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The Right Hon. Sir Halford Mackinder, PC

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The Right Hon. Sir Halford Mackinder, PC 530 NATURE April 19, 1947 Vol. 159 possibly, yet typical of the man, whose first aim was tion for the Advancement of Science, and put forward self-consistency and internal checking in all he a powerful plea for the formation of a university attempted. Yet he was bold and adventurous in institute of geography, where might be brought interpretation, with a masterly grasp over· com­ together what we now call 'physical' and 'human' plexity. He had a deep respect for A. Fowler, who geography on the same platform. It is again to the went to the other extreme and was hesitating and credit of the University of Oxford that the School of cautious. Paschen admired this caution and once Geography there was created in 1899. remarked : "Fowler has never yet made a mistake". Mackinder lived to see his great aims for the He confided to me that independently and simul­ university teaching of modern geography realized by taneously with Fowler he had arrived at the important the creation of honours schools in nearly all the analysis of carbon and silicon which showed the universities of Great Britain, and there is no doubt existence of multiple ionization spectra. Fowler's that the part he himself played was an extremely classic paper on this appeared first, and Paschen important one. considered it was so much better than his work that Although he continued as reader in geography at he tore up his own manuscript. This was typical, Oxford until1905, in 1903 he left Reading to become for Paschen was the last man to take even due credit director of the London School of Economics and for himself, and was scrupulously just in appor­ Political Science. The School was then only eight tioning credit and priorities to others. years old, and Mackinder succeeded Prof. W. A. S. Until the advent of Hitler, Paschen was president Hewins. It is well known that the School was of the Physikalisch Technische Reichsanstalt ; in founded by a group of Socialists headed by Mr. and 1933 he was dismissed by the Nazis and replaced by Mrs. Sidney Webb and Bernard Shaw; but its Stark. He had made himself highly unpopular with founders realized the danger of allowing party political the Nazis by persistently purchasing considerable views to dominate the activities of a young institution costly spectroscopic equipment from England, main­ the sphere of work ofwhich was, and is, a dispassionate taining that German makers could not equal the academic study of economics, politics and the social British products. After 1933 he was permitted to sciences generally. Mackinder was already known use a small room in the Reichsanstalt. He strongly for his Liberal-Unionist political views (he had con­ disliked the Nazis and their methods; but possibly tested Warwick as a Liberal in 1900), and his choice as his age saved him. He wrote me an open denunciatory director of the School supplied a valuable balancing letter in 1936, which if intercepted must surely have influence and removed once and for all what might led him to the concentration camp. Between 1933 have been a real danger. and 1939 his time was largely devoted to measuring In 1909, at the age of forty-eight, Mackinder old plates, and a few papers were published. In 1943 entered his political career by standing as Unionist he lost all his possessions in a fire raid, but although candidate for Hawick Burghs. Though not success­ seventy-eight years of age still kept on working, ful in this attempt, in the following year he was and to the last was engaged on calculations. elected for the Camlachie Division of Glasgow, a seat He had many pupils and has trained a whole which he retained until 1922. He relinquished his generation of spectroscopists who have much to post as director of the London School of Economics thank him for, particularly in Germany and in the in 1908 but remained as reader in geography at the United States. S. ToLANSKY School (a post he had held part-time since 1900), later as professor, until 1925, serving under Pember Reeves and Sir William (now Lord) Beveridge as The Right Hon. Sir Halford Mackinder, P.C. successive directors. BoRN at Gainsborough on February 15, 1861, In 1920 Mackinder took charge of a special tem­ Halford John Mackinder was the son of a medical porary mission as British High Commissioner for practitioner and received his school education at South Russia, at the completion of which he was Epsom College, whence he proceeded to Christ knighted. After his retirement from academic work Church, Oxford, becoming president of the Oxford he served as a member of the Royal Commission on Union in 1883. Food Prices in 1925, and in the following year was It is not clear what turned Mackinder's attention in made a Privy Councillor, and became chairman of the his student days to geography, which was then a Imperial Economic Committee. He was already subject unknown in the universities and despised by chairman of the Imperial Shipping Committee, a post schools, but it was almost immediately after gradua­ which he held from 1920, the year of its formation, tion that he planned a series of lectures under the until 1945. title of "The New Geography" for the Oxford Univer­ It is difficult to assess the whole influence of sity Extension Lectures. His ideas he crystallized Mackinder on the development of geographical into a paper on "The Scope and Methods of Geo­ thought. Althqugh what he initiated and taught at graphy" which he read before the Royal Geographical Oxford, Reading and London has become absorbed Society in 1887. It was through the interest created as an essential part of geography as it is now studied in the Council of the Society that the University of throughout the universities of Britain, his ideas were Oxford appointed Mackinder in the same year to a often so in advance of those of his political contem­ in geography, the only previous holder of poraries that they are only now coming to be appre­ such a post having been Richard Hakluyt in the ciated. His most famous work, "Britain and the reign of Queen Elizabeth. British Seas", appeared in 1902. It is rightly de­ Although called to the Bar in 1886, Mackinder scribed as a classic. For the first time it related the devoted himself to university work. He became a physical features of our own familiar land with the Student of Christ Church, Oxford, in 1892, and in the sequence of human occupation and development and same year was appointed principal of University with our economic interests. In lucidity of language College, Reading, now the University of Reading. which is used to clothe the thoughts of a clear and While holding those posts he became president in brilliant brain, it has never been surpassed. His 1895 of Section E (Geography) of the British Associa- masterly analysis of the factors of position is only © 1947 Nature Publishing Group No. 4042 April 19, 1947 NATURE 531 now being appreciated in connexion with the develop­ few years his skill as a surgeon, his personality as a ment of world airways ; his concept of regional humane doctor and a very pleasant colleague made contrasts, especially between Highland Britain and his name popular and well known in many Mudiriahs Lowland Britain, or between Metropolitan England of Upper Egypt. and rural areas, is only now being recognized by the He was then recalled (in 1907) to take up an development of physical planning on a regional basis appointment as assistant surgeon at his old hospital, so that contrasts in needs and aims can receive the Kasr el Aini. Again his charming personality, adequate consideration in practice. The problems of his diagnostic acumen and surgical skill soon made Highland Scotland, to take an extreme example, are him the recognized surgeon in Cairo and later in the difficult of comprehension in Metropolitan England. whole of Egypt. Mackinder made free use of diagrammatic maps or He became dean of the Faculty of Medicine in cartograms, on which selected facts only are repre­ 1928, and took an active part in the reorganisation sented, to drive home his points-this is an art well of medical teaching, and in the draughting and known to geographers but still relatively unfamiliar execution of a huge programme of construction and to the public. equipment of the Departments of the Faculty and His deservedly popular lectures exercised a great the teaching hospitals. In fact, his term of office as influence on the many thousands of students who dean from 1928 until 1940 may be considered a crowded to hear him. Though delivered without period of renaissance in the history of medical notes, they showed his dislike of slipshod work : they education in Egypt. were balanced, closely reasoned and inevitably closely Ali Pasha's activities extended far beyond the allied to the series of sketch maps which always boundaries of a Faculty. He instituted and organised adorned the walls when he was lecturing. the Royal Egyptian Medical Association on the lines Although he worked steadily among his parlia­ of the British Medical Association. That Association mentary colleagues to secure an appreciation of now has an imposing building of its own in Cairo, geographical analysis, he was still in advance of his with a big ceremonial hall, a library, a museum, time when he published "Democratic Ideals and and it issues a medical journal. Reality" in 1919. It aroused interest, but not Ali Pasha was an active member and later president enough ; and it was left to the Nazis to prostitute of the Egyptian Red Cross Society.
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