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Environmental Policies in Nazi Germany

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Environmental Policies in Nazi Germany Franz-Josef Brüggemeier, Mark Cioc, Thomas Zeller. How Green Were the Nazis?: Nature, Environment, and Nation in the Third Reich. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 2006. 283 S. $22.95, paper, ISBN 978-0-8214-1647-1. Marc Cioc Franz-Josef Brueggemeier, and Thomas Zeller, eds. How Green Were the Nazis?: Nature, Environment, and Nation in the Third Reich. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2005. viii + 283 pp , , . Reviewed by Wilko Graf von Hardenberg Published on H-Environment (October, 2006) The topic of the alleged "greenness" of the the psychological limit of environmentalism. With German Nazi regime has been widely debated the most powerful conservationist movement of over the last twenty years.[1] This book, edited the early twentieth century, the German case of‐ jointly by Franz-Josef Brueggemeier, Marc Cioc, fers particularly fertile ground for exploring the and Thomas Zeller, attempts to give an overview links between modernity, its aberrations, and its of the most recent research in the area, from envi‐ links to the natural world. The editors rightfully ronmental policymaking, to the life and deeds of call for a value-free analysis of Nazi environmen‐ some outstanding personalities in so-called Nazi tal policies that considers both positive and nega‐ environmentalism, to philosophical and ideologi‐ tive aspects: "to miss the positive features of Na‐ cal issues. How Green Were the Nazis? is a must tional Socialism is to miss why it appealed so for those who want to be introduced to the con‐ many people" (p. 4). A most important aspect in troversial relationship of Hitler's regime with the understanding the links between the Nazi regime natural world. and the conservation movement is the history of The editors claim in the introduction that ac‐ German conservationism, briefly but effectively tually no linear relationship may be traced be‐ sketched by the editors in the introduction, as it tween "today's Greens" and "yesterday's environ‐ may show us whether Nazism represented conti‐ mentalists" (p. 2) within or outside the Nazi party. nuity or discontinuity with the history of German They stress how, in opposition to the current environmental policies. As the editors suggest, it Green slogan, "think globally," before World War is possible that even without Hitler's rise to power II the dimension of the nation-state represented similar policies would have been drafted and the H-Net Reviews landscape subjected to similar changes. In my ich Nature Protection Law) on the German envi‐ view this is a central point in the actual under‐ ronment. Closmann contests both the view that standing of Nazism's tangential relationship with the RNG was the symptom of an actual interest of the environment. the Nazi regime in the preservation of the natural Moreover, what is stressed well in this book is world [3] and the widespread idea that the RNG the tangled web of warring bureaucracies and ri‐ was not a Nazi law at all, but rather the nonideo‐ val personalities that characterized the Nazi logical expression of previous ideas.[4] What Clos‐ regime, that is, its inherently polycratic nature. mann attempts to demonstrate in his essay, in‐ Diverse essays deal with this issue and approach deed rather successfully, is that the RNG reflected the analysis of some important personalities, and instead key elements of both progressive preser‐ of the most important political bodies within the vationism of the 1930s, such as the concepts of Nazi system. Furthermore the authors stress the natural monuments and nature protection areas, sometimes uneasy relationship between Nazi ide‐ and of Nazism, such as racialism and nationalism. ology and policy, and "green" ideas. In fact, while Moreover, he rightfully notes how the RNG was in many cases there were opportunities for coop‐ the logical offspring of the polycratic nature of the eration, in others, such as the Nazi rearmament Nazi regime, and as such it was subject to the ef‐ policy, there were unbearable frictions. "For some fects of confrontation between diverse competing green-leaning Nazis, however, that was accept‐ power centers. In chapter 3, Lekan looks instead able. For them the war and destruction were nec‐ at the RNG from a case study perspective and essary evils since they would bring about a new gives a detailed account of the law's impact, lim‐ order that would fnally allow the establishment its, and acceptance at the regional level in West‐ of a better and greener Germany" (p. 14). This phalia, concluding that, after their initial enthusi‐ book promises to be one of the most important asm for Nazism, most conservationists were dis‐ reference books for understanding the links be‐ appointed and disillusioned by the regime's actual tween violence and green thought and the need to policies in the field of nature preservation. look at environmentalism as a value-laden enter‐ In chapter 2, Michael Imort gives an intrigu‐ prise.[2] ing account of the ideological contradictions of The book may, for the purpose of analysis, be Nazi forestry policies, in particular with respect to tentatively split into three parts, addressing dif‐ the implementation of the Dauerwald concept ferent aspects of the links between "nature, envi‐ and the ambiguous role of Goering as both Reichs‐ ronment, and nation in the Third Reich." The frst forstmeister (Reich Master of Forestry) and four chapters focus on issues related to Nazi envi‐ plenipotentiary for the Four-Year Plan. However, ronmental law-making and the actual impact of what I deem to be probably the most interesting the implemented policies, while the two central part of the whole book is the discussion by Frank chapters are dedicated to the analysis of the life Uekoetter in chapter 4 of the evolution of air pol‐ and deeds of two very important, if debated, per‐ lution control in Nazi Germany and of the effects sonalities in Nazi environmentalism. Finally, the of polycracy on environmental policy-making. In last three chapters concentrate on the effects of this chapter, through an analysis of the debate be‐ philosophical, academic, and ideological debates tween diverse bodies of the regime on how to ap‐ on the construction of the Nazi concept of nature. proach air pollution, Uekoetter gives us insight into the ways Nazi polycracy actually worked and Charles Closmann in chapter 1 and Thomas shows us how, at the end of the line and notwith‐ Lekan in chapter 3 analyze the real impact of the standing the claims of propaganda, pragmatism much-praised Reichsnaturschutzgesetz (RNG, Re‐ 2 H-Net Reviews and continuity with the Weimar period character‐ pseudo-romantic national and voelkisch awaken‐ ized Nazi environmental policy-making. ing, that pushed him towards an interest in envi‐ Chapters 5 and 6 by Gesine Gerhard and ronmental issues. In chapter 8 Mark Bassin dis‐ Thomas Zeller are dedicated to two outstanding cusses the influence of so-called Geopolitik on personages in the felds of agrarian policies, and voelkisch and Nazi interpretations of the natural of landscape planning and Autobahn construc‐ world and of foreign politics, explaining, howev‐ tion, respectively: Richard Walther Darre and Al‐ er, that Geopolitik was a scientific theory only win Seifert. Gerhard, in particular, is very effec‐ partially incorporated within the political ideolo‐ tive in producing a valuable critique of gy of Blut und Boden. In the conclusive chapter 9 Bramwell's hagiographic account of Darre as a Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn faces the role of vio‐ "green Nazi" [5] and in explaining how his agrari‐ lence in the ideological construction of landscape an policies and ideas were tightly bound to a planning under National Socialist rule, with par‐ racist vision of the world. Zeller's account of ticular respect to the physical "Germanization" of Seifert's political biography tackles another schol‐ annexed western Poland. German landscape ar‐ arly myth regarding the relationship of the Nazis chitects enthusiastically participated in the trans‐ with the natural world: that the Autobahn had formation of the Eastern Areas, ideologically con‐ been planned on the ground of some sort of "eco‐ sidered a void and empty area, into a new home‐ logical consciousness." Actually, Zeller highlights land for Germans. They were thrilled by the op‐ how the impact of Seifert's ideas on the planning portunity to use their professional abilities and process was less pronounced and his position impose their ideals of landscape with total free‐ within the regime less important than previously dom of action: "By obliterating the visual struc‐ supposed. Seifert's role as the Reich's gardener tures of Polish culture, they participated in their and the up and downs of his career depended own unique way in the implementation of the 'fi‐ principally on his ability to use the polycratic nal solution'" (p. 245). structures of the regime to his benefit, rather than Despite the different styles and attitudes of from an actual Nazi interest in nature conserva‐ the contributors, this edited book has the capacity tion. to summarize effectively the patent contradictions In chapter 7 Thomas Rohkraemer tackles of the relationship of the Nazi regime with the Martin Heidegger's conflicted relationship with natural world and with early environmentalism. both National Socialism and environmentalism, Notes giving an insightful view into the intellectual biog‐ [1]. Some of the most significant contributions raphy of the philosopher. In particular, Rohkrae‐ to the debate are Anna Bramwell, Blood and Soil: mer stresses that "Heidegger's serious environ‐ Richard Walther Darre and Hitler's "Green Party" mental thought was not positively connected with (Bourne End: Kensal, 1985); Anna Bramwell, Ecol‐ his political involvement in the Third Reich" (p. ogy in the 20th century: A History (New Haven: 194). In fact, it is not possible to state, as has often Yale University Press, 1989); Karl Ditt, "Nature been done, that Heidegger's peculiar environmen‐ Conservation in England and Germany: Forerun‐ talism, fully developed only after the end of ner of Environmental Protection," Contemporary World War II, represented an integral part of Nazi European History 5, no.
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