An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment of Moneystone Quarry, Whiston, Staffordshire

M. Adams

August 2014

National Museums Liverpool Field Archaeology Unit, Pilotage Building, Mann Island Liverpool L3 1DG. Tel: 0151 478 4260 Fax: 0151 478 4040

Non-Technical Summary

This report describes the result of an archaeological desk study of the proposed regeneration of Moneystone Quarry near Whiston Staffordshire. The study involved a review of the available documentary, cartographic and photographic sources and the site was visited for a ‘walkover’ survey.

The desk-study found little evidence for in situ archaeological deposits within the proposed development area. For the earlier periods (Prehistoric and Roman) this may be at least in part the result of the current poor understanding of settlement in the region. During the medieval and post- medieval periods most of the site appears to have been in use as agricultural land, though it lies within a wider landscape of industrial activity, including iron smelting, copper smelting, coal mining and other processes.

However, the vast majority of the site has been extensively affected by 20 th century quarrying, although there are documented sites within the site boundary, all have been destroyed and the site is considered to be of no archaeological potential.

Contents 1. Background ...... 1 2. Historical and Archaeological Background ...... 5 3. Archaeology Within the Study Area ...... 9 4. Conclusions ...... 13 5. Summary of Impacts ...... 14 6. Recommendations for Mitigation ...... 15 7. Acknowledgements ...... 15 8. References ...... 16 9. Figures...... 18 10. Gazetteer of Sites ...... 26

An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment of Moneystone Quarry, Whiston, Staffordshire.

1. Background

This report relates to an archaeological desk-based assessment of two areas of land at Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire produced for HOW Planning on behalf of the Applicant. The quarry is the subject of proposals for landscaping and restoration alongside re-development for leisure use. Details of the methodology and sources consulted are given in the project design.

1.1. Site Location and Description

This study covers the site of Moneystone Quarry, Oakamoor, Staffordshire (NGR SK 0464 4641 (centred) plus an additional fringe of 1 km beyond the site boundaries. The site is an irregularly shaped area approximately 51.8 ha in extent and lies to either side of Eaves Lane, a road connecting the villages of Whiston and Oakamoor villages which lie to the north and south.

Most of the site covered by the application is occupied by former a former sandstone quarry worked during the late 20th century, though there are small areas of undisturbed agricultural land on the eastern and southern fringes of the site. The surrounding landscape is largely agricultural in character and t is fringed to the south-west by the Churnet Valley

The site lies within the Staffordshire Moorlands District Council, an area which includes 967 Listed buildings and structures, 14 Conservation Areas and a number of Scheduled Ancient Monuments (SAMs) within the District outside the Peak District National Park which contains a further 371 Listed Buildings.

1.2 Legislation and Planning Background

Archaeological sites may be protected by the following legislation and planning policies.

The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act (1979) as Amended by the National Heritage Act (1983) provides statutory protection for sites of national importance as scheduled by Secretary of State upon advice from the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) as advised by English Heritage. This Act, building on legislation dating back to 1882, provides for nationally important archaeological sites to be statutorily protected as Scheduled Ancient Monuments. There are currently around 19,000 entries in the Schedule, covering 35,000 sites ranging from prehistoric standing stones and burial mounds to Roman forts and medieval villages, and include some more recent structures such as collieries and wartime pill-boxes. The scheduling of a monument means that permission - 'scheduled monument consent' - is required for works to that monument. Scheduled Ancient Monument Consent is required for any work that would affect the fabric of a Scheduled Ancient Monument.

The National Heritage Act (1983) established the Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England (English Heritage). English Heritage is an Executive Nondepartmental Public Body sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS). It acts as the government's advisor on the historic environment, working with the office of the Deputy Prime Minister and the Departments for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs and for Trade and Industry.

The work of English Heritage is overseen by a board of up to 16 Commissioners selected by the Government for the breadth of their national and regional expertise. Expert advisory

1 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment. committees and panels in turn, advise the Commission.

English Heritage works in partnership with the central government departments, local authorities, voluntary bodies and the private sector to:

• Conserve and enhance the historic environment

• Broaden public access to the heritage

• Increase people's understanding of the past

The National Heritage Act (2002) extended English Heritage’s responsibility for marine archaeology including ancient monuments in, on or under the seabed within a 12-mile boundary around England.

However, the vast majority of archaeological sites have no formal statutory protection and are dealt with through Planning Process.

Listed Buildings . The Town and Country Planning Act (1971) as amended by the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas Act (1990) empowers the Secretary of State for the Environment to maintain a list of built structures of historic or architectural significance. Conservation Areas The ‘Planning (Listed Building and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 requires local authorities to designate areas of ‘special architectural or historic interest’ as Conservation Areas with the aim of preserving and enhancing their character and appearance. English Heritage may need to be consulted with regard to proposed works within a Conservation Area and section 72(1) requires Local Authorities to pay particular attention to Conservation Areas in the planning process.

Register of Historic Parks and Gardens. English Heritage has responsibility for maintaining the Register of Parks and Gardens of Historic Interest in England under section 8C of the Historic Buildings and Ancient Monuments Act 1953 (Inserted by section 33 of, and paragraph 10 of section 4, to the National Heritage Act 1983). This ensures that they are managed in a manner that considers their historic character and value.

Listed building and conservation area legislation requires that statutory consultation takes place with a number of national amenity organisations, such as the Victorian Society, the Georgian Group, the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings (SPAB), the Ancient Monuments Society, the Council for British Archaeology (CBA) and English Heritage.

World Heritage Sites. The UNESCO World Heritage List aims to:

• Encourage countries to sign the World Heritage Convention and to ensure the protection of their natural and cultural heritage;

• Encourage States Parties to the Convention to nominate sites within their national territory for inclusion on the World Heritage List;

• Encourage States Parties to establish management plans and set up reporting systems on the state of conservation of their World Heritage sites;

• Help States Parties safeguard World Heritage properties by providing technical assistance and professional training;

• Provide emergency assistance for World Heritage sites in immediate danger;

2 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

• Support States Parties' public awareness-building activities for World Heritage conservation;

• Encourage participation of the local population in the preservation of their cultural and natural heritage;

• Encourage international cooperation in the conservation of our world's cultural and natural heritage.

The National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) replaced Planning Policy Statement (PPS) 5 in March 2012. It covers all aspects of heritage, applying the term ‘Heritage Asset’ to the diverse components which comprise the Historic Environment. A Heritage asset is defined as ‘A building, monument, site, place, area or landscape identified as having a degree of significance meriting consideration in planning decisions, because of its heritage interest. Heritage asset includes designated heritage assets and assets identified by the local planning authority (including local listing).’ Designated Heritage Assets are defined as ‘A World Heritage Site, Scheduled Monument, Listed Building, Protected Wreck Site, Registered Park and Garden, Registered Battlefield or Conservation Area designated under the relevant legislation.’

Paragraph 128 of the NPPF states ’In determining applications, local planning authorities should require an applicant to describe the significance of any heritage assets affected, including any contribution made by their setting. The level of detail should be proportionate to the assets’ importance and no more than is sufficient to understand the potential impact of the proposal on their significance. As a minimum the relevant historic environment record should have been consulted and the heritage assets assessed using appropriate expertise where necessary. Where a site on which development is proposed includes or has the potential to include heritage assets with archaeological interest, local planning authorities should require developers to submit an appropriate desk-based assessment and, where necessary, a field evaluation.

Paragraph 129 of the NPPF states ‘Local planning authorities should identify and assess the particular significance of any heritage asset that may be affected by a proposal (including by development affecting the setting of a heritage asset) taking account of the available evidence and any necessary expertise. They should take this assessment into account when considering the impact of a proposal on a heritage asset, to avoid or minimise conflict between the heritage asset’s conservation and any aspect of the proposal.’

The Local Development for the Staffordshire Moorlands is currently being prepared (http://www.staffsmoorlands.gov.uk/sm/council-services/local-development/local-planlocal- development-framework accessed 4/8/2014).

The Staffordshire Morelands Core Strategy was adopted on the 26th March 2014 and is the key Local Development Framework (LDF) document and Section 4, ‘The Vision’ states that the ‘central theme of the vision will be to see Staffordshire Moorlands become an exceptional place to live, work and visit. This means balancing the need to foster sustainable growth where it is needed and beneficial, with the need to protect and enhance the District’s heritage and its significant built and natural assets.’

Section 8.1.76 identifies the Churnet Valley as an area of significant landscape, wildlife and heritage value.

Spatial Objective SO9 aims to ‘conserve and improve the character and distinctiveness of the countryside and its landscape, heritage, biodiversity and geological resources.’

3 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

Section 7.46 delivers the strategy for the Churnet Valley where the aim will be ’…to increase the economic contribution from sustainable tourism by enhancing the attraction of the Churnet Valley…by development of its heritage, nature based activities and outdoor recreational pursuits…. and promoting opportunities for visitors to access, understand and engage with the Churnet Valley's landscape, heritage and nature conservation assets’ though ‘…development must not be at the expense of the special qualities of the Staffordshire Moorlands’.

Strategy SS7 Churnet Valley Area Strategy identifies the valley as an area for sustainable tourism and rural regeneration. With support given to ‘…measures to enhance, protect and interpret the landscape character and heritage assets of the Churnet Valley’ and to ‘… measures that support and integrate the heritage transport infrastructure of the valley, sympathetically with enhancing and developing links to strategic footpaths, cycle and horse riding routes’.

Under SD1 (Sustainable Use of Resources) the Council will require all development to secure the future conservation of a heritage asset through appropriate enabling development in accordance with policy DC2’

Policy E3 (Tourism and Cultural Development) states that ‘ All development shall be of an appropriate quality, scale and character compatible with the local area, protect the residential amenity of the area, enhance the heritage, landscape and biodiversity of the area and shall not harm interests of acknowledged importance.’

Section 8.6 sets out the Council’s Design and Conservation Policies and policy DC2 dealing with the historic environment is reproduced in full below.

‘The Council will safeguard and, where possible, enhance the historic environment, areas of historic landscape character and interests of acknowledged importance, including in particular scheduled ancient monuments, significant buildings (both statutory listed and on a local register), the settings of designated assets, conservation areas, registered historic parks and gardens, registered battlefields and archaeological remains by:

1. Resisting development which would harm or be detrimental to the special character and historic heritage of the District’s towns and villages and those interests of acknowledged importance.

2. Promoting development which sustains, respects or enhances buildings and features which contribute to the character or heritage of an area and those interests of acknowledged importance through the use of conservation area appraisals, design statements, archaeological assessments, characterisation studies and Masterplanning.

3. Preventing the loss of buildings and features which make a positive contribution to the character or heritage of an area through appropriate reuse and sensitive development, including enabling development, unless their retention is not viable or there would be substantial planning benefits to outweigh the loss.’

The Churnet Valley Masterplan SPD identifies industrial heritage as one of the key strengths of the Churnet Valley, though a weakness is that it is relatively under appreciated and not well maintained. Several of the industrial heritage sites, such as the canal, in the valley have the potential to be further developed as attractions.

One of the principals of the masterplan is that future development should make appropriate provision for the management of heritage by recognising the contribution of industrial historic buildings and structures and areas of special archaeological interest and by celebrating and encouraging increased awareness and understanding of the area's heritage assets.

4 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

Sustainable tourism should not damage heritage assets and the strategy aims to enhance the heritage of the Churnet Valley.

The valley is broken down into a series of character area and the site lies within the Moneystone Character Area. The concept statement for Moneystone Quarry cites the development as an opportunity to promote industrial heritage of site and educational opportunities

2. Historical and Archaeological Background

This section provides a general archaeological and historical background to North Staffordshire in order to place the site within its context.

2.1. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Periods (up to 3000 BC)

The north of England remained glaciated until the end of the Ice Age and there is very little evidence for the Palaeolithic from within Staffordshire, though the extent to which this is due to a lack of research into this period in the area is unclear (Buteux & Lang 2002). Analogy with adjacent regions suggests that the Pennine fringes were attractive locations for Mesolithic occupation, though this remains under researched (R. Cowell, pers. comm.). Whilst the study area may have made up part of the territory of one or more bands of mobile hunter gatherers, there is little direct evidence for the nature of their exploitation of this area.

2.2. Neolithic and Bronze Age Periods (3000-600 BC)

The Neolithic is associated with the beginnings of agriculture and settled communities. In many areas of the country the Neolithic also sees the first large scale monuments constructed. However, despite the evidence of clearance and vegetational changes seen in the pollen record, few such sites have been located in Staffordshire (Barber 2002). Most of the earlier prehistoric evidence from the region occurs either as ‘chance finds’ or in the excavation of sites whose principal features are of other periods (Hodder 2002). Although Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments such as causewayed enclosures, henges and ring ditches are known in Staffordshire, most are in the form of cropmarks on the river terraces in the region of the confluence of the Trent and Tame in the south-east of the county (Wardle 2002a) and there are none in the Staffordshire Moorlands area.

However, this apparent lack of evidence is ‘…more apparent than real…’ (Hodder 2002), though throughout most of the West Midlands there is ‘…a relative lack of individually impressive earlier prehistoric sites, in terms of known structural remains or artefact assemblages.’ (ibid).

The Early Bronze Age shows a similar pattern with most of the evidence for settlement being confined to funerary monuments on the Pennine fringes in north-east Staffordshire (Garwood 2002) and burnt mounds, mainly in the Cannock Chase area. Increasing pressure on the available agricultural land later in the Bronze Age may have been the cause of the construction of defensive earthworks in upland areas, though few of these have been recorded in north Staffordshire and the associated agricultural settlements remain elusive.

Evidence for Late Bronze Age settlement is similarly restricted and poorly understood and the distinction from the early Bronze Age is based largely upon the apparent abandonment of large funerary monuments, though the ‘…idea of climatic deterioration leading to the abandonment of upland areas at the end of the 2nd millennium BC’ has been challenged (Dalwood 2002). Some of the hillforts in the county may have their origins in this period, though few have been excavated (Wardle 2002a) and this is based largely on analogy with surrounding regions.

5 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

2.3. The Iron Age (600 BC – 43 AD)

The study area is situated within the area believed to have been occupied by the Cornovii (Webster 1991), though there is little direct evidence for this. The study of the archaeology of the Iron Age of this region has the same problems of site visibility as earlier periods; although there are several hillforts in the county, they concentrated in the eastern half of the county, thinly dispersed and are in general poorly understood. In addition there are very few ‘chance finds’ of this date from the county (Wardle 2002a).

Since the 1950s aerial survey has demonstrated that this generalised scheme of Iron Age settlement patterns hides a more complex picture and it is now recognised that many of the region’s major river valleys contain fairly dense cropmark evidence for Iron Age inhabitation (Wigley 2002). Analogy with Cheshire suggests that north Staffordshire was more densely settled than has heretofore been suspected, particularly in the lowlands and Pennine fringes. Unfortunately low levels of ceramic use and extensive areas of permanent pasture render fieldwalking an unsuitable means of site location in the area. In addition few of the soils in the area are suited to the development of cropmarks and the vast majority of the cropmark sites dated to this period are on the terraces of the Rivers Trent and Tame in the south-east of the county (Wardle 2002a).

2.4. Romano-British Period (from 43 AD to 410 AD)

Until relatively recently most research into this period in the North-West has concentrated upon urban and military sites such as Penkridge, Rocester and Chesterton. The archaeology of rural settlement remains poorly understood, though north Staffordshire shares many characteristics with Cheshire, Merseyside and Greater Manchester. Although seven villa sites are known in the county, most occur in the south and all are close to the road network (Wardle 2002b).

Staffordshire seems to have lain outside main the distribution of villas and in general, the area outside the urban centres seems to have been characterised by small peasant farms operating at or just above subsistence level.

Although there is significant evidence from the county for smaller farms and settlements, most of this consists either of earthworks on the limestone uplands or cropmarks from river terraces to the south, there is little direct evidence from the north of the country. In general the excavated evidence suggests that these settlement exhibit a marked degree of continuity from earlier settlement patterns, probably reflecting ‘… a country in which a foreign administration had been superimposed upon a society that, initially at least, retained much of its traditional structure.’ (Wardle 2002). However, the distribution of chance finds across the county suggests that settlement was spread much more widely than the evidence of cropmarks and earthworks would suggest.

Aerial reconnaissance in Cheshire (Collens 1999) has shown that a similar landscape can contain evidence for occupation. These sites generally consist of small sub-rectangular/curvi-linear enclosures, and the few which have been excavated date to the Roman period (e.g. Legh Oaks, Nevell (1991)). They tend to produce little artefactual material such as pottery and coin use in rural Cheshire seems to have been relatively low; both factors have contributed to the difficulty in locating settlements of this date. The upland areas still appear to have been relatively sparsely populated, though the lead deposits in north-east Staffordshire are known to have been exploited. One of the few excavated settlements in the area is at Wetton where excavation at the end of the 19th century found lead ore and the remains of a furnace presumed to be Roman (Page & Keate 1908). Occupation of some of the limestone caves, for example ‘Thirse House’ 1, continued into this period ( ibid ).

1 The cave is alleged to have been occupied until 1680.

6 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

2.5. Pre-Conquest Period (410-1066AD)

There is very little excavated evidence for this period from Staffordshire, (Kinsley, 2002) which formed part of the kingdom of Mercia. The area is likely to have formed the original core of the kingdom prior to its expansion north and west in the 7 th century (Gelling 1992, 80). The discovery of the ‘Staffordshire Hoard’ of c. 3500 gold and silver items near Lichfield in 2009 provided a valuable, if atypical, insight into this period in the county.

There was very little Anglo-Saxon urban development in Staffordshire and studies of settlement patterns still rely mainly on documentary and placename evidence. Part of the reason for this is that it appears that pottery largely went out of use in the area, which was effectively aceramic from the end of the Roman occupation. Hence normal methodologies for site location, such as fieldwalking are not available. A few pagan cemeteries are known, though these are probably best regarded as outliers of traditions in the East Midlands and Derbyshire (Gelling 1992, 29). A large settlement site at Cat Holme, near Alrewas has been excavated (Losco-Bradley 1977) though this produced virtually no objects, only the plans of about one hundred buildings. There is a small group of pagan burial sites in the north-east of the county, two at Steep Low near Altonsfield and at Readon Hill near Ramshorn were in tumuli (Stafford 1985). The Steep Low burials were secondary inhumations in earlier mounds.

Placename evidence suggests that a substantial element of the original British population survived and co-existed with the Anglo-Saxon immigrants (Gelling 1992, 59). This consists of features with entirely British roots (e.g. Penkridge, Lichfield, River Dove), and places with hybrid names (e.g. Chatterley 2), though it is likely that Welsh speech had disappeared from the region by the ninth century. The nature of the transition from Welsh to English is poorly understood and the few contemporary documentary sources poorly understood (Gelling 1992, 70).

The Mercian kingdom was partitioned into eastern and western halves in 876 AD following the Danish invasions. The modern county boundaries in the Midlands originated in the Danish wars of the 10 th century as a result of a new system of establishing military centres or burhs , most of these became county towns. In west Mercia most of these were the work of Æethelflæd, ruler of the kingdom after the death of her husband Æthelred in 911 AD. Stafford was established in 913 AD (Gelling 1992, 128). Placename evidence suggests that Danish settlement in Staffordshire was restricted to the northern tip of the county. The sub-division of shires into hundreds was probably an import from Wessex and the hundredal court meeting every four weeks was the main means of administration from the late Saxon period until well into the Middle Ages.

The open field system is likely to have originated in the 10 th century (Gelling 1992, 172), though in Staffordshire this is generally restricted to areas of nucleated settlement in the lowland areas of the south of the county. In the uplands the systems either failed to develop or disappeared early (ibid 176) and most land was probably cleared and enclosed by individuals. Settlements in these areas are generally assumed to be small and scattered.

2.6. Medieval Period (1066-1485AD)

The most powerful laylord in the region in 1066 was Edwin of Mercia, who revolted against William I in 1071. Following the suppression of the revolt his lands were confiscated by the Crown and north Staffordshire appears to have been badly affected by the ‘Harrying of the North’. At the time of the Doomsday Survey in 1086, 62 villages are recorded as waste, though it is likely this is due in part to the low value attached to the high moorland situation of many north-east Staffordshire townships (Rowlands 1987). The Bishop of Lichfield/Chester was the other major landholder in the early medieval period. In general landholdings were scattered, low value and difficult to manage,

2 From the British Cader (Hill) and Old English Leah (Wood)

7 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

though it is likely that they were derived from earlier settlement patterns and hence provide a valuable pointer to earlier periods.

Population levels recorded in the Doomsday Book for north Staffordshire are low at approximately 0-2.5 persons per square mile 3 and in general the area had more in common with Cheshire and Lancashire than with the rest of the county (Rowlands 1987). Villages in north Staffordshire tended to be small and scattered (Hunt & Klemperer 2003), with some little more than a single household, a pattern that may have persisted from earlier periods.

The population of England trebled between 1086 and 1300 which resulted in less attractive, more marginal land being cleared and settled. Evidence from surnames based upon placenames suggests that the population had become more mobile. Clearance is attested by the increased number of assarts referred to in documentary sources. By the end of the 14 th century there were increasing numbers of freeholders. The lord’s demesne lands were mixed in the open field system. The later 14 th century saw a gradual decline in population as a result of the Black death and the exhaustion of soils. This resulted in a number of significant economic changes including an increase in cash payments for rent, the leasing out of demesne land and an increase in pastoral agriculture. Changing farming patterns induced landlords to enclose land and by the end of the 15 th century most villages had a mix of open and enclosed land. Most enclosures took place by agreement, though occasional records of legal disputes survive.

The variety and density of monuments general increases in this period. In lowland areas moated enclosures were created and castles were constructed by the more powerful landowners. Houses tend to be timber framed in the lowlands, stone built in the uplands. There were three Royal Forests in Staffordshire at Cannock, Kinver and Brewood 4. The medieval forest was as much an administrative and legal definition related to hunting as a landscape. Later in the period private landowners created their own deer parks, usually on demesne land, though occasionally this involved the removal of villages. Houses were generally cruck framed, though post and truss construction was used later in the period. There were few large monastic foundations in Staffordshire, Cistercian houses remained small and few in number compared to areas to the south, whilst Augustinian Cannons were probably the most successful in the region. Oakamoor had a substantial hammer forge, with furnaces at East Wall and the Old Furnace at Greendale smelting Consall Ironstone by the bloomery process.

2.7. Post-Medieval Period (1485-Present)

In general the early post-medieval landscape remained largely unchanged, though from the mid- 16 th century there was a gradual increase in population which resulted in additional land being taken into cultivation.

Two of the most significant changes in North Staffordshire were the continued gradual enclosure of the original common lands and industrialisation, primarily in the ironstone, lead and copper mining areas. Coal mining also took place, though on a relatively small scale. The north Staffordshire copper mines were recorded as being unworked by Robert Plot in 1680 and were revived by the Earl of Shrewsbury in 1692. The Ecton copper mines were re-opened in 1723 and by 1760 were the largest and most elaborate in Britain (Thompson 1976). Mining and quarrying operations required a transport network. The Caldon Tramways ran from Froghall Wharf to Caldon Quarry and were constructed in four phases in 1778, 1785, 1802 and 1847 (Report in SSMR, no author or date but probably c. 1990-1995). The copper works prospered in the 19 th century as demand for wire expanded due to the needs of the electricity and communications industries. However, by the 1960’s the works were out dated and were closed and have since been demolished.

3 In contrast with South Staffordshire at c. 2.5-5 per square mile. 4 A fourth, at Needwood, was short lived.

8 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

The area is now largely rural with high landscape value. The surrounding woodlands contain two nature reserves; Hawksmoor, one of the oldest nature reserves owned by the National Trust, and Cotton Dell, recently established by the County Wildlife Trust.

3. Archaeology Within the Study Area

The study area lies within the parish of Whiston which until 1898 was a township within the parish of Kingsley. The township does not appear in the Domesday Survey of 1086 5, though the name is of Anglo-Saxon origin, probably Witestone 6 (Cockin 2000). Kingsley appears in the Doomsday Survey as Chingeslei 7 when the manor was held by the King. Nigel of Stafford held 3 hides of land from the King, there was land for three ploughs and there was a population of 4 villagers and 7 smallholders with 1 ½ ploughs. There was 1 acre of meadow and the total value was 17 shillings. Oakamoor on the site’s southern fringe was part of Farley township in Alton Parish and is first recorded as Okeymore 8 in 1686.

3.1 Staffordshire Historic Environment Record

There are no Scheduled Ancient Monuments, Registered Battlefields, Registered Parks and Gardens or Conservation Areas within the study area. However, Whiston and Oakmoor were both included in a list of potential Conservation areas to be adopted by 2015 (http://www.staffsmoorlands.gov.uk/sites/default/files/documents/tender- opportunities/Conservation%20Area%20Character%20Appraisals%20Consultants%20Brief.pdf consulted 3 August 2014)

A total of 88 of sites are recorded within the study area on the Staffordshire Historic Environment Record (SHER), (Fig. 1 & Gazetteer) and a further four sites (Sites 34, 50, 85 and 58), all of Post- medieval date, have been added as a result of this study. The vast majority of the sites in the study area are Post-medieval standing or demolished buildings relating to agriculture and industry, earthworks relating to medieval agriculture and former mine workings nearly all of which lie outside the site boundaries.

No investigative fieldwork has been conducted within the study area. A desk study of earlier phases of the Moneystone Quarry was conducted in 1996 (Josephs 1996) and of proposed extensions to the quarry (Adams 2002). These studies found no evidence for archaeological sites within the study area other than small areas of poorly preserved ridge and furrow and evidence of late 18 th century coal mining at Rake Edge. The 1996 report recommended a watching brief during the demolition of Whiston Eaves Farm and retention of the stone from dry stone walls for use in restorative works. Similar proposals were made in the 2002 report.

Evidence for prehistoric settlement is very restricted in the study area, other than two possible Neolithic polished axes (Sites 55 and 84 and both of doubtful provenance) the closest finds to the study area consisting only of a Neolithic ‘stone celt’ from Cheadle c. 3km to the west and a stone axe hammer from Alton c. 2 km to the south-east (Clinch 1908). The site of a possible Prehistoric ‘mound’ (Site 40) lies within the red line boundary but is likely to have been of geological origin and was destroyed by quarrying.

There is no evidence for Roman, Anglo-Saxon or Early Medieval settlement from within the study area. However, these periods suffer from a general dearth of evidence in the region which is likely to result both from the historical neglect of this area by antiquarians and the difficulty in locating such sites.

5 The Witestone in Doomsday Book is almost certainly Whiston near Penkridge 6 Wites Tun or farm. 7 ‘Kings’ Woodland Clearance’. 8 ‘An area of mooorland with oaks’.

9 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

There is little evidence for the medieval and early Post-medieval landscape, though the area was clearly an important iron working centre with bloomeries (furnaces) at Sites 54, 64 and possibly Site 90 and the settlements at Whiston and Oakamoor are likely to have their origins in this period. Site 64 plots just within the red line boundary, though its true location is unknown.

The majority of known sites within the study area relate to the area’s 17 th , 18 th and 19 th century industrial heritage, for example the Uttoxeter branch of the Caldon Canal (Site 57), tramways relating to coal extraction (Sites 5, 6, 52 & 59), railways (Site 56) and coal mines (e.g. Site 7). The area was an important centre of copper working from the 18 th and into the 20 th century with copperworks at Whiston (Site 19) and Oakamoor (Site 74) though there are few surface remains at either site. A small cluster of farm buildings (Sites 16, 17 and 18) are constructed in cast blocks of copper slag probably from the Whiston Copperworks, a material which was often used for buildings and roads in the areas around copper smelters in the 18 th century (Ferguson 1996). The tradition of iron working in the area continued with forges at Sites 79 and 81, the latter possibly later converted to a slitting mill for the production of iron rod.

Other industries included lime burning (Site 77), corn milling (Site 27) and brick making (Site 73).

There are several farmsteads within in the study area likely to have origins in the 16 th to 17 th centuries (e.g. Sites 31, 32 and 85) with associated out buildings such as barns (e.g. Site 37) and cottages (e.g. Site 14).

Park Woods and its associated ponds (Sites 38 & 39) adjacent to the north-western site boundary are likely to be of mid-19 th century date, the Whiston Enclosure map of 1811 shows the area as a small enclosure labelled ‘Common Piece’ and with a different set of boundaries, the current layout is first shown on the Tithe Map of 1839. Another 19th century park was located at Lightoaks, Oakamoor (Site 62).

Sites 42-45 relate to Whiston Eaves Farm. The farmhouse was a Grade II Listed Building but was demolished and rebuilt in the village prior to the start of quarrying operations in 1998 (Josephs 1996). The building was recorded prior to its dismantling and reconstruction (RCHME 1991, Josephs 1996). The survey found that the oldest part of the structure dated to the mid-17th century but had probably been built against an earlier, timber framed, building. The farm had been enlarged in the late 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. The stable was also Grade II and dates to the late 18th century or early 19th century stable block, it too was dismantled and there are proposals to rebuild it on another site.

The Historic Landscape Characterisation data for the area is shown on Fig. 2. Moneystone Quarry is classified as ‘Industrial and Extractive’, the surrounding areas are dominated by parcels classed as ‘Early Small Rectilinear Fields’ and ‘Early Irregular Enclosures’ with smaller areas of ‘18 th to 19 th Century Planned Enclosure’, ‘Plantations’ and ‘Ancient Woodland’.

3.2 Estate Maps, Enclosure Maps and Tithe Maps

Although the study area is covered by a number of county maps, the first useful detail of the study area is shown on William Yates ‘Map of the County of Stafford’ (1769-1775). This shows Whiston, without the copper works, Crow Trees, Dusty Stile, Whiston Eaves and Eavesford (both named Eaves on Yates’ map). The development area is shown as common land (Fig. 3).

The ‘Whiston Common Inclosure Map’ of 1811 (SRO D1176/A/20/9) shows most of the quarry area occupied by land enclosed for Thomas Smith, William Morris and the Rev. Daviesy though the are areas occupied by ‘old enclosures’ to the east and south (Fig. 4) which were not surveyed in detail. Several buildings are shown in the study area. Little Heath House (marked as Little Heath) is shown and the track leading up to it is named as Beards’ Road. Eavesford Farm and Whiston Copper works are shown to the north. In general the area is covered by a patchwork of

10 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

small rectangular fields with woodland restricted to valley bottoms. Whiston Grange is not shown, though this may be because it lay outside the area directly affected by new enclosures. Whiston Barn is shown at the eastern side of the proposed development, adjacent to Park Wood (Site 39). The boundary of Park Wood is significantly different to that shown upon later maps and the ponds are not shown.

The Kingsley (Whiston) Enclosure Map accompanying the enclosure Act of 1815 (Q/RDc73) was too delicate to photograph but shows a similar level of detail to the 1811 map, in fact a number of similarities suggest that it is a direct copy. The only major difference is a small enclosure labelled ‘Bentley’s Croft’ located immediately south of the copper works.

The Whiston Tithe Map (No Catalogue Number available) was surveyed in 1839 (Fig. 5). This shows a number of similarities with the 1811 and 1815 maps which suggests that it was based at least in part upon the same survey. However, the survey now covers all of the study area and shows a pattern of small, square fields characteristic of the gradual enclosure of common land. There is no trace of the curving field boundaries suggestive of assarting or of the long narrow strip fields associated with enclosure of former open field systems. Whiston Grange is shown on this map, as is Whiston Barn and Whiston Eaves Farm and stables. Park Wood is shown with its current layout showing that the Park was established between 1811 and 1839. The fieldnames on the accompanying apportionment all relate either to ownership or agricultural practices. Plot 632 at the north-eastern corner of the site is named ‘Starved Hill’ though the significance of this is unclear.

3.3 Ordnance Survey Maps

The first Ordnance Survey map of the area was the 1 inch to the mile, published in 1836 shows less detail than the Tithe Map discussed above, apart from the coal mines at Rake End identified in Josephs (1996).

The First Edition Ordnance Survey 6” of the mile survey was published in 1888 (Fig.6). This shows the landscape largely unchanged since the Tithe Map of 1839 with no alterations to the layout of fields. The Second Edition was published in 1900, the only significant changes are the construction of Eaves Cottages south-west of Park Wood (Fig. 7). No later maps were obtained.

3.4 Aerial Photographic Evidence

Aerial photographs held at the Staffordshire Sites and Monuments Record (SSMR) and by the National Monuments Record (NMR) were consulted (Table X.1). Aerial photographs taken in 2000 and held as part of the SSMR GIS were also examined in 2002.

Company Run/Film No Frame Scale Date Print Repositor y Geonex 13 92 028-30 1:1000 18/5/92 CP SSMR 0 Meridian Air Maps 54 81 089-90 1:1000 1/12/81 BW SSMR 0 Meridian Air Maps 134 81 076 1:1200 9/9/71 BW SSMR 0 HSL UK 9 37 9750 6” 28/7/63 BW SSMR Ordnance Survey OS/63205 009-13 1:7500 30/7/02 BW NMR Ordnance Survey OS/82078 75-79 12” 5/5/82 BW NMR RAF 106G/UK/646 3374-3376 6” 11/8/45 BW NMR

9 Duplicates of these prints are held at SRO. The SRO also holds copies of surveys conducted by the RAF in 1945. These do not cover the study area.

11 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

RAF 106G/UK/398 3076-78 6” 17/7/45 BW NMR RAF 106G/UK/398 4098-4099 6” 17/7/45 BW NMR

Table 1. Vertical Aerial Photographs examined.

The coal shafts discussed in Josephs (1996) are visible on Geonex Run 13 92 028-30 and small areas of very faint ridge and furrow outside the site. Features presumed to be the ridge and furrow identified in Josephs (1996) are visible on RAF106G/UK/646, 3375 and RAF106G/UK/398, 4098. However, these are not visible on any of the other views examined. Some are faintly visible on RAF106G/UK/398, 3077, though they is very regular with no arataral curve which suggests that it is late-medieval or post-medieval in date.

Otherwise no archaeological features were visible within the study area.

The National Monuments Record (NMR) holds a small collection of oblique aerial photographs covering an area of land just to the west of Whiston, outside the study area and the photographs were not consulted. However, they may relate to an area of ridge and furrow visible on OS /82078 Frames 78 and 79.

3.5 Oral Evidence

No oral evidence was obtained.

3.6 Site Visit

The first was on Wednesday 23rd October 2002 in dull, overcast conditions with frequent heavy rain and hail. All of the area was under pasture, apart from the valleys which are wooded, consequently no surface finds were collected. The only earthworks observed were a set of very poorly preserved ridge and furrow (Site 7, Figure X.1), no trace of the ridge and furrow (Sites 6 and 16) described in Jacobs (1996) could be seen, though this may be a result of the poor lighting conditions at the time of this visit. The farmhouse at Littleheath House Farm (Site 5) is a substantial 17 th -18 th century cottage with 19 th century additions. The farmhouse at Whiston Grange (Site 4) is superficially 18th or 19th century, though within the farmyard there is a 17th or 18th century barn or outhouse constructed in stone. Park Wood (Site 39) is surrounded by a drystone wall c. 2 m high, there was no access to the ponds. Whiston Barn (Site 12) is a neatly built, two storey structure constructed in local stone. There is no date stone, though the architectural style suggests a date in the late 18th or early 19 th century. The building is roofed, but in a poor state of repair. No access could be gained to the interior. Cottage Farm (formerly Eaves Cottage, Site 8) is a two storey brick built cottage, the architectural style of which is consistent with the late 19th century date suggested by the map evidence.

Two further site visits were undertaken for this study, the quarry workings were omitted from the walkover. The first was on Wednesday 16 th December 2010 in dull, overcast conditions. The topography and land-use in these areas were similar to those to the north. A slight mound at NGR SK 03456 46194 (Plate ) c. 7 m in diameter and 1 m in height may relate to early coal extraction. A stone field barn at NGR SK 03517 46072 (Plate ) is constructed in coursed sandstone rubble with a pitched slate roof. Another field barn c. 70m to the west at NGR SK 03449 46092 is in a ruinous condition with the coursed sandstone rubble walls surviving to a height of c. 1.5 m.

Two further earthworks likely to relate to coal or stone extraction were observed at NGRs SK 03681 45919 and SK 03790 45920. Both consist of circular banks c. 1 m high and 3 m across set around a central depression c. 1 m deep. Another field barn at SK 04045 45920 lies just outside the site boundary, as does a barn at SK 04081 46029.

12 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

The ridge and furrow east of the site survives as low banks aligned north-east to south-west, c. 0.5 m high and spaced at c. 10 m intervals. No traces of headlands or similar features were observed and it is likely that they are post-medieval features.

The remaining sections of the study area were visited on 8th February 2011, weather conditions were dry with bright sunshine. The only site noted in the northern area was a former quarry at NGR SK 0510 4628, just outside the site boundary. Within the site boundary were areas of pasture and woodland with no archaeological features.

The area south of Cowtrees Farm slopes steeply from north to south. Much of the land is pasture with no archaeological features apart from the drystone walls used to form the fields. To the south a deep valley is filled dense woodland. Although no archaeological features were observed in this area it is possible that earthworks relating to early coal or stone extraction are present .

No access was gained to Crowtrees Farm during the walkover, though viewed from the adjacent fields the house and some outbuildings appear to be late 18 th century though much altered.

4. Conclusions

There are no Scheduled Ancient Monuments, Registered Battlefields, Registered Parks and Gardens or Conservation Areas within the study area.

There are 28 Listed Buildings within the study area, two of which lie within the study area, though both have been demolished.

There is very little direct evidence for below ground archaeological deposits within the proposed development. Most of the site was quarried during the late 20 th century which will have destroyed any archaeological sites which may once have existed. However, some of the areas on the fringes of the quarry workings were unaffected and the potential of these is considered below.

Topographically the area may have been seen an attractive area for settlement during the Mesolithic to Early Iron Age periods, though sites dating to these periods are notoriously difficult to detect in the region and other than possible chance finds of Neolithic axeheads, none are known from the study area. However, similar areas in the Pennine fringes of Cheshire and Greater Manchester have recently been found to have been occupied during those periods and there is a slight to negligible potential for sites of these periods from the areas fringing the quarry site.

There is currently no evidence for later, Romano-British or Anglo-Saxon, settlement either within the proposed development or in the study area. The archaeology of these periods is currently poorly understood in north Staffordshire, though the elevated, almost moorland situation, is unlikely to have been attractive for settlement, which in later periods seems to have been concentrated in the more fertile and less exposed valleys. Anglo-Saxon settlement in the wider area is likely to have consisted of isolated scattered farmsteads with a low level of material culture, difficult to detect using current methodologies. This pattern of settlement appears to have persisted into the late 17th century when the area began to become increasingly industrialised. There is a slight to negligible potential for sites of these periods from the areas fringing the quarry site

Evidence for medieval and early post-medieval settlement in the area is based primarily upon map evidence from later periods. This suggests that early in the period most of the proposed development was unenclosed common land, though the presence of ridge and furrow earthworks to the west of the application area suggests that small areas at least were used for arable agriculture. Documentary sources and analogy with other areas imply that in the later medieval period this was likely to have been used for grazing/pasture and was gradually enclosed. This process was complete within the development area by at least 1811 when the first detailed map of the site was produced.

13 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

The origins of small farmsteads such as Whiston Eaves Farm (Sites 42-45) are currently poorly understood. Most are assumed to have originated in the later post-medieval period when an increase in population resulted in more marginal land being taken into cultivation. However, it appears that settlement in upland areas has long consisted of a thin scatter of dispersed settlements and therefore some may have earlier origins. However, none of these are directly affected by the development and the site of Whiston Eaves was destroyed by quarrying and is therefore not affected by the proposals considered here.

The origin of Park Woods (Sites 38 & 39) and the associated ponds is not clear. Small hunting parks, usually belonging to the lord of the manor, were a common feature of the medieval landscape with over 1900 known examples in England. The main concentrations are in wooded counties such as Staffordshire. Most were established in the 11th-13th centuries and they usually, but not exclusively, had a roughly circular or elliptical plan enclosed by a bank topped by a stone wall or fence. However Park Woods and its ponds only occur on mapping of the area after 1811 and so are likely to be 1811 to 1839 in date. The site is not directly affected by the proposals.

5. Summary of Impacts

The following heritage sites lie within the proposed development.

Site Site Name Type Status Significance Impact Number 40 Round Mound, Cotton Round Barrow Destroyed Negligible None Monument 42 Whiston Eaves Farm Stable Listed Building Destroyed Negligible None 43 Whiston Eaves Farmstead Farm Destroyed Negligible None 44 Whiston Eaves Farmhouse Listed Building Destroyed Negligible None 45 Whiston Eaves Farm Farm Destroyed Negligible None 64 Crowtrees Bloomery Iron working Destroyed Negligible None site (medieval) ?

The following heritage sites abut or lie within 100 m of the the proposed development.

Site Site Name Type Status Significance Impact Number 39 Park Wood Park None Low Negligible 37 Whiston Barn Barn None Low Negligible 46 Little Eaves Farm Barn Barn Listed (II) High Negligible 47 Little Eaves Farm Farmhouse Listed (II) High Negligible 48 Little Eaves Farm Farm None Low Negligible 56 Churnet Valley Railway Railway None Low Negligible (Froghall to Alton) 57 Uttoxeter Branch of the Canal None Low Negligible Caldon Canal (Crumpwood to Froghall)

85 Crowtrees Farm Farm None Low Negligible

However, none of these sites are affected directly by the proposals and the reclamation and landscaping of the former quarry workings is likely to have a have a small indirect beneficial impact upon their setting.

14 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

6. Recommendations for Mitigation

The desk-study found little evidence for in situ archaeological deposits within the proposed development. For the earlier periods (Prehistoric and Romano-British) this may be at least in part the result of the current poor understanding of settlement in the region. During the medieval and post-medieval periods the site appears to have been in use as agricultural land.

The majority of the area has already been disturbed by quarrying and there will be no heritage impacts and therefore no requirements for mitigation.

7. Acknowledgements

HOW Planning in their role as project sponsors. Staff at Staffordshire County Council Environmental Planning for access to the HER. The staff of Staffordshire Records Office and William Salt Library were particularly helpful. R. Cowell and Rob Philpott for reading the draft of the text.

15 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

8. References

Adams M. 2002 An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment of Moneystone Quarry, Whiston, Staffordshire. Unpublished NMLFAU report for WBB Minerals.

Barber M. 2002 Neolithic Enclosures and Landscapes in the West Midlands http://www.iaa.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/wmrrfa/seminars/barber.doc

Buteux S.T.E. & Lang A.T.O. 2002 Lost but not forgotten: the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic occupation of the West Midlands. http://www.iaa.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/wmrrfa/seminars/Simon_Buteux.doc

Clinch G. 1908 Early Man In: Page W. (Ed.) A History of Staffordshire. Victoria County History

Cockin T. 2000 The Staffordshire Encyclopaedia. Malthouse Press.

Collens J 1999 Flying on the Edge: Aerial Photography and Settlement Patterns in Cheshire and Merseyside in M Nevell (ed) Living on the Edge of Empire: Models, Methodology and Marginality, Archaeology North West vol 3 (for 1998), 48-63.

Dalwood H. 2002 ‘The Bronze Age has lagged behind…’ Bronze Age settlement and landscape in the west midlands. http://www.iaa.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/wmrrfa/seminar2/Hal_Dalwood.doc

Furguson J. 1996 The Copper Slag Blocks of Hayle, Cornwall: Remains of a late 18 th Century Industry. Mining History: The Bulletin of the Peak District Mines Historical Society , 13 , 2, 104-108.

Garwood P. 2002 Early Bronze Age Funerary Monuments and Burial Traditions in the West Midlands http://www.iaa.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/wmrrfa/seminars/Garwood.doc

Gelling M. 1992 The West Midlands in the Early Middle Ages . Leicester University Press

Hodder M. 2002 West Midlands Earlier Prehistory: preconceptions, biases and research agendas. http://www.iaa.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/wmrrfa/seminars/Hodder_txt.doc

Hunt J. & Klemperer B. 2003 The Archaeology of Medieval Staffordshire: An Overview. http://www.iaa.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/wmrrfa/seminar5/John_H_and_Bill_K.doc

Kinsley G. 2002 Anglo-Saxon Staffordshire: An Overview http://www.iaa.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/wmrrfa/seminar4/Gavin_Kinsley.doc

Josephs A. 1996 Whiston Eaves Farm, Oakamoor. Desk-Based Assessment of the Cultural Heritage . Wardell-Armstrong Report for Hepworths Minerals & Chemicals.

Keys R. 1974 The Churnet Valley Railway.

Losco-Bradley S. 1977 Cat Holme Current Archaeology 5, 59, 358-64

Page W. & Keate, Miss 1908 Romano-British Staffordshire In: Page W. (Ed.) A History of Staffordshire. Victoria County History.

RCHME 1991 Whiston Eaves Farm, Kingley, Staffordshire. Historic Building Report.

Rowlands M.B. 1987 The West Midlands from 1000 AD. Longmans.

Stafford P. 1985 The East Midlands in the Early Middle Ages. Leicester University Press

16 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

Thompson W.J. 1976 Industrial Archaeology of North Staffordshire.

Wardle C. 2002a The Late Bronze Age and Iron Age in Staffordshire: the torc of the Midlands? http://www.iaa.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/wmrrfa/seminar2/Chris_Wardle.doc

Wardle C. 2002b Roman Staffordshire: the Five Towns and Beyond http://www.iaa.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/wmrrfa/seminar3/Chris_Wardle.doc

Webster G. 1991 The Cornovii. Alan Sutton. Stroud

Wigley A. 2002 Touching the void: Iron Age landscapes and settlement in the West Midlands http://www.iaa.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/wmrrfa/seminar2/Andy_Wigley_2.doc

Websites Consulted www.ads www.genuki.org.uk www.nestaffsregen-oakamoor.org.uk www2002.stoke.gov.uk/museums/

17 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

9. Figures

18 Moneystone Quarry. Desk-Based Assessment.

Fig. 3. Part of William Yates’ ‘Map of the County of Stafford’ (1775). The approximate location of Moneystone Quarry is highlighted in red.

21 Moneystone Quarry. Desk-Based Assessment.

Fig. 4. Part of the Whiston Common Enclosure Map of 1811 (SRO D1176/A/20/9). Not to scale. 22 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

Fig. 5. Part of the Whiston Tithe Map of 1839 (SRO, No Catalogue Number). Not to scale. 23 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

Fig. 6. Part of the 1 st Edition Ordnance Survey 6” to one mile survey, sheets 19NE & 13SE Published in 1888. 24 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

Fig. 7. Part of the 2nd Edition Ordnance Survey 6” to one mile survey, sheets 19NE & 13SE Published in 1900. 25

10. Gazetteer of Sites

Site: 1 SHER Record number: 03198 Site name: Railway Cottage, Froghall NGR: SK 0283 4769 Type: House Period: Georgian Date: 1750 AD to 1799 AD Description: A late 18th century house, adjacent to the course of the Caldon Canal and Froghall Tramway. Status: None References (1) S. Walford (Staffordshire County Council). 1993. The Industrial Archaeology of the Churnet Valley. Page 55 and map

Site: 2 SHER Record number: 04819 Site name: Mine Shafts, North of Straight Hills Wood, Kingsley NGR: SK 02730 47500 Type: Mine Shaft Period: Post Medieval -? Date: 1486 AD? to 1799 AD Description: Documentary evidence for mine shafts to the north of Straight Hills Wood. The shafts are of possible post-medieval date. Status: None References (1) S. Walford (Staffordshire County Council). 1993. The Industrial Archaeology of the Churnet Valley. Page 63 and Map C

Site: 3 SHER Record number: 03201 Site name: Inclined Plane and Wheelhouse, Froghall NGR: SK 0294 4760 Type: Inclined Plane Period: Post Medieval to Victorian Date: 1547 AD to 1899 AD Description: An inclined plane almost 300 metres long, with a stone wheelhouse situated at the top of the plain. Status: None References (1) Staffordshire County Council. 1960s onward. Staffordshire County Council Photographic Collection. 267-8:62 (2) Robert Sherlock (Staffordshire County Council). 1976. The Industrial Archaeology of Staffordshire. Page 174

26 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

Site: 4 SHER Record number: 13457 Site name: Milepost, North of The Leys, Kingsley NGR: SK 0298 4754 Type: Milepost Period: Victorian to Post-1914 - Date: 1900 AD to 1934 AD Description: A listed milepost of possible early 20th century date. The cast iron milepost is triangular in plan, with distances to Froghall, Cheadle, Hanley, Stoke, Newcastle and Ashbourne. Status: Listed Building (II) References (1) John Higgins (The Milestone Society). 2000. Staffordshire Milestones (and Canal Milestones, Boundary Markers and Guide Posts). Milestone No. ST/KIN/06

Site: 6 SHER Record number: 04821 Site name: Caldon Low Tramway (1780 route) NGR: SK 0482 4773 Type: Railway Period: Georgian Date: 1780 Description: The probable 2nd route of the tramway between Caldon Canal and Caldon Low Quarry Status: None References A. F. M. (Staffordshire County Council). 1971. Railroads between Caldon Low Quarry and Froghall, and between Woodhead Colliery and the Uttoxeter Branch Canal: Preliminary Drawings.

Aerial Photograph: English Heritage (National Monuments Record). c.2000. English Heritage - National Monuments Record Air Photos Library. SK0548/1-2 (NMR-AP Accession Number: 17529 Frame Numbers25-26 (19-Oct-2000)

Aerial Photograph: English Heritage (National Monuments Record). c.2000. English Heritage - National Monuments Record Air Photos Library. SK 0647/1-3 (NMR-AP Accession Number: 17529 Frame Numbers 20, 23-24 (19-Oct-2000)

Aerial Photograph: English Heritage (National Monuments Record). c.2000. English Heritage - National Monuments Record Air Photos Library. SK0448/1-2 (NMR-AP Accession No: 17529 Frame Numbers 3132 (19-Oct-2000)

Aerial Photograph: English Heritage (National Monuments Record). c.2000. English Heritage – National Monuments Record Air Photos Library. SK 0747/7 (NMR-AP Accession Number: 17529 Frame Number 19 (19-Oct-2000)

Aerial Photograph: English Heritage (National Monuments Record). c.2000. English Heritage - National Monuments Record Air Photos Library. SK 0648/1-2 (NMR-AP Accession Number: 17529 Frame Numbers 21-22 (19-Oct-2000)

Aerial Photograph: English Heritage (National Monuments Record). c.2000. English Heritage - National Monuments Record Air Photos Library. SK0447/1-4 (NMR-AP Accession No: 17529 Frame Numbers 2730 (19-Oct-2000)

(1) Published Book: Herbert A. Chester. 1979. The Iron Valley (A Detailed History of Ironmaking along the Churnet Valley). (2) Desk Based Assessment Report: S. Walford (Staffordshire County Council). 1993. The Industrial Archaeology of the Churnet Valley. 7G

27 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

Site: 5 SHER Record number: 03266 Site name: Caldon Low Tramway (1849 Route) NGR: SK 0521 4804 Type: Railway Period: Victorian Date: 1849 AD? Description: The railway was built to connect Cauldon Canal at Froghall to Caldon. The line was authorised by Act of Parliament. There were four successive lines built, the two earliest in use dated1777-1802 can still be traced. The third included inclined planes & flanged plateway. 1849 the North Staffordshire Railway replaced the plateway with a 3'6 cables in four sections.<1> Status: None References Aerial Photograph: English Heritage (National Monuments Record). c.2000. English Heritage - National Monuments Record Air Photos Library. SK 0747/7 (NMR-AP Accession Number: 17529 Frame Number 19 (19-Oct-2000)

Aerial Photograph: English Heritage (National Monuments Record). c.2000. English Heritage – National Monuments Record Air Photos Library. SK0548/1-2 (NMR-AP Accession No: 17529 Frame Numbers 2526 (19-Oct-2000)

Aerial Photograph: English Heritage (National Monuments Record). c.2000. English Heritage - National Monuments Record Air Photos Library. SK 0748/3-4 (NMR-AP Accession Number: 17529 Frame Number 17-18 (19-Oct-2000)

Aerial Photograph: English Heritage (National Monuments Record). c.2000. English Heritage - National Monuments Record Air Photos Library. SK 0748/1-2 (NMR-AP Accession Number: 17491 Frame Number 15-16 (17-Jul-2000)

(1) Robert Sherlock (Staffordshire County Council). 1976. The Industrial Archaeology of Staffordshire. Pages 173-174 (2) A. F. M. (Staffordshire County Council). 1971. Railroads between Caldon Low Quarry and Froghall, and between Woodhead Colliery and the Uttoxeter Branch Canal: Preliminary Drawings.

28 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

Site: 7 SHER Record number: 04823 Site name: Mine Shaft, Mount Pleasant, Kingsley NGR: SK 03481 47473 Type: Mine Period: Post Medieval Date: 1486 AD? to 1799 AD? Description: Documentary evidence for the site of a mine shaft to the south of Mount Pleasant Farm. (1). However, the only feature sown on the 1st and 2 nd Edition OS is a small quarry so the primary source is not clear. Status: None References (1): S. Walford (Staffordshire County Council). 1993. The Industrial Archaeology of the Churnet Valley. Page 64 and map C

Site: 8 SHER Record number: 52687 Site name: Sycamore Farm / Lockers Farm, Kingsley NGR: SK 0404 4742 Type: Farmstead Period: Post Medieval Date: 1600 AD to 1699 AD Description: A farmstead with a dispersed multi-yard plan, a listed farmhouse and a barn. The farmstead is thought to be of probable 17th century origin. Status: None References (1) Digital Archive: Bob Edwards (Forum Heritage Services). 2008. Historic Farmsteads and Landscape Character in Staffordshire - GIS Data. 252050

Site: 9 SHER Record number: 13453 Site name: Barn, Locker Farm, Kingsley NGR: SK 0407 4740 Type: Barn Period: Post Medieval Date: 1600 AD to 1699 AD Description: A listed 17th century barn at Locker Farm (Current mapping shows ‘Sycamore Farm and cf Site 8). The barn is of coursed, dressed stone with a tiled roof and comprises of lofts over a cowshed. Status: Listed Building (II) References

Site: 10 SHER Record number: 13452 Site name: Locker Farmhouse, Kingsley NGR: SK 0404 4742 Type: Farmhouse Period: Post Medieval Date: 1600 AD to 1699 AD Description: A listed 17th century farmhouse, T-shaped in plan and of coursed, dressed stone construction with a tiled roof. Status: Listed Building (II) References

29 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

Site: 11 SHER Record number: 13460 Site name: Milepost, East of Froghall, Kingsley NGR: SK 0418 4740 Type: Milepost Period: Victorian to Post-1914 Date: 1900 AD to 1934 AD Description: A listed cast iron milepost of possible early 20th century date. The milepost gives distances to Froghall, Cheadle, Hanley, Stoke, Newcastle and Ashbourne. Status: Listed Building (II) References (1) John Higgins (The Milestone Society). 2000. Staffordshire Milestones (and Canal Milestones, Boundary Markers and Guide Posts). Milestone No. ST/KIN/07

Site: 12 SHER Record number: 60685 Site name: Buckle Findspot, Kingsley NGR: SK 03 47 Type: Findspot Period: Post Medieval to Georgian Date: 1650 AD to 1750 AD Description: An incomplete cast copper alloy two piece trapezoidal shoe or knee buckle with tinning on the surface. The buckle is dated to the mid 17th to mid 18th century and was recovered during metal detecting in Kingsley parish before October 2005. <1> Status: None References (1) Portable Antiquities Scheme. 2009. Portable Antiquities Data (August 2009).

30 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

Site: 13 SHER Record number: 04822 Site name: Caldon Low Tramway (1802 Route) NGR: SK 0518 4763 Type: Railway Period: Industrial Date: 1802 AD Description: Third of four successive tramways between Caldon Canal and Caldon Low Quarry. Status: None References A. F. M. (Staffordshire County Council). 1971. Railroads between Caldon Low Quarry and Froghall, and between Woodhead Colliery and the Uttoxeter Branch Canal: Preliminary Drawings.

Desk Based Assessment Report: Unassigned. After 1993. Whiston Copper Works: A Desk Top Survey.

Aerial Photograph: English Heritage (National Monuments Record). c.2000. English Heritage - National Monuments Record Air Photos Library. SK 0747/2 (NMR-AP Accession Number: 17498 Frame Number 76 (17-Jul-2000)

Aerial Photograph: English Heritage (National Monuments Record). c.2000. English Heritage - National Monuments Record Air Photos Library. SK 0747/7 (NMR-AP Accession Number: 17529 Frame Number 19 (19-Oct-2000)

(1) Ordnance Survey. 1870s-1880s. Ordnance Survey 1st Edition 25" Maps. Staffordshire Sheet XIII. 16 (1880) (2) Herbert A. Chester. 1979. The Iron Valley (A Detailed History of Ironmaking along the Churnet Valley). (3) Desk Based Assessment Report: S. Walford (Staffordshire County Council). 1993. The Industrial Archaeology of the Churnet Valley. 7G

Site: 14 SHER Record number: 13459 Site name: Moorland Cottages, Whiston NGR: SK 0394 4722 Type: Workhouse Period: Industrial Date: 1800 AD to 1834 AD Description: A listed early 19th century former workhouse of coursed stone construction with a tiled roof. The workhouse has been converted into three cottages. Status: Listed Building (II) References

31 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

Site: 15 SHER Record number: 04824 Site name: Copper Works, Whiston, Kingsley NGR: SK 04030 47209 Type: Copper Works Period: Post Medieval to Victorian Date: 1547 AD to 1899 AD Description: COPPER WORKS: SITE OF WHISTON COPPER WORKS TIP. <1> Established by the Duke Of Devonshire in 1770, it was working until 1894 and demolished at the turn of century. <2>. The copper works had become quite extensive by 1888, with a number of associated buildings, and associated earthworks. <1> The Copper Works are shown on a map of 1836. <4> No remains of the buildings associated with the copper works appear to survive. <7> Status: None References Desk Based Assessment Report: Unassigned. After 1993. Whiston Copper Works: A Desk Top Survey. (1) Ordnance Survey. 1875 - 1890. Ordnance Survey 1st Edition 6" maps. Staffordshire Sheet XIII. S.E. (2) Herbert A. Chester. 1979. The Iron Valley (A Detailed History of Ironmaking along the Churnet Valley). (3) English Heritage (David Cranstone ?and others). Circa 1993. Monuments Protection Programme: Site Assessment Forms. David Cranstone (4) David & Charles (publisher). 1970. Ordnance Survey 1834-1836 1" maps. Sheet 34 Stafford (N.W.) (5) Robert Sherlock (Staffordshire County Council). 1976. The Industrial Archaeology of Staffordshire. Page 102 (6) S. Walford (Staffordshire County Council). 1993. The Industrial Archaeology of the Churnet Valley. 7G (7) Aerial photosurvey of Staffordshire - 1999 - 2001. SK 04028 47217

Site: 16 SHER Record number: 13462 Site name: Stable House Farmhouse, Black Lane, Whiston, Kingsley NGR: SK 0390 4711 Type: Farmhouse Period: Industrial to Victorian Date: 1800 AD to 1864 AD Description: A listed early-mid 19th century farmhouse constructed of moulded copper-slag blocks with sandstone dressings and a tiled roof. The house and two barns at Stable House Farm are the only examples in this locality of buildings made from such unusual material. A smelting site lay to the north and the group was possibly a model to promote a wider distribution of the blocks, which was never achieved. It is also quite conceivable that the name of the lane is derived from the extraordinary inky iridescence of the construction. Status: Listed Building (II) References

32 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

Site: 17 SHER Record number: 13463 Site name: Barn, Stable House Farm, Black Lane, Whiston NGR: SK 0391 4711 Type: Barn Period: Industrial to Victorian Date: 1800 AD to 1864 AD Description: A listed early-mid 19th century barn (and possibly a workshop) constructed of moulded copper-slag blocks with sandstone dressings and a tiled roof. The house and two barns at Stable House Farm are the only examples in this locality of buildings made from such unusual material. A smelting site lay to the north and the group was possibly a model to promote a wider distribution of the blocks, which was never achieved. It is also quite conceivable that the name of the lane is derived from the extraordinary inky iridescence of the construction. Status: Listed Building (II) References

Site: 18 SHER Record number: 13464 Site name: Barn, Stable House Farm, Black Lane, Whiston NGR: SK 0393 4711 Type: Barn Period: Industrial to Victorian Date: 1800 AD to 1864 AD Description: A listed early-mid 19th century barn constructed of moulded copper-slag blocks with sandstone dressings and a tiled roof. The house and two barns at Stable House Farm are the only examples in this locality of buildings made from such unusual material. A smelting site lay to the north and the group was possibly a model to promote a wider distribution of the blocks, which was never achieved. It is also quite conceivable that the name of the lane is derived from the extraordinary inky iridescence of the construction. Status: Listed Building (II) References

Site: 19 SHER Record number: 04825 Site name: Copper Works Tip, Black Lane, Whiston NGR: SK 03992 47054 Type: Copper Works Period: Post Medieval to Victorian Date: 1547 AD to 1899 AD) Description: Copper works tip probably dating from the 19th century. Associated with Whiston Copper Works (04824). Status: None References Desk Based Assessment Report: Unassigned. After 1993. Whiston Copper Works: A Desk Top Survey. (1) Cartographic: Ordnance Survey. 1875 - 1890. Ordnance Survey 1st Edition 6" maps. Staffordshire Sheet XIII. S.E. (2) English Heritage (David Cranstone ?and others). Circa 1993. Monuments Protection Programme: Site Assessment Forms. David Cranstone (3) Robert Sherlock (Staffordshire County Council). 1976. The Industrial Archaeology of Staffordshire. Page 102 (4) S. Walford (Staffordshire County Council). 1993. The Industrial Archaeology of the Churnet Valley. 7G

33 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

Site: 20 SHER Record number: 13451 Site name: The Leys Farmhouse, Leys, Kingsley NGR: SK 0305 4724 Type: Farmhouse Period: Georgian Date: 1735 AD to 1764 AD Description: A listed stone-built farmhouse comprising of a mid-18th century wing to an early 19th century refaced house. Status: Listed Building (II) References

Site: 21 SHER Record number: 52950 Site name: The Leys Farm, Kingsley NGR: SK 0306 4722 Type: Farmstead Period: Post Medieval to Georgian Date: 1600 AD to 1799 AD Description: An isolated farmstead laid out around a loose courtyard with detached farmhouse. The farmstead is of probable 17th century origin (based on the date of two surviving outbuildings) and seems to survive relatively unaltered. There are two listed 17th century barns (and an 18th century listed farmhouse) which provide a relative date for the origin of the farm. <1> <2> <4> Status: None References (1) Digital Archive: Bob Edwards (Forum Heritage Services). 2008. Historic Farmsteads and Landscape Character in Staffordshire - GIS Data. 252033 (2) Cartographic: Ordnance Survey. 1875 - 1890. Ordnance Survey 1st Edition 6" maps. (3) Aerial Photograph: 2006. Aerial photosurvey of Staffordshire - 2006. (4) Related Monuments: SHER no.13451 The Leys Farmhouse, Leys, Kingsley, SHER no. 13448 Barn, South-east of The Leys Farmhouse, Leys, Kingsley and SHER no. 13449 Barn, South-east of The Leys Farmhouse, Leys,Kingsley

Site: 22 SHER Record number: 13448 Site name: Barn, South-east of The Leys Farmhouse, Leys NGR: SK 0308 4720 Type: Barn Period: Post Medieval Date: 1600 AD to 1699 AD Description: A listed 17th century barn with mid-19th century alterations. The barn is constructed of finely coursed dressed and squared stone with a tiled roof. Status: Listed Building (II) References

Site: 23 SHER Record number: 13449 Site name: Barn, South-east of The Leys Farmhouse, Leys NGR: SK 0308 4722 Type: Barn Period: Post Medieval Date: 1600 AD to 1699 AD Description: A listed 17th century barn with 19th and 20th century alterations. The barn is of coursed dressed and squared stone construction with a tiled roof. Status: Listed Building (II) References

34 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

Site: 24 SHER Record number: 06305 Site name: The Leys, Kingsley NGR: Type: Farmhouse Period: Georgian Date: 1772 AD Description: A listed farmhouse dated 1772, with mid-19th and 20th century alterations. The farmhouse has red brick facing and coursed, squared stone elsewhere. Status: Listed Building (II) References

Site: 25 SHER Record number: 13458 Site name: Springfield Farm, Leys, Kingsley NGR: SK 0302 4700 Type: Farmhouse Period: Post Medieval Date: 1600 AD to 1699 AD Description: A listed late 17th century farmhouse with mid-19th century alterations. The building is of coursed stone, with later additions in brickwork. The farm has a loose courtyard and a farmhouse gable side on to the yard. Status: Listed Building (II) References Photographic: Andrew kirkham (Staffordshire County Council). 1988 - 1995. Photographic Negative Collection 1988 - 1995 (Buildings). (1) Bob Edwards (Forum Heritage Services). 2008. Historic Farmsteads and Landscape Character in Staffordshire - GIS Data.

Site: 26 SHER Record number: 04826 Site name: Mine Shaft, Springfield Farm, Kingsley NGR: SK 0301 4709 Type: Mine Shaft, Period: Post Medieval Date: 1486 AD? to 1799 AD? Description: Documentary evidence for the site of a mine shaft to the north of Springfield Farm. The mine is of possible post-medieval date. However, nothing is marked on the 1 st Edition OS. Status: None References (1) S. Walford (Staffordshire County Council). 1993. The Industrial Archaeology of the Churnet Valley. Page 64 and Map C

35 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

Site: 27 SHER Record number : 02243 Site name: Froghall Mill NGR: SK 02537 47148 Type: WatermilL Period: Industrial Date: 1825 AD Description: A water powered corn mill with a datestone of 1825. The mill had 5 pairs of stones by 1833, and by this time it was used for grinding colours for the pottery industry. The mill had two undershot waterwheels. <1> The larger and most recent of the wheels is 12' diameter and 9' WIDE AND LOW-breastshot, the smaller wheel 11'6 broke in 1966. <1> <2> Status: None References Written: Robert Sherlock (and others). c.1985. Staffordshire Mills Survey. (1) R. Sherlock. No Date . Notes on Industrial Archaeology - Water Mills. (2) Photographic: Staffordshire County Council. 1960s onward. Staffordshire County Council Photographic Collection. 260-3:62 & 113-9:68 (by R. Sherlock) (3) Desk Based Assessment Report: S. Walford (Staffordshire County Council). 1993. The Industrial Archaeology of the Churnet Valley. Page 54 - 2243 (CRO - O'Reilly & Morris - Descriptive Text)

Site: 28 SHER Record number: 13479 Site name: Eavesford Farmhouse, Whiston, Kingsley NGR: SK 0336 4671 Type: Farmhouse Period: Post Medieval Date: 1600 AD to 1699 AD Description: A listed 17th century farmhouse with mid-19th and 20th century alterations. The farmhouse is of coursed red sandstone with a tiled roof. Part of Site 30. Status: Listed Building (II) References

Site: 29 SHER Record number: 13480 Site name: Eavesford Farm Barn, Whiston, Kingsley NGR: SK 0339 4673 Type: Barn Period: Post Medieval and Victorian Date: 1600 AD to 1699 AD and 1840 AD Description: A listed 17th century barn of coursed stone construction with a tiled roof. The barn is L-shaped in plan and comprises of lofts over cattle sheds. The barn has an extension with a date stone inscribed 'J B 1840', which may refer to the Beeches family, who were landowners in the vicinity. Part of Site 30. Status: Listed Building (II) References

36 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

Site: 30 SHER Record number: 52685 Site name: Eavesford Farm, Kingsley NGR: SK 0337 4672 Type: Farmstead Period: Post Medieval Date: 1600 AD to 1699 AD Description: An isolated farmstead of possible 17th century date. The farmstead has a regular 'U' shaped courtyard with additional detached elements and a farmhouse gable-side on to the yard. The listed farmhouse and barn are of 17th century date, providing a relative date for the origin of the farm.<1>. Includes Sites 8 and 29. Status: None References (1) Digital Archive: Bob Edwards (Forum Heritage Services). 2008. Historic Farmsteads and Landscape Character in Staffordshire - GIS Data. 252038

Site: 31 SHER Record number: 50067 Site name: Heath House/Heath House Farm, Kingsley NGR: SK 0359 4675 Type: Farmstead Period: Post Medieval to Victorian Date: 1486 AD to 1899 AD Description: Cluster of buildings and gardens named Heath House on the 1st edition Ordnance Survey map of 1888 and 2nd edition map of 1900. Renamed 'Heath House Farm' on modern maps. <1> <2> Status: None References (1) Cartographic: Ordnance Survey. 1875 - 1890. Ordnance Survey 1st Edition 6" maps. (2) Cartographic: Ordnance Survey 2nd Edition 6" maps.

Site: 32 SHER Record number: 50066 Site name: Littleheath Houses/Littleheath House Farm, Kingsley NGR: SK 0377 4660 Type: House Period: Post Medieval to Victorian Date: 1486 AD to 1899 AD Description: At least two buildings shown on the 1st edition Ordnance Survey map of 1888 and 2nd edition map of 1900, named Littleheath Houses. Named 'Littleheath House Farm' on modern maps, with additional structures. <1> <2> Status: None References (1) Cartographic: Ordnance Survey. 1875 - 1890. Ordnance Survey 1st Edition 6" maps. (2) Cartographic: Ordnance Survey 2nd Edition 6" maps. (3) An archaeological desk-based assessment of land at Whiston Eaves Farm, Oakamoor, Staffordshire.

37 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

Site: 33 SHER Record number: 50061 Site name: Whiston Grange, Kingsley NGR: SK 0390 4679 Type: Farmstead Period: Post Medieval to Victorian Date: 1486 AD to 1899 AD Description: Farmhouse and associated buildings shown on the 1st and 2nd edition Ordnance Survey maps of 1888 and 1900. <1> <2> Status: References (1) Cartographic: Ordnance Survey. 1875 - 1890. Ordnance Survey 1st Edition 6" maps. (2) Cartographic: Ordnance Survey 2nd Edition 6" maps.

Site: 34 SHER Record number: NA Site name: Old Field Farm NGR: SK 0500 4689 Type: House Period: Georgian to Victorian Date: 1770-1840 Description: House first shown on William Yates’ Map of Staffordshire of 1775 and on mapping to present day. No access was gained during the walkover so the date of the current farmhouse etc is uncertain. Status: None References

Site: 35 SHER Record number: 50794 Site name: Farm Building, Kingsley NGR: SK 0553 4707 Type: Field Building Period: Earlier than, Victorian Date: 1888 AD Description: An extant farm building by1888, possibly a field barn or outfarm, with what appears to be an attached animal pen, identified on an aerial photograph from 2000 and situated in an isolated location. The building appears from the aerial photography to have the roof intact. <1> <2> Status: References (1) Aerial Photograph: 2000. Aerial photosurvey of Staffordshire - 1999 - 2001. (2) Cartographic: Ordnance Survey. 1875 - 1890. Ordnance Survey 1st Edition 6" maps. Staffordshire Sheet XIII. S.E. (1888)

Site: 36 SHER Record number: 53558 Site name: Field Barn, Upper Cotton NGR: SK 0568 4724 Type: Field Barn Period: (pre) Victorian Date: Before1888 AD Description: A stone built field barn at Upper Cotton, which was extant by the late 19th century. Status: None References (1) Debbie Langley and Stephen Dean (Historic Environment Officers, Staffordshire County Council). 2007. Photographs of the Weaver Hills and Cotton Area. (2) Ordnance Survey. 1875 - 1890. Ordnance Survey 1st Edition 6" maps. Location

38 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

Site: 37 SHER Record number: 50062 Site name: Whiston Barn, Kinsgley NGR: SK 0455 4667 Type: Barn Period: Post Medieval to Victorian Date: 1486 AD to 1899 AD Description: Single structure shown on the shown on the 1811 enclosure map and the 1st Edition Ordnance survey map of 1888, named 'Whiston Barn' on the 2nd edition map of 1900. Extant. <1> <2>. It is a neatly built, two storey structure constructed in local stone. There is no date stone, though the architectural style suggests a date in the late 18th or early 19 th century (Site Visit M. Adams 23rd October 2002) Status: None References (1) Cartographic: Ordnance Survey. 1875 - 1890. Ordnance Survey 1st Edition 6" maps. (2) Cartographic: Ordnance Survey 2nd Edition 6" maps.

Site: 38 SHER Record number: 50063 Site name: Ponds, Park Wood, Kingsley NGR: SK 0425 4651 Type: Fishpond Period: Post Medieval to Victorian Date: 1486 AD to 1899 AD Description: Two ponds situated in Park Wood, to the south of Whiston Hall, first shown on the 1st edition Ordnance Survey map of 1888. The pond to the north is named 'Fish Pond' on the 2nd edition map of 1900. A sluice controls water flow to the second pond situated to the south-west. Both ponds are still shown on modern maps. <1> <2>. Map evidence proves a date of 1811-1839. Status: None References (1) Cartographic: Ordnance Survey. 1875 - 1890. Ordnance Survey 1st Edition 6" maps. (2) Cartographic: Ordnance Survey 2nd Edition 6" maps.

Site: 39 SHER Record number: 50065 Site name: Park Wood, Whiston, Kingsley NGR: SK 043 465 Type: Landscape Park Period: Post Medieval to Victorian Date: 1486 AD to 1899 AD Description: A possible woodland garden or landscape park, first shown on the 1st and 2nd Ordnance Survey maps of 1888 and 1900. An area of woodland is shown on the 1st edition Ordnance survey map of 1888, and 2nd edition map of 1900, situated to the south of Whiston Hall. The wood is enclosed on all sides by a lane or trackway. Internal features show evidence of a water management scheme, i.e. fish pond/s and a sluice (PRN 50063), and its name is suggestive of a woodland garden or landscape park. <1> <2> Map evidence proves a date of 1811-1839. Status: None References (1) Ordnance Survey. 1875 - 1890. Ordnance Survey 1st Edition 6" maps. (2) Ordnance Survey 2nd Edition 6" maps.

39 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

Site: 40 SHER Record number: 00237 Site name: Round Mound, Cotton Monument NGR: SK 0450 4627 Type: Mound or earthwork feature? Period: (Unknown date) Date: (Unknown date) Description: An earthwork mound with visible pieces of sandstone protruding from it, considered to be of possible natural origin. Carrington was refused permission to open it in the 19th Century. <1> The mound was considered by the Ordnance Survey to be a natural feature. The record card describes it as ‘…an apparent bowl shaped mound with no visible ditch. The mound is under grass in a former arable field. Several small pieces of local sandstone can be seen on the mound and, in the opinion of the farmer, the mound is natural and formed by a rock outcrop on which the plough strikes.’ <2> The site has since been destroyed by quarrying. Status: None References (1)Thomas Bateman. 1861. Ten Years' Diggings in Celtic and Saxon Grave Hills in the Counties of Derby, Stafford and York. Page 154 (2) Index: Ordnance Survey. See cards. Ordnance Survey Card Index. (W.C. Woodhouse - Ordnance Survey Field Inspector - 1957)

Site: 41 SHER Record number: 50064 Site name: Eaves Cottage/Cottage Farm, Whiston, Kingsley NGR: SK 0414 4644 Type: House Period: Post Medieval, Victorian Date: 1889 AD to 1899 AD Description: House named Eaves Cottage first shown on the 2nd edition Ordnance Survey map of 1900. An associated structure is shown to the south-east, sited in an area of former woodland. Named 'Cottage Farm' on modern maps, with additional structures. <1> Status: None References (1) Cartographic: Ordnance Survey 2nd Edition 6" maps.

Site: 42 SHER Record number: 13484 Site name: Whiston Eaves Farm Stable, Kingsley NGR: SK 0432 4625 Type: Stable Period: Georgian to Industrial Date: 1765 AD to 1834 AD Description: Whiston Eaves stable-block (originally a Grade II Listed Building) was dismantled over a period of eight years to enable the expansion of nearby Moneystone Quarry. The stable block comprised of a three-sided range of principally sandstone construction which backed onto Whiston Eaves Lane to the north. The buildings formed part of a complex that once included a 16th century farmhouse and a 19th century residence and associated gardens. The stable block was built in 1808 and underwent a series of modifications to the west and east wings with the buildings taking on their present form in the final decade of the 19th century. Status: Listed Building (II) References (1) Building Recording Report: Colin Hayfield (Colin Hayfield Archaeological Consultancy). 1998- 2006.Whiston Eaves Stable-Block, Nr. Cheadle, Staffordshire; Structural Recording. Pages 9-27

40 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

Site: 43 SHER Record number: 53194 Site name: Farmstead, North of Whiston Eaves Farm, Kingsley NGR: SK 0433 4623 Type: Farmstead Period: Georgian to Industrial Date: 1765 AD to 1834 AD Description: A farmstead of probable late 18th or early 19th century date and originally laid out around a regular, U-plan courtyard with detached farmhouse. Comparison of historic mapping suggests that some of the ranges were demolished in the early 20th century, with the remainder of the farm demolished by 2006. Possibly part of the Whiston Eaves Farm complex (see PRN 52686). The farmstead has now been demolished. <5> <6> Status: None References (1) Bob Edwards (Forum Heritage Services). 2008. Historic Farmsteads and Landscape Character in Staffordshire - GIS Data. 252043 (2) Department of the Environment. Ongoing. Listed Buildings of Special Architectural or Historical Importance (Green and Blue Backs). (3) Ordnance Survey 2nd Edition 6" maps. (4) Ordnance Survey 3rd Edition (or later) 6" maps. (5) Aerial Photograph: 2006. Aerial photosurvey of Staffordshire - 2006. (6) Colin Hayfield (Colin Hayfield Archaeological Consultancy). 1998-2006. Whiston Eaves Stable-Block, Nr. Cheadle, Staffordshire; Structural Recording.

Site: 44 SHER Record number: 06306 Site name: Whiston Eaves Farmhouse, Eaves Lane, Kingsley NGR: SK 0433 4614 Type: Farmhouse Period: Post Medieval Date: 1600 AD to 1699 AD Description: A (formerly listed?) stone-built farmhouse of 17th century date with later, 19th century, brick-built additions. Now demolished. Status: Listed Building (II) References (1) Colum Giles (Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England). 1991. Whiston Eaves Farm, Kingsley: Historic Building Report. (2) Colin Hayfield (Colin Hayfield Archaeological Consultancy). 1998-2006. Whiston Eaves Stable-Block, Nr. Cheadle, Staffordshire; Structural Recording.

Site: 45 SHER Record number: 52686 Site name: Whiston Eaves Farm, Kingsley NGR: SK 0438 4614 Type: Farmstead Period: Post Medieval Date: 1600 AD to 1699 AD Description: A farmstead of probable 17th century origin, originally laid out around a regular L- plan courtyard. The farmstead was demolished in the 1990s in advance of proposed mineral extraction on the site of the farm. Possibly associated with the farmstead with stable range to the north (PRN 53194). <1> Status: None References (1) Digital Archive: Bob Edwards (Forum Heritage Services). 2008. Historic Farmsteads and Landscape Character in Staffordshire - GIS Data.

41 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

Site: 46 SHER Record number: 13790 Site name: Little Eaves Farm, Kingsley NGR: SK 0412 4593 Type: Barn Period: Post Medieval to Georgian Date: 1700 AD to 1799 AD Description: A listed 18th century stone-built barn with a tiled roof. The barn is set close to Little Eaves Farmhouse in an orchard setting. Part of Site 48. Status: Listed Building (II) References

Site: 47 SHER Record number: 13485 Site name: Little Eaves Farmhouse, Eaves Lane, Kingsley NGR: SK 0411 4592 Type: Farmhouse Period: Post Medieval to Georgian Date: 1700 AD to 1799 AD Description: A listed 18th century farmhouse of coursed, dressed stone with a tiled roof. Part of Site 48. Status: Listed Building (II) References

Site: 48 SHER Record number: 52951 Site name: Little Eaves Farm, Eaves Lane, Kingsley NGR: SK 0412 4592 Type: Farmstead Period: Post Medieval to Georgian Date: 1700 AD to 1799 AD Description: An isolated, dispersed plan farmstead of 18th century date. The original farm buildings appear to be extant, although additional, larger scale modern agricultural buildings have been added to the farmstead in the 20th century. <2> <3> Status: None References (1) Bob Edwards (Forum Heritage Services). 2008. Historic Farmsteads and Landscape Character in Staffordshire - GIS Data. 252041 (2) Ordnance Survey. 1875 - 1890. Ordnance Survey 1st Edition 6" maps. (3) Aerial Photograph: 2000. Aerial photosurvey of Staffordshire - 1999 - 2001.

Site: 49 SHER Record number: 04467 Site name: Mine, Little Eaves Farm, Oakamoor NGR: SK 0390 4575 Type: Mine Period: Unknown date Date: Unknown date Description: A mine of unknown date west of Little Eaves Farm. Status: None References (1): British Geological Survey. 1903. British Geological Survey 6" Maps. Staffordshire 6" Map Sheet (1903) (2) An archaeological desk-based assessment of land at Whiston Eaves Farm, Oakamoor, Staffordshire.

42 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

Site: 50 SHER Record number: NA Site name: Dustystile NGR: SK 0369 4585 Type: House Period: Georgian to Victorian Date: 1770-1840 Description: House first shown on William Yates’ Map of Staffordshire of 1775 and on mapping to present day. No access was gained during the walkover so the date of the current farmhouse etc is uncertain. Status: None References

Site: 51 SHER Record number: 50068 Site name: Rake Edge, Whiston, Kingsley NGR: SK 0352 4606 Type: House Period: Post Medieval to Victorian Date: 1486 AD to 1899 AD Description: Former house and garden shown on the 1st and 2nd edition Ordnance Survey maps of 1888 and 1900. Structures are shown on the 1st edition Ordnance Survey map of 1888, and named on the 2nd edition map of 1900. Access to the house was gained by a trackway leading off Ross Lane. Not shown on modern maps. Status: None References (1) Ordnance Survey. 1875 - 1890. Ordnance Survey 1st Edition 6" maps. (2) Ordnance Survey 2nd Edition 6" maps.

Site: 52 SHER Record number: 04827 Site name: Tramway / Trackway, Ross Lane, Kingsley NGR: SK 0311 4601 Type: Trackway Period: Unknown date Date: Unknown date Description: The earthwork remains of a series of trackways and tramways identifed on aerial photographs from 1963. Status: None References (1) Aerial Photograph: Hunting Surveys Ltd. 1963. 1963 Aerial Photography. Run 36 -9698 and 9699 (2) S. Walford (Staffordshire County Council). 1993. The Industrial Archaeology of the Churnet Valley. 4827 - Page 70 and map D

43 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

Site: 53 SHER Record number: 04828 Site name: Trackway, East of Ross Bridge, Kingsley NGR: SK 0318 4582 Type: Trackway Period: Unknown Date Date: Unknown Date Description: A linear earthwork feature identified on aerial photography from 1963 and interpreted as the possible remains of a former trackway. Status: None References (1) Aerial Photograph: Hunting Surveys Ltd. 1963. 1963 Aerial Photography. Run 36 - 9698 &93699 (2) S. Walford (Staffordshire County Council). 1993. The Industrial Archaeology of the Churnet Valley. 4828 - Map C and Page 70 (3) Aerial Photograph: 2000. Aerial photosurvey of Staffordshire - 1999 - 2001. NGR SK 0313 4586

Site: 54 SHER Record number: 04307 Site name: Bloomery, Jackson's Wood NGR: SK 0343 4559 Type: Bloomery Period: Norman to Post Medieval Date: 1066 AD to 1539 AD Description: The site of a bloomery is recorded at Jackson's Wood, Kingsley Status: None References (1) Herbert A. Chester. 1979. The Iron Valley (A Detailed History of Ironmaking along the Churnet Valley). Map (2) S. Walford (Staffordshire County Council). 1993. The Industrial Archaeology of the Churnet Valley. 4307 - Page 70 and Map D

Site: 55 SHER Record number : 01955 Site name : Possible Stone Axe Findspot, Churnet Valley NGR: SK 0 4 Type: FIND Period: (Unknown date) Date: (Unknown date) Description: A stone object, reputed to be a polished stone axe, is recorded to have been found near the River Churnet, between Froghall and Oakamoor. Later interpretation of the object suggests it may actually be natural. <1> <2> Status: None References (1) Jim Gould. 1960s Onward. Jim Gould Card Index. (2) North Staffordshire Journal of Field Studies Volume 4 (1964). 'An Archaeological Gazetteer of Staffordshire: Part 1' by A.J.H. Gunstone, page 27 (3) Index: Stoke-on-Trent City Museum Field Archaeology Unit. Card Index (Stoke-on-Trent City Museum Field Archaeology Unit). 37:56

44 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

Site: 56 SHER Record number: 50753 Site name: Churnet Valley Railway (Froghall to Alton) NGR: SK 0495 4491 Type: Railway Period: Victorian Date: 1849 AD Description: A section of the former Churnet Valley Branch of the North Staffordshire Railway, constructed in the mid-19th century, and used for over 100 years for both passenger and industrial traffic. The double-track Churnet Valley line was laid on a course parallel to, and in places along the course of, the Froghall to Uttoxeter Canal. For example, between Froghall an Alton most of the canal was infilled to make a bed for the new railway line. The branch opened in June 1949, with principal stations at Leek and Alton, with smaller ones at Cheddleton, Froghall, Oakamoor, Rocester and Uttoxeter. Sidings were also provided for many of the industrial sites along the course of the railway, including Consall Forge, Froghall and Oakamoor. A station was also added as Consall Forge in 1902. The railway served both industrial and passenger traffic for over one hundred years. Stretches of the line were made into single track in the 1960s, and passenger trains ceased to run between Leek and Uttoxeter in 1965. Some industrial traffic continued to use the line after this time, but that has now also ceased. <1> Status: None References (1) Desk Based Assessment Report: S. Walford (Staffordshire County Council). 1993. The Industrial Archaeology of the Churnet Valley. Page 17

Site: 57 SHER Record number : 01226 Site name : Uttoxeter Branch of the Caldon Canal (Crumpwood to Froghall) NGR: SK 0583 4517 Type: Canal Period: Industrial to Victorian Date: 1808 AD to 1849 AD Description: Tenders advertised for the Froghall to Uttoxeter Canal on the 8th July 1802. The canal was built between 1808 and 1811 and opened on 3rd September 1811. The canal closed to make way for the Churnet Valley Railway which was opened in 1849. <1> Status: None References (1) North Staffordshire Journal of Field Studies Volume 3 (1963). 'The Froghall-Uttoxeter Canal' by A.E. Dodd & E.M. Dodd (page 59)

Site: 58 SHER Record number: NA Site name: Old Shaft (Coal) NGR: SK 0404 4550 Type: Mine Period: Georgian to Victorian Date: 1770-1880 Description: Old Shaft (Coal) Marked on 1 st Edition Os Map. Status: None References

45 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

Site: 59 SHER Record number: 03257 Site name: Woodhead Colliery Tramway NGR: SK 020 451 Type: Tramway Period: Georgian Date: 1715 AD? to 1837 AD? Description: A tramway north of Cheadle, probably of Georgian origination, used for transporting coal and possibly bricks from various locations to the Uttoxeter Branch Canal from the colliery at Woodhead. A double-tracked inclined plan 900 ft long ran through Gibridding Wood. <1> The tramway formerly ran between Hazelwall Colliery to the west and the Uttoxeter Canal, probably serving several other mines including Ladywell Colliery and a brickworks en route. <2> <3> Status: None References Drawn: A. F. M. (Staffordshire County Council). 1971. Railroads between Caldon Low Quarry and Froghall, and between Woodhead Colliery and the Uttoxeter Branch Canal: Preliminary Drawings. (1) Robert Sherlock (Staffordshire County Council). 1976. The Industrial Archaeology of Staffordshire. Page 157 (2) Ordnance Survey. 1875 - 1890. Ordnance Survey 1st Edition 6" maps. (3) David & Charles (publisher). 1970. Ordnance Survey 1834-1836 1" maps. Sheet 34 -Stafford

Site: 60 SHER Record number: 04292 Site name: Eastwall Bloomery, Oakamoor NGR: SK 0349 4491 Type: Iron Working Site, Bloomery Period: Medieval Date: 1066 AD to 1485 AD Description: 'Veteres Forgias' (old forges) are mentioned in the 'Secunda Carta of Chedle' (c.12240) in the area around Esteswalle (Eastwall), and slag had been recovered from a wide area within the orchard of East Wall Farm. These slag deposits are two to three feet deep which points to Eastwall being in use for a long period of time and it is probable that this was the forge site mentioned in 1240 and in the 16th century Shrewsbury accounts and other medieval documents. <1> <5>.

Geophysical survey around Old Furnace Cottage produced results showing a number of magnetic anomalies relating to iron ore deposits and slag dumps. <4> An excavation to investigate the geophysical anomaly revealed a well-preserved medieval bloomery furnace which survived to a height of 0.45 metres and probably had a surrounding wooden structure or earthen bank to allow the furnace to be charged with ore or fuel. It is likely that the furnace is 13th or 14th century in date. <3> Status: None References (1) S. Walford (Staffordshire County Council). 1993. The Industrial Archaeology of the Churnet Valley. Pages 2-3 and Page 70 (2) Cannock Chase and Oakamoor Iron and Woodland Survey. (3) Phil Harding (Wessex Archaeology). 2004. Old Furnace Cottage and Eastwall Farm, Oakamoor, Staffordshire: Archaeological Evaluation and an Assessment of the Results. (4) GSB Prospection Ltd. 2003. Geophysical Survey Report 2003/59 - Oakamoor, Staffordshire. (5) Herbert A. Chester. 1979. The Iron Valley (A Detailed History of Ironmaking along the Churnet Valley). Page 3

46 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

Site: 61 SHER Record number: 53435 Site name: East Wall Farm, Oakamoor NGR: SK 0352 4484 Type: Farmstead Period: Industrial to Victorian Date: 1800 AD? to 1899 Description: An isolated farmstead of probable 19th century origin, laid out around a regular U- plan courtyard. The farmstead appears to survive relatively unaltered. <1> <2> Status: None References (1) Digital Archive: Bob Edwards (Forum Heritage Services). 2008. Historic Farmsteads and Landscape Character in Staffordshire - GIS Data. 251757 (2) Aerial Photograph: 2000. Aerial photosurvey of Staffordshire - 1999 - 2001.

Site: 62 SHER Record number: 40302 Site name: Landscape Park, Lightoaks, Oakamoor NGR: SK 0463 4438 Type: Landscape Park Period: Industrial Date: 1800-1834 AD Description: A landscaped area around Lightoaks, which was probably established in the early 19th century. Lightoaks is not shown on William Yates' map of Staffordshire, but is shown on the 1830s 1" Ordnance Survey map with the extent of the landscaped area marked. Status: None References (1) Ordnance Survey 2nd Edition 6" maps. Staffordshire Sheet XIX. N.E. (1900) (2) Ordnance Survey. c1980. Ordnance Survey 1:10000 National Grid Series. (3) William Yates (The Staffordshire Record Society). 1775/1984. A Map of the County of Stafford - by William Yates. (4) David & Charles (publisher). 1970. Ordnance Survey 1834-1836 1" maps. Sheet 34 - Stafford

Site: 63 SHER Record number : 13219 Site name : Lightoaks and Attached Greenhouse, Oakamoor Road, Oakamoor NGR: SK 0467 4445 Type: Glasshouse Period: Industrial to Victorian Date: 1835 AD to 1864 AD Description: A listed mid 19th century house of roughcast brick with a slate roof. The house has a covered arcade leading to an attached greenhouse. Status: Listed Building (II) References

47 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

Site: 64 SHER Record number: 04288 Site name: Crowtrees Bloomery, Oakamoor NGR: SK 0480 4541 Type: Bloomery Period: Medieval Date: 1066 AD? to 1485 AD? Description: An iron working site of possible medieval date, its location is uncertain, though Crowtrees Farm (Site 85) is a possible location. Status: None References (1) Published Book: Herbert A. Chester. 1979. The Iron Valley (A Detailed History of Ironmaking along the Churnet Valley). Map

Site: 65 SHER Record number: 03205 Site name: Oakamoor Railway Tunnel, Churnet Valley Railway NGR: SK 0505 4480 Type: Railway Tunnel Period: Victorian Date: c. 1849 AD Description: A railway tunnel on the Churnet Valley Railway at Oakamoor of mid 19th century date. Status: None References (1) Staffordshire County Council. 1960s onward. Staffordshire County Council Photographic Collection. 488:62

Site: 66 SHER Record number: 51279 Site name: Milestone, Lower Croft, Cheadle Road, Oakamoor NGR: SK 050 444 Type: Milestone Period: Industrial Date: 1822 AD Description: A milestone consisting of a flat cast iron plate that was originally mounted on a round-headed shaped stone. The original signage read Cheadle (3 miles). The top of the stone and the cast iron plate are missing. This milestone was erected in 1822. The milestone is located near Lower Croft on the Cheadle Road. <1> Status: None References (1) Written: John Higgins (The Milestone Society). 2000. Staffordshire Milestones (and Canal Milestones, Boundary Markers and Guide Posts). Milestone No. ST/OAK/01

48 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

Site: 67 SHER Record number: 03206 Site name: Gate House (Crossing Keeper's Cottage), Churnet Valley NGR: SK 0523 4461 Type: Crossing Keepers Cottage Period: Victorian Date: 1849 AD Description: A listed former railway crossing keeper's house of mid 19th century date, associated with the Churnet Valley Railway. The cottage is of ashlar construction with edged herringbone tooling, timber framing and a shaped tile roof Status: Listed Building (II) References (1) Staffordshire County Council. 1960s onward. Staffordshire County Council Photographic Collection. 489-90:62

Site: 68 SHER Record number: 05598 Site name: Anti Tank Rail, Oakamoor NGR: SK 0528 4452 Type: Anti-Tank Rail Period: World War II Date: 1940 AD? to 1941 AD?) Description: A Second World War anti tank rail located on the bridge over the River Churnet at Oakamoor. Status: None References (1) Council for British Archaeology. 1995-2001. Defence of Britain Survey. S6025

Site: 69 SHER Record number: 03204 Site name: Oakamoor Railway Station, Churnet Valley Railway NGR: SK 0534 4440 Type: Railway Station Period: Victorian Date: c. 1849 Description: A railway station on the Churnet Valley Railway at Oakamoor of probable mid 19th century date. Status: None References (1) Staffordshire County Council. 1960s onward. Staffordshire County Council Photographic Collection. 483-7:62

Site: 70 SHER Record number: 06309 Site name: Church of The Holy Trinity, Oakamoor Road, Oakamoor NGR: SK 0522 4479 Type: Church Period: Industrial Date: 1832 AD Description: A listed parish church by J. P. Pritchett of York. The church is dated to 1832 and is of ashlar construction with edged herringbone tooling and a slate roof. Status: Listed Building (II) References

49 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

Site: 71 SHER Record number : 13218 Site name : 1 Oakamoor Road, Oakamoor NGR: SK 0528 4483 Type: House Period: Industrial Date: 1800 AD to 1834 AD Description: A listed early 19th century red brick house with tiled roof. Status: Listed Building (II) References

Site: 72 SHER Record number: 13217 Site name: Oakamoor Bridge, Oakamoor NGR: SK 0537 4486 Type: Bridge Period: Post Medieval Date: 1500 AD to 1599 AD Description: A listed bridge spanning the River Churnet at Oakamoor. The bridge is 16th century in origin, but was much rebuilt in the 18th century and widened in the early-19th century. The bridge is listed in 1608 as 'repairable'. <2> In 1707 £100 was raised to build a stone cart bridge, which actually cost £300 and was completed until 1717. <3> Status: Listed Building (II) References (1) Index: Ordnance Survey. See cards. Ordnance Survey Card Index. SK 04 SE - 3 ('Collections for a History of Staffs' 1934, Map on page 144 (by A.L. Thomas)) (2) Index: Ordnance Survey. See cards. Ordnance Survey Card Index. SK 04 SE - 3 ('Collections for a History of Staffs' 1934, Map on page 144 (by A.L. Thomas)) (3) Index: Ordnance Survey. See cards. Ordnance Survey Card Index. SK 04 SE - 3 ('Ancient Bridges of Mid and Eastern England' by E. Jervoise, 1932, page 20)

Site: 73 SHER Record number: 04833 Site name: Brick kilns, Oakamoor NGR: SK 0539 4478 Type: Brick Kiln Period: Industrial to Victorian Date: 1800 AD? to 1899 AD? Description: The site of three brick kilns identified to the east of the River Churnet on Ordnance Survey mapping. Status: None References (1) S. Walford (Staffordshire County Council). 1993. The Industrial Archaeology of the Churnet Valley. 4833 - Page 71 (1881 Ordnance Survey Map Sheet XX. 5)

50 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

Site: 74 SHER Record number: 03160 Site name: Brass and Copper Works, Oakamoor NGR: SK 0533 4468 Type: Copper Works,Slitting and Rolling Mill Period: Post Medieval to Victorian Date: 1547 AD to 1899 AD Description: The site of a brass and copper works, which included a late 18th century slitting mill and early 19th century rolling mill. The strip mill (of stone) has a date 1792. The Rolling mill (of brick and stone) dated 1804. <1> Status: None References 1) Staffordshire County Council. 1960s onward. Staffordshire County Council Photographic Collection. 259-64 (1960) (2) Staffordshire County Council. 1960s onward. Staffordshire County Council Photographic Collection. 158-85 (1963) (3) Published Book: Robert Sherlock (Staffordshire County Council). 1976. The Industrial Archaeology of Staffordshire. Pages 102-103 (4) Desk Based Assessment Report: S. Walford (Staffordshire County Council). 1993. The Industrial Archaeology of the Churnet Valley.

Site: 75 SHER Record number: 00262 Site name: The Warren Iron Works, Oakamoor NGR: SK 0555 4455 Type: Furnace Period: Medieval Date: 1066 AD? to 1485 AD? Description: The suggested location of a furnace of possible medieval date (1). No above ground evidence of a furnace was identified in the area during a site visit (2). The SHER lists the site as destroyed. Status: None References (1) Index: Ordnance Survey. See cards. Ordnance Survey Card Index. SK 04 SE - 6 (W. Woodhouse - Ordnance Survey Field Inspector - 09-Dec-1957) (2) Index: Ordnance Survey. See cards. Ordnance Survey Card Index. SK 04 SE - 6 (T.N.S.F.C. Volume 70 (1935-1936), page 90 (by F.W. Dennis)

Site: 76 SHER Record number: 04832 Site name: Brick Kiln, Star Bank, Oakamoor NGR: SK 0559 4485 Type: Brick Kiln Period: Industrial to Victorian Date: 1800 AD? to 1899 AD? Description: Site of a brick kiln shown on Ordnance Survey mapping. <1> Status: None References (1) S. Walford (Staffordshire County Council). 1993. The Industrial Archaeology of the Churnet Valley. 4832 - Page 71 (1881 Ordnance Survey Map Sheet XX. 5)

51 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

Site: 77 SHER Record number: 04831 Site name: Lime Kilns, Oakamoor NGR: SK 0547 4487 Type: Lime Kiln Period: Industrial Date: 1806 AD Description: Listed early 19th century lime kilns comprising of a massive, buttressed sandstone retaining wall with two semi-circular arched stoke holes. The lime kilns were constructed in association with the Uttoxeter Canal, which ferried lime from nearby Cauldon Lowe to the Potteries. Lime burning here was terminated in 1860 by the owner Eli Bowers, who had commenced activities at Froghall in 1858. Status: Listed Building (II) References (1): Ordnance Survey. 1875 - 1890. Ordnance Survey 1st Edition 6" maps. Staffordshire Sheet XIX. N.E. (2): S. Walford (Staffordshire County Council). 1993. The Industrial Archaeology of the Churnet Valley. 7G

52 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

Site: 78 SHER Record number: 13220 Site name: First World War Memorial, The Square, Oakamoor NGR: SK 0544 4494 Type: War Memorial Period: Inter-War Date: Post-1914 - 1919 AD Description: A listed First World War memorial erected circa 1919 Status: Listed Building (II) References

Site: 79 SHER Record number: 04843 Site name: Oakamoor Forge, Oakamoor NGR: SK 055 450 Type: Forge: Period: Georgian Date: 1760 AD Description: The possible site of a forge. A lease of 1760 refers to a newly erected forge the exact location of which is unknown. Status: None References (1): S. Walford (Staffordshire County Council). 1993. The Industrial Archaeology of the Churnet Valley. Page 72 (Country Record Office Document: D240/D/292)

Site: 80 SHER Record number: 13209 Site name: Bolton Memorial Free Church, Carr Bank, Oakamoor NGR: SK 0538 4510 Type: Period: Victorian Date: 1876 AD Description: A listed late 19th century Free church, built by Edward F. C. Clarke of London. The church is of ashlar construction with a plain tile roof. Status: Listed Building (II) References

53 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

Site: 81 SHER Record number: 00263: Site name: Oakamoor Forge, Oakamoor NGR: SK 0530 4520 Type: Forge (Later converted to Slitting Mill?) Period: Post Medieval Date: to 1694 AD Description: In 1688-1689 an iron forge and mill at Oakamoor operated with a furnace at Mearheath. A very simple operation, owned by Dr. John Foley. Only pig iron from the Mearheath furnace was used. The slitting mill converted iron ingots to sheet and then bar for nail nail making and cooperage but operated only until 1694. <1>. The site may have continued to at least 1717 when a forge is listed at Oakamoor<2>. No extant remains visible. <3> Status: None References (1) Cannock Chase and Oakamoor Iron and Woodland Survey. (2) Ordnance Survey. See cards. Ordnance Survey Card Index. SK 04 SE - 5 (T.N.S.F.C. Vol 88 19534 (3) 'The Iron Industry of Cheshire & N Staffs' B Johnson, p32-50) Index: Ordnance Survey. See cards. Ordnance Survey Card Index. SK 04 SE - 5 ('Transactions of the Newcomen Society' Volume 9 (1929), page 22 (by E.W. Hulme)) Ordnance Survey. See cards. Ordnance Survey Card Index. SK 04 SE - 5 (W. Woodhouse - Ordnance Survey Field Inspector - 09-Dec-1957) A survey of the woodland and ironworks within Cannock Chase and Oakamoor between 1554 and 1608.

Site: 82 SHER Record number: 51910 Site name: Valley Primary School, School Drive, Oakamoor NGR: SK 0530 4504 Type: School Period: Victorian Date: 1875 AD Description: A single storey Victorian school built in 1875. The school is of stone construction with pitched, tiled roofs and has is a mid-20th century flat-roofed extension. <1> Status: None References (1) Survey Report: Shane Kelleher (Birmingham Archaeology). 2007. Staffordshire Historic School Building Study: Phase 1.

Site: 83 SHER Record number: 50896 Site name: Cotton Dell Bridge, Cotton Brook, North of Oakamoor NGR: SK 0560 4515 Type: Bridge Period: (pre) Georgian to Victorian Date: 1775 AD to 1875 AD Description: A sandstone-built bridge spanning the Cotton Brook to the north of Oakamoor. A bridge comprising of three simply constructed, dry stone culverts or tunnels with a headwall at each end. The age and original purpose of the bridge is not known, but it may have had connections with the historic ironstone working preceded the lime kiln smelting and wire mill industries which were established in Oakamoor from the end of the 18th century to the late 19th century. The bridge is in urgent need of repair. <1> Status: None References (1) Evaluation Report: GCA (UK) Ltd. 2005. Survey and Condition Report, Cotton Dell Bridge, Churnet Valley, Oakamoor, Staffordshire. Pages 1 and 2

54 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

Site: 84 SHER Record number : 01958 Site name : Polished Axe, Cauldon NGR: SK 05 45 (point) Type: Findspot Period: Early Neolithic to Middle Bronze Age Date: 4000 BC? to 1001 BC? Description: A polished stone axe of Neolithic or Bronze Age date and made of decomposed lava or basalt. The axe was said to have been found in Cauldon, but apparently has 'Battle Heath' written in pencil on one face. <1> <2> Status: None References (1)Jim Gould. 1960s Onward. Jim Gould Card Index. (2)Stoke-on-Trent City Museum Field Archaeology Unit. Card Index (Stoke-on-Trent City Museum Field Archaeology Unit). 12:21 (3) P. M. Vine. 1982. Neolithic and Bronze Age Cultures of the Middle and Upper Trent Basin (BAR British Series 105). Page 121 (4) R. A. Meeson (and others). 1960-2000. Yellow Sites and Monuments Record

Site: 85 SHER Record number: NA Site name: Crowtrees NGR: SK 0493 4595 Type: House Period: Georgian to Victorian Date: 1770-1840 Description: House first shown on William Yates’ Map of Staffordshire of 1775 and on mapping to present day. No access was gained during the walkover, though viewed from the adjacent fields the house and outbuildings appear to be late 18 th century though much altered. Status: None References

Site: 86 SHER Record number: 00277 Site name: Oulsclough Farmhouse, Oakamoor NGR: SK 0598 4564 Type: Farmhouse Period: Post Medieval to Georgian Date: 1500 AD? to 1799 AD? Description: A listed 18th century (or possibly earlier), stone built farmhouse of two storeys with tiled roof and of 16th or 17th century date. It is constructed of fairly well coursed rubble with quoins of larger dressed blocks. The windows have stone mullions. <1> <2> Part of Site 87 Status: Listed Building (II) References (1) Ordnance Survey. See cards. Ordnance Survey Card Index. SK 04 NE - 32 (V.J. Burton Ordnance Survey Field Inspector - 25-Nov-1957) (2) Index: Ordnance Survey. See cards. Ordnance Survey Card Index. SK 04 NE - 32 (Ordnance Survey Photograph Reference Number: AO/57/95/7 - Farmhouse from South)

55 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

Site: 87 SHER Record number: 52688 Site name: Oulsclough Farm, Oakamoor NGR: SK 0598 4565 Type: Farmstead Period: Post Medieval to Georgian Date: 1700 AD to 1799 AD Description: A linear-plan farmstead of probable 18th century origin. The farmstead has a linear plan and other detached elements and a listed 18th century farmhouse (providing a relative date for the origin of the farm). The farm has suffered partial loss of the original features over time. <1> Status: None References (1) Digital Archive: Bob Edwards (Forum Heritage Services). 2008. Historic Farmsteads and Landscape Character in Staffordshire - GIS Data. 252103

Site: 88 SHER Record number: 04835 Site name: Coal Shaft, Star Bank, Oakamoor NGR: SK 0603 4532 Type: Mine Shaft Period: Industrial to Victorian Date: 1800 AD? to 1899 AD? Description: Documentary evidence for a coal shaft to the south of Star Bank, Oakamoor. The coal shaft appears to have gone out of use by the late 19th century. Status: None References (1) S. Walford (Staffordshire County Council). 1993. The Industrial Archaeology of the Churnet Valley. 4835 - Page 71 (1881 Ordnance Survey Map Sheet XX. 5) (2) Ordnance Survey 2nd Edition 6" maps.

Site: 89 SHER Record number: 51280 Site name: Milestone, South of Oulsclough Farm, Star Bank, Oakamoor NGR: SK 061 454 Type: Milestone Period: Industrial Date: 1822 AD Description: A round-headed milestone which originally had a flat cast iron plate. The original signage read Cheadle (4 miles) (although this is now missing) and the milepost was erected in 1822. The flat plate is missing and the rounded top of the stone has been removed at the top fixings of the plate. The milestone is situated on Star Bank at Oakamoor. <1> Status: None References (1) Written: John Higgins (The Milestone Society). 2000. Staffordshire Milestones (and Canal Milestones, Boundary Markers and Guide Posts). Milestone No. ST/OAK/02

56 Moneystone Quarry, Staffordshire. Desk-Based Assessment.

Site: 90 SHER Record number: 04834 Site name: Iron Working Site, Oakamoor NGR: SK 0628 4562 Type: Iron Working Site Period: Unknown date Date: Unknown date Description: A large slag heap alongside a stream at Oakamoor, suggesting that iron working may have been taking place in this area. Status: None References (1) S. Walford (Staffordshire County Council). 1993. The Industrial Archaeology of the Churnet Valley. Page 71

Site: 91 SHER Record number: 00276 Site name: Sham Church, Oakamoor NGR: SK 0600 4597 Type: Chapel Of Ease/Agricultural Building? Period: Post Medieval Date: 1486 AD? to 1799 AD? Description: The name 'Sham Church' suggesting the possible site of a chapel of ease in the early post-medieval period. A small rectangular, stone built structure suggested to be the chapel is thought more likely to be the remains of an agricultural building. Status: None References (1) Ordnance Survey. See cards. Ordnance Survey Card Index. SK 04 NE - 31 (2) Ordnance Survey. See cards. Ordnance Survey Card Index. SK 04 NE - 31 (T.N.S.F.C. Vol. 57 (1922-1923) page 160 'The Cotton Dell Excursion' by W. E. Atkins)) (3)Ordnance Survey. See cards. Ordnance Survey Card Index. SK 04 NE - 31 (V. J. Burton - Ordnance Survey Field Inspector - 25-Nov-2007) (4) Ordnance Survey. See cards. Ordnance Survey Card Index. SK 04 NE - 31 (Ordnance Survey Photograph Reference Number: AO/57/95/6 (1957)