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Prof. Dr. H. Duski Ibrahim, M.Ag DARI PENUMPANG ASING UNTUK PARA TAMU Prof. Dr. H. Duski Ibrahim, M.Ag. Penerbit dan Percetakan i Dilarang memperbanyak, mencetak atau menerbitkan sebagian maupun seluruh buku ini tanpa izin tertulis dari penerbit Ketentuan Pidana Kutipan Pasal 72 Undang-undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 19 Tahun 2002 Tentang Hak Cipta 1. Barang siapa dengan sengaja dan tanpa hak melakukan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam pasal 2 ayat (1) atau pasal 49 ayat (1) dan ayat (2) dipidana dengan pidana penjara masing-masing paling singkat 1 (satu) bulan dan/atau denda paling sedikit Rp. 1.000.000,00 (satu juta rupiah), atau pidana penjara paling lama 7 (tujuh) tahun dan/atau denda paling banyak Rp. 5.000.000,00 (lima juta rupiah). 2. Barang siapa dengan sengaja menyiarkan, memamerkan, mengedarkan, atau menjual kepada umum suatu ciptaan atau barang hasil pelanggaran Hak Cipta atau hak terkait sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 5 (lima) tahun dan/atau denda paling banyak Rp. 500.000.000,00 (lima ratus juta rupiah). Penulis : Prof. Dr. H. Duski Ibrahim, M.Ag. Layout : NoerFikri Offset Desain Cover : Haryono Hak Penerbit pada NoerFikri, Palembang Perpustakaan Nasional Katalog dalam Terbitan (KDT) Anggota IKAPI (No. 012/SMS/13) Dicetak oleh: NoerFikri Offset Jl. KH. Mayor Mahidin No. 142 Telp/Fax : 366 625 Palembang – Indonesia 30126 E-mail : [email protected] Cetakan I : Maret 2017 Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang pada penulis All right reserved ISBN : 978-602-6318-97-8 ii PENGANTAR PENULIS Bismillahirrahmanirrahim Segala puji bagi Allah, Tuhan semesta alam. Saya bersyukur kepada-Nya yang telah memberikan rasa keberanian untuk menulis sebuah buku tentang filsafat ilmu yang sesungguhnya masih relatif asing bagiku. Shalawat dan salam Saya tujukan kepada junjungan kita, Nabi Muhammad saw. yang telah mewariskan Al-Qur`an dan Sunnah sebagai pedoman dalam melangkah. Taraktu fÎ kum amrain lan tadhillu abadan mâ in tamassaktum bihimâ Kitâballah wa sunnata rasûlih, kata jungjungan kita. Do’a rahmat dan keselamatan juga Saya tujukan kepada para keluarga, sahabat dan para pengikutnya yang senantiasa berbuat kebaikan dan menjadi penyebar ajaran agama hingga hari kiamat. Wa ba’du. Penulisan karya yang sederhana ini banyak dibantu oleh penulis-penulis tentang filsafat dan filsafat ilmu sebelumnya, seperti terlihat dalam rujukan-rujukan yang telah saya cantumkan, termasuk yang mungkin terabaikan karena lupa atau Saya anggap memang tidak perlu disebutkan, karena telah banyak beredar di berbagai tulisan. Saya berterima kasih kepada mereka yang telah memberi pedoman dan petunjuk dalam penulis ini, baik langsung atau melalui tulisan mereka. Selanjutnya, penulisan ini bertujuan untuk menyemangati diri sendiri dan memotivasi para mahasiswa untuk mengamalkan salah satu ajaran Nabi yang menginginkan umatnya cerdas. Nabi kita, Muhammad saw., telah memerintahkan umatnya supaya berpikir sebelum berkata atau bertindak (al-fikr qabl al-‘amal). Ia telah memberikan izin bahkan memerintahkan kepada manusia untuk memanfaatkan akal dalam rangka mewujudkan kecerdasan itu, supaya manusia bukan hanya dapat melakukan kajian-kajian atau penelitian- penelitian tentang alam syahâdah tetapi juga alam gha`ib. iii Dengan demikian, sesungguhnya Nabi membolehkan umatnya untuk berfilsafat, memahami filsafat dan menulis tentang filsafat, termasuk filsafat ilmu, yaitu suatu cabang filsafat yang muncul disebabkan kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi yang cenderung mengabaikan nilai-nilai kemanusiaan. Oleh karena itu, filsafat ilmu bertujuan untuk mengadakan analisis mengenai ilmu, ciri-ciri ilmu dan bagaimana cara memperolehnya, sehingga diharapkan ilmu itu tidak akan meninggalkan nilai-nilai mulia dalam kehidupan manusia. ‘Ȃlâ kulli hâl, Saya berharap bahwa karya kecil ini ada manfaatnya, baik bagi penulis sendiri maupun orang lain, terutama para mahasiswa, pelajar dan masyarakat yang masih tingkat pemula atau masih ‘sebagai tamu’ di bidang filsafat. Saya juga berharap, karya ini akan menjadi amal baik dan akan menjadi pendorong bagi saya, orang lain untuk terus menulis dan menghasilkan karya yang lebih baik. Tidak lupa, bahwa kekurangan demi kekurangan akan ditemukan oleh pembaca yang budiman. Untuk itu, saran dan masuakan konstruktif sangat diharapkan untuk perbaikan di masa yang akan datang. Akhirnya, kepada Allah Saya mohon ampun dari segala kesalahan dan kekeliruan. Palembang, Februari 2017 Penulis iv DAFTAR ISI Pengantar Penulis ................................................................... iii Daftar Isi ................................................................................... v ‘Ibârah I’tibâriyah ...................................................................... vii BAB I. PENDAHULUAN ...................................................... 1 A. Pengertian Filsafat ....................................................... 1 B. Kelahiran Filsafat .......................................................... 6 C. Karakteristik Berpikir Filsafat ................................... 9 D. Objek Filsafat ................................................................ 13 E. Syarat-Syarat Mempelajari Filsafat ........................... 15 F. Metode Mempelajari Filsafat ..................................... 16 G. Fungsi Filsafat .............................................................. 18 H. Bidang Kajian Filsafat ................................................. 21 I. Kegunaan Belajar Filsafat ........................................... 26 J. Titik Pisah dan Titik Temu: Filsafat, Ilmu dan Agama ........................................... 28 BAB II. PERIODESASI FILSAFAT DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ......................................... 33 A. Periode atau Zaman Purba ........................................ 33 B. Periode Yunani ............................................................ 36 C. Periode Abd Pertengahan ........................................... 56 D. Periode Keemasan Islam ............................................ 63 E. Periode Renaisans ....................................................... 70 F. Periode Modern ........................................................... 74 G. Periode Post-Modern dan Kontemporer ................. 84 Bab III. ALIRAN-ALIRAN FILSAFAT .............................. 88 A. Rasionalisme dan Ajaran Dasarnya ........................... 88 B. Tokoh-tokoh Aliran Rasionalisme dan Pemikirannya ....................................................... 88 v C. Empirisme dan Ajaran Dasarnya .............................. 112 D. Tokoh-Tokoh Alirsan Empirisme dan Pemikirannya ........................................................ 113 E. Aliran-Aliran Filsafat Islam ........................................ 142 BAB IV. FILSAFAT ILMU .................................................... 153 A. Pengerian Filsafat Ilmu ............................................... 153 B. Objek dan Tujuan Filsafat Ilmu ................................. 156 C. Fungsi dan Arah Filsafat Ilmu ................................... 158 D. Metodologi dan Filsafat Ilmu .................................... 160 E. Model-Model Penalaran ............................................. 164 F. Beberapa Istilah dalam Filsafat Ilmu ........................ 169 BAB V. KONSEP ILMU : PERSPEKTIF BARAT DAN ISLAM................................................................. 177 A. Konsep Ilmu ................................................................. 177 B. Ciri-ciri Ilmu ................................................................. 189 C. Klasifikasi Ilmu ............................................................ 191 BAB VI. LANDASAN-LANDASAN ILMU ...................... 207 A. Landasan ‘Ilm al-Wujud ............................................... 207 B. Landasan Nazhariyah al-Ma’rifah ................................ 217 C. Landasan ‘Ilm al-“amal ................................................. 242 D. Produk-Produk Ilmu dalam Kajian Islam ................ 251 BAB VII. EPISTEMOLOGI ................................................... 257 A. Pengerian Epistemologi................................................. 257 B. Sumber-sumber Pengetahuan ................................... 258 C. Sumber Pengetahuan Perspektif Al-Qur`an ............. 273 D. Objek dan Struktur Pengetahuan ............................... 285 E. Teori-Teori Kebenaran ................................................. 291 F. Batas dan Jenis Pengetahuan ...................................... 296 G. Macam-Macam (Jenis-Jenis) Epistemologi ............... 298 vi H. Alasan Belajar Epistemologi ....................................... 301 DAFTAR PUSTAKA ............................................................. 303 vii ‘IBȂRAH I’TIBȂRIYAH Imam al-Ghazali dalam Magnum Opus-nya Ihyâ` ‘ulûm ad- dÎn (t.t. 1: 59) mengungkap kembali pernyataan dari dari Imam al-Khalil ibn Ahmad, sebagai berikut: الرجال أربعة : رجل يدرى ويدرى أنه يدرى فذاكل عامل فاتبعوه ورجل يدرى وﻻيدرى أنه يدرى فذاكل انمئ فأ يقظوه ورجل ﻻيدرى ويدرى أنه ﻻيدرى فذاكل مسرتشد فأ رشدوه ورجل ﻻ يدرى وﻻيدرى أنه ﻻ يدرى فذاكل جاهل فارفضوه Ditinjau dari aspek pengetahuan, orang itu dapat digolongkan kepada empat golongan, yaitu: Pertama, orang yang mengetahui dan menyadari bahwa ia mengetahui, orang itu disebut dengan ‘Ȃlim (orang yang tau), maka ikutilah ia. Kedua, orang yang mengetahui tetapi tidak menyadari bahwa ia mengetahui, orang semacam itu disebut Nâ`im (orang yang tidur), maka bangunkanlah ia. Ketiga, orang yang tidak mengetahui tetapi menyadari bahwa ia tidak mengetahui, orang yang demikian disebut mustarsyid (orang
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