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Facultad De Ciencias Sociales Departamento De Ciencia Política Y Relaciones Internacionales 1 FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIA POLÍTICA Y RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES LA GRAN INSTAURACIÓN (INSTAURATIO MAGNA) DE BACON, EL PROGRESISMO DE COMTE Y CONTRAPUNTOS DE LA ACCIÓN CREADORA BERGSONIANA: MÉTODO, CIENCIA Y VITALIDAD. Memoria para optar al Grado de Magíster en Ética Social y Desarrollo Humano. Por José Nício da Silva Director de Tesis: Dr. Carlos Augusto Casanova Guerra Profesor Informante: Dr. Jaime Fierro Santiago de Chile, Agosto de 2009. 2 DEDICATORIA Dedico con cariño esta Tesis: a mis hijos Luciano Fabricio, Álvaro Gabriel, Plinio Lucas y André Murilo, por la colaboración, comprensión y paciencia durante los estudios del Magíster y trabajo de tesis; a mi esposa Teresa Fabiola, por el apoyo, comprensión y colaboración; a mis padres José Murilo y María Assunção por haber acreditado en el misterio de la vida y en la vida del Misterio, propiciándome la existencia y la vitalidad, a pesar de la distancia; a mis hermanos y siempre amigos Jussimar, María, Cílio, Leonor, Nelson e Izabel, y sobrinos; al Sr, Washington Catalán Y Sra. Clemencia Leppe y familia en Chile, por la acogida, apoyo y colaboración; a los incontables profesores y profesoras que, durante los largos años de mi historia de estudios, del básico (los primeros pasos) a los posgrados, apuntando el “sin límites”, me facilitaron en la apertura de los conocimientos y vivencias más amplias. 3 AGRADECIMIENTOS Agradezco: a la Universidad Jesuita Alberto Hurtado por la acogida, aceptación y apoyo a este estudio, facilitando toda la estructura y servicios indispensables a los trabajo académicos; incluyendo: la dirección, coordinación, secretaría de ESODE; sectores administrativos, bibliotecas, laboratorios de Info., servicios de limpieza, de portarías y guardias, a los profesores: Pablo Salvat (Dir. de ESODE), Luís Razzeto, Isaac Caro, P. Gonzalo Arroyo S. J. y Virginia, Rodrigo Gariazzo, Hugo Zemelman, Isabel Donoso y Elizabeth Lira, Antonio Aravena, Patricio Miranda, Armando Di Filippo, Christian Leyton, Jorge Larraín, Renato E. Le Fort, Lyuba Yez, Raul Vergara, Armando Ortiz, Antonio Calderón (cursos del Programa ESODE); Eduardo García-Huidobro y Javier Corvalán (cursos op. de MPE de la Fac. de Educ.); todos, por la dedicación y contribución al conocimiento y apertura al nuevo. a los compañeros de ESODE y de los otros programas de magísteres, provenientes de los diversos países, por la convivencia amiga y colaboración. al Mons. José Belisario da Silva (arzobispo de Brasil) por apoyarme, facilitando, junto a esta Universidad, la obtención de la Beca Adveniat/CELAM y al Diac. Prof. Julio Aravena y profesora Javiera Salazar por el incentivo y apoyo. especialmente al prof. Carlos A. Casanova (profesor guía) que, con disponibilidad, disposición y cuidado, dirigió los trabajos de esta investigación durante todo este semestre. al profesor informante, Jaime Fierro, por la disposición colaborativa, leyendo con paciencia y aportando reflexivamente, en la parte conclusiva, a esta investigación. al Centro Cultural Brasil-Chile por la acogida, apoyo e incentivo. a todas las personas que, de alguna forma, contribuyeron en nuestras reflexiones, en especial los autores (in memoriam o actuales). a Dios, por el punto e impulso inicial de la vida, dando inicio al ser y evolución; así he podido conocer y servir en tantos pasajes y parajes. ¡Gracias (“Obrigado”)! 4 ÍNDICE CONTENIDOS: Páginas: ABREVIACIONES Y SIGLAS RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN………………………………………………………… …1 CAPÍTULO I 1. FRANCIS BACON: SABER Y DOMINIO……………………………18 1.1. Vida, contextos y textos………………………………………………25 1.2. Como lo consideran algunos pensadores…………...………………..27 1.3. ¿Bacon, un futurista?...........................................................................30 1.4. Los cuatro ídolos (idola), prejuicios al conocimiento…………….....33 1.4.1. Ídolos da tribu (idola tribu)……………………………………..34 1.4.2. Ídolos da caverna (idola specus)..................................................34 1.4.3. Ídolos del foro (idola fori)……………………………………...37 5 1.4.4. Ídolos del teatro (idola theatri)……………………………...….38 1.5. La gran instauración (Instauratio Magna)………………...……...….40 1.6. Novum organum: ¿un método sin metafísica?.....................................42 1.7. El entusiasmo del saber y el dominio de las ciencias…………...…...54 1.8. Algunas consideraciones sobre la influencia del pensamiento de Bacon en Comte……………………….………...57 1.9. Algunas consideraciones críticas a Bacon…………………...……....58 CAPÍTULO II 2. AUGUSTE COMTE (1798-1857): “ORDEN Y PROGRESO”……...60 2.1. Vida, contextos y textos……………………………………………....60 2.2. Algunas consideraciones fundamentales sobre pensamiento positivo comtiano……………………………………………………..64 2.3. Los tres estadios: progreso hacia al pensamiento positivo………..…70 2.3.1. El estadio teológico o mitológico………………………………71 2.3.2. El estadio metafísico o abstracto……………………………….74 6 2.3.3. El estadio científico o positivo………………………………… 76 2.4. “Segunda instauratio magna”: el pensamiento y método positivos...79 2.4.1. Clasificación y progreso de las ciencias hacia la sociología……84 2.5. “Orden y progreso”: divisa de la ciencia positiva………...………….89 2.6. El entusiasmo del progreso de las ciencias de Bacon a Comte……....95 2.6.1. La Religión de la Humanidad……………………………..…….96 2.7. Algunas consideraciones sobre la influencia y críticas suscitadas por su escuela positivista comtiana…………......99 CAPÍTULO III 3. HENRI BERGSON (1859-1941): INTUICIÓN VITAL Y EVOLUCIÓN………………………………………………………..109 3.1. Vida, contextos y textos……………………………………………..109 3.1.1. Como lo consideran algunos pensadores……………………....121 3.2. Intuición: metafísica y método………...…………………………….124 3.3. Otros temas del pensamiento metafísico y de la intuición de Bergson……………...………………………………..………….130 3.3.1. Tiempo y 7 duración………………………………………….….130 3.3.2. Tiempo y memoria……………………………………………..137 3.3.3. Rescate metafísico: intuición (élan) vital y evolución………....140 3.3.4. Libertad y conciencia ………………………………………….148 3.4. Algunos contrapuntos bergsonianos y neobersognianos…………….152 3.4.1. Análisis e intuición…………………………………………….154 3.4.2. Inteligencia e intuición………………………………………....156 CAPÍTULO IV 4. INSTAURACIÓN, PROGRESO Y EVOLUCIÓN CREADORA…..160 4.1. Tres motivaciones metafísicas y tres métodos………………………169 4.1.1. De la utilidad (o utilitarismo) y la inducción baconiana……...177 4.1.2. Del progreso (o progresismo) y la “positivacción” comtiana…182 4.1.3. De la evolución y la intuición bergsoniana…………………...187 4.2. Tres perspectivas morales y religiosas………………………………196 4.2.1. Instauración moral científica y “segunda redención” del hombre 8 (humanidad)………………………………………...197 4.2.2. Restauración moral positivista social y la Religión de la Humanidad………………...……………………………………199 4.2.3. Moral cerrada y moral abierta, religión estática y religión dinámica……………………...……………………...207 4.2.4. Orden, naturaleza y vida: a guisa de una conclusión bergsoniana……………………………..…………213 4.3. Señalizando la “tercera instauratio magna”: universo cibernético y virtualización técnico- científica………………………………..….216 CONCLUSIÓN…………………………………………………….......…..2 22 BIBLIOGRAFÍA…………………………………………………………..2 32 9 ABREVIACIONES: OBRAS PRINCIPALES Y SIGLAS FRANCIS BACON: Mg. I. - Magna Instauración N.O. - Novum Organum N.A. - Nueva Atlanta S.S. - Silva Silvarum AUGUSTE COMTE: C.F.P. - Curso de Filosofía Positiva D. P. P. - Discurso Preliminar sobre el conjunto del positivismo D.E.P. - Discurso sobre el Espíritu Positivo HENRI BERGSON: I. M. - Introducción a la metafísica D. I. - Ensayos sobre los datos inmediatos de la conciencia D. S. - Duración y Simultaneidad E. C. - La evolución creadora E. E. - La energía espiritual Fs. M. R. - Dos fuentes de la moral y de la religión M. M. - Materia y Memoria P. M. - Pensamiento y el Moviente OTRAS SIGLAS: USP - Universidad de São Paulo UFRJ - Universidade do Rio de Janeiro UFC - Universidade Federal do Ceará UFSCr - Universidade Federal de São Carlos UFRN - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Ufg - Universidade Federal de Goiás B. D. - Biblioteca Depositaria B. C. - Biblioteca Central (de la respectiva institución) T. M. - Tesis de Magíster T. D. - Tesis de Doctorado RESUMEN 10 Esta investigación tiene por objetivo rescatar algunas formulaciones filosóficas fundamentales de F. Bacon que enmarcaron el comienzo del dominio de las ciencias modernas (a partir de la Instauratio magna), el progresismo positivista de A. Comte y los contrapuntos del pensamiento contemporáneo de H. Bergson. Es una investigación teórica cualitativa, con procedimientos analítico-interpretativos, y también lleva en consideración la fenomenología, pues en este trabajo considero que es importante “dejar” que los autores hablen por sus textos. Tendré en consideración los contextos y textos más relevantes, originales y traducidos, de los tres pensadores, obras sobre ellos y otras que podrán ayudarme a interpretarlos. En la primera parte (cap. I), presentaré las concepciones de Bacon, partiendo de la teoría de los ídolos – idola (de la tribu, de la caverna, del teatro y del foro), descritos por él como los prejuicios para el entendimiento y el avance de las ciencias y su utilidad. Es lugar común la importancia que tiene, en el estudio de Bacon la relación entre saber y dominio (poder) o “entendimiento” (epistéme) unido a la práctica (téchne), pero, para un estudio crítico de base teórico-ético, constato que, con esta exclusiva alianza, Bacon proscribe la praxis, por ende, la theoría de su reforma metodológica científica (la inducción). Esta es la que llamamos “primera instauratio
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