former North NA NA NA 9700- Waterhouse Branch (1905) Staffordshire railway between Leek and 408700/35 Railway Waterhouses, opened in 1905 and closed 0200 to passengers in 1935.

WA79 408640/34 04971 Cauldon Low unknown Low earthworks in field, a rectangular NA NA NA 8430 Earthworks enclosure c. 10x20m, 2 parallel banks and other features, possibly a settlement or associated with the Grange, although probably agricultural or mining features.

WA80 408220/34 20789 Mine unknown Mining features seen on AP's NA NA NA 8840

WA81 408440/34 01956 Stone Object, unknown Stone found at Cauldon described as axe, NA NA NA 8500 Cauldon although possibly a natural pebble

WA82 407930/34 20154 Mine unknown Large group of bellpits, rakes and waste NA NA NA 7830 tips seen on AP's some shown as lead, some copper mines on 1st edition OS maps, all disused by 1888

WA83 409320/34 53235 Site of an old quarry unknown Quarry - visible on APs from 2000 NA NA NA 9710

28 BM 277. 77m Newstr eet Farm

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T 0 BM 327.29m 2 BM 343.06m 3 7413 0 BM . 0 Staffordshire 0 Dale Farm k 316.78m T c 3 ra PO Peak Arts Centre r k T 3112 a c 302.7 Staffordshire HER Monuments c a 3912

k r 69 T 2509 Caul don 5909

) m u ( Cattle Gri d

24 h 5 t A a P Lowe

) # m T r u Li ttle Rue Hil l Hofton's a ( A 0505 c 5 Shel ter k 24 Cross h Reservoi r t Rue Hi ll Pond a

(covered) P 336.5m

k

k 3

ac 3

Tr 0 c . amway 3300 0 ra mantl ed Tr 4 T 8400 Di s 3300 8900 4800 1700 1500 3 0001 2400 k c a 1 2900 r 3000 3500 4100 5100 8700 7000 T 35

30

0005 0

348000 . Red House Farm 0 1

25 Bangor Houses BM 335.62m 3 Rue Hi ll Farm

Ponds k 7 c 9 41 a 1 5 r B T 2893 White House Digital data supplied by client reproduced from Ordnance Survey data

2

4 P

a 2

3 t 334.1m h 2490 © Crown Copyright. All rights reserved. Licence Number:AL 100006861. 335.6m ( 4689

u 1388

m

Hoften's Cross 8888 ) 34 8187 2 5586 BM 300.53m 7 Rue Hi ll 41 64866 300.2m Weaver Cottages 5 2085 3 B 1 3 82 Shel ter Pond Additional digital map data © (2005) XYZ Digital Map Company.

7 314.9m 1 Rue Hi ll Farm 305.7m Cattle Gri d El 1281 A 524 10 1 0081 Sub Sta 1 339.5m WEST 6 FIELDS Tumulus M O Rue Hi ll O 70 um) R ( 2 1 Path F 1 I

E L 11 ST Pi ll ar 3377 D This material is for client report only © Wessex Archaeology. S 33 C

L BM 363.14m 1 20 8 335.9m O

5 S 7975 E Red House 5475# 1275 1 362.4m 5174 1 Ponds D Ri bden Mine No unauthorised reproduction. A O (disused) 1 R 2 N 300.2m I 339.5m 29 6671 A 39 M 1 32 0070 6469 Shaft 3568 7868 A Pond 524 (disused) Rock House

340.2m Hi ll crest 38 7864 333.1m 8561

) 0960 m 9 1 1660 u Cattle Gri d (

h

t

a

P 3856 4555 WB Revision Number: 0 Pond 330.1m 313.9m Pompey Quarry Lodge (disused) BM 331.70m P 335.6m a 324.9m t h Wardlow

( 5346 Pond Illustrator: u KL m BM 324.09m 1745 ) 0 1,100 4544 1842 Wardlow Quarry Pond (Limestone)

) um E ( L Track 338.6m h t L Date: a P A Pond 02/10/09 S T O N 317.6m El Sub Sta E Pat Metres h (u R m) O A D

P

a 341.1m 0430 t Refuse Tip

h

m Scale:

( Weaver 9 1:15,000 @ A3

u 7 7128 332.5m Vi ll as . m 2

) 4 3 4027

M WB 0026 B 2025 315.5m 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 Wredon Quarry 0 0 Path: X:\PROJECTS\63505\GIS (Limestone) 8 8 8 8 8

5 6 5519 BM 313.18m 7 8 9 339.2m 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 4

k

6613 c

a r \MXD\Figure01.mxd Shafts T Walk Farm Wetstonebank Moat The Moat 306.6m Pl antati on

336.5m Well Well Ri bden n 306.6m Li mestone Quarry i Site location map showing archaeological sites and findspots k a Figure 1 Tumulus c r a r D Pond Pond T 2600

7 7500 6900 4600 1 6600 1100 2100 2300 4200 8600 9000 4 5 6000

2100 B Figure 2 Site 2

Site This material is for client report only © Wessex Archaeology. No unauthorised reproduction.

Date: 02/10/09 Revision Number: 0

Wessex Scale: 1:4000 @ A4 Illustrator: KL

Archaeology Path: Y:\PROJECTS\63505\Drawing Office\Report Figs\dba\09_10\63505_dba.dwg

Proposed extension to limestone quarry (Site 2) – 1881 OS Map Figure 3 Site 1

Date: 02/10/09 Revision Number: 0 Wessex Archaeology Site Scale: 1:4000 @ A4 Illustrator: KL This material is for client report only © Wessex Archaeology. No unauthorised reproduction. Path: Y:\PROJECTS\63505\Drawing Office\Report Figs\dba\09_10\63505_dba.dwg

Proposed extension to shale quarry (Site 1) – 1881 OS Map Figure 4 Site 1

Site 2

This material is for client report only © Wessex Archaeology. No unauthorised reproduction. Sites Date: 02/10/09 Revision Number: 0

Wessex Scale: 1:4000 @ A4 Illustrator: KL Archaeology Path: Y:\PROJECTS\63505\Drawing Office\Report Figs\dba\09_10\63505_dba.dwg

1888 OS Map Figure 5