E1773

Public Disclosure Authorized Environmental Assessment

And

Environmental Management Framework Public Disclosure Authorized

Orissa Community Tank Management Project

Public Disclosure Authorized

IN-RIMT in association with CTRAN Consulting

Public Disclosure Authorized

Dated the 7th of December 2007 Environmental Assessment (EA) and Environmental Management Framework (EMF) for Orissa Community Tank Management Project (OCTMP)

Contents

Chapter - 01 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.1 Tank irrigation systems in Orissa: An overview 1.2 Orissa Community Tank Management Project (OCTMP): Approach and Principles 1.3 Context and objectives of environment assessment study 1.4 Key issues identified in the study 1.4.1 Dam Safety 1.4.2 Siltation and sedimentation 1.4.3 Pest Management 1.4.4.Aquatic weed 1.4.5.Water Logging and drainage System 1.4.6 Fisher 1.6 Environment Management Framework

Chapter-02 2. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

2.1 Environmental Assessment: An overview 2.2 General characteristics of tank systems in Orissa 2.2.1 Tank Irrigation

2.3 Topography, Land and Soil Profile of the State 2.4 Water resources of Orissa 2.5 Forest wealth of Orissa 2.6 Agro-climatic zones and Cropping pattern in Orissa 2.7 Existing institutions 2.8 Issues identified under environmental assessment 2.8.1 Siltation and sedimentaiton 2.8.1.1 Status of silt disposal system 2.8.2 Dam safety Institutional Arrangements for dam safety in Orissa 2.8.2.1 Inter State Dam Safety Sub-Committee 2.8.2.2 Dam Safety Review Panel (DSRP) 2.8.2.3 State Dam Safety Committee (SDSC) 2.8.2.4 Expert Panels for Safety Review of Dams 2.8.2.5 Primary function of state dam safety organization [SDSO] Phase-I Investigation Phase-II Investigation Pre & Post-monsoon inspection Hydrological Review of Large Dam Structural Review Emergency Action Plan (EAP) Monitoring of rehabilitation work

2.8.2.6 Assessment of tank safety Features causing deterioration of Tanks Physical Assessment of Tank Condition Assessment of structural safety of embankment as per revised flood

2.8.2.7 Inter-departmental coordination mechanism

2 2.8.3 WATER LOGGING 2.8.3.1 Extent of Water logging 2.8.3.2 Causes of water logging / no water logging 2.8.3.3 State initiatives for waterlog area reclamation Under CADWM Program 2.8.3.4. Impact due to water logging

2.8.4 WATER QUALITY 2.8.4.1 Use Based Water Quality Standards 2.8.4.2 Biological Assessment of Water Quality 2.8.4.3 Water Quality in Terms of Wholesomeness 2.8.4.4 Ground Water Quality Fluoride Contamination 2.8.4.5 Impact due to water quality

2.8.6 FERTILIZER AND PEST MANAGEMENT 2.8.6.1 Impact due to application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides 2.8.6.2 Assessment of impact of Pesticides application 2.8.6.3 Integrated Pest Management [IPM]

2.8.7 BIO-DIVERSIT AND FISHERY

2.8.7.1 Fishery improvement 2.8.7.2 Impact due to fishery activity

2.8.8 NATURAL HABITAT

2.8.9 AQUATIC WEEDS

2.8.9.2 Effect of aquatic weeds on environment 2.8.9.3 Aquatic weeds and recommended management practices Preventive approaches Damages caused by aquatic weeds 2.8.9.4 Classification of aquatic weeds Emergent weeds Floating weeds Submerged weeds Control methods 2.8.9.4 Possible impact due to aquatic weeds Area of aquatic weeds infestation and Consequent problems Feeder Channel Tank system: Spill channels Canal syste:

2.8.10 SAFE GUARD OF CULTURAL PROPOERTIES

2.8.10.1 Impact on Cultural Properties

2.8.11 CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES DURING PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

Chapter-03 3. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK

3.1 BACK GROUND 3.2 SUMMARY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

3 3.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 3.3.1. Environmental management plan for dam safety 3.3.2 Environmental management plan for siltation & sedimentation 3.3.3 Environmental management plan for pest management 3.3.4 Environmental management plan for aquatic weeds 3.3.5 Environmental management plan for water logging & drainage 3.3.6 Environmental management plan for biodiversity/fishery

3.4 IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENT 3.5 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING FRAME WORK ANNEXURE 1 General Information of Tanks selected for the study

ANNEXURE 2 Summary of Catchment area of selected tanks

ANNEXURE 3 Summary of Command area of selected tanks

ANNEXURE 4 Land Use and Land Cover Statistics of Catchement area of selected tanks

ANNEXURE 5 Land Use and Land Cover Statistics of Command area of selected tanks Competing water uses of selected tanks

ANNEXURE 6 Multiple uses of water in selected tanks

ANNEXURE 7 Type of Stakeholders, their interests, problems and suggestions

ANNEXURE 8 Summary of General Tank Health of selected tanks

ANNEXURE 9 Agricultural Production and cropping pattern in command area of tanks selected for the study

ANNEXURE 10 Assessment of structural safety of embankment (as per revised flood)

ANNEXURE 11 Results of water quality test of sampes of selected tanks

ANNEXURE 12 Abstract of Terms of Reference for the Dam Safety Review Panel

4 List of Tables

Table No. 1 Project Cycle Table No. 2 Agro-climatic Zone wise list of 25 sample tanks Table No. 3 Agro-climatic Zones of Orissa Table No. 4 Agro-climatic Zone wise crops grown in Orissa Table No 5 Cropping pattern and agricultural production in 25 sample tanks Table No. 6 Assessment of the physical status of tanks Table No. 7 Key identified issues of three major dams covered under the study Table No. 8 Water Logged Area in Orissa Table No. 9 District wise break-up of waterlogged area in Orissa Table No. 10 Standard Classification of water quality Table No. 11 Water quality, SI and DI Biological Indicators Table No. Standards of regular monitoring parameters 12 Table No. 13 Drainage conditions in 25 sample tanks of Orissa Table No. Fertilizer consumption trend in Orissa 14 Table No 15 District wise fertilizer consumption in Orissa, 2004-05 Table No. 16 Use of Fertilizer & Pesticides in Different agro- climatic zones of Orissa Table No. 17 Pest and disease situation of Orissa Table No. 18 Basic statistics, Orissa fishery sector Table No. 19 Agro-climatic zone wise vegetation species in 25 sample tanks Table No. Aquatic weeds and infested areas 20 Table No. 21. Weed control methods Table No. 22 Summary of catchments treatment measures Table No. 24 Tank De-siltation & disposal management Table No. 24 Indicators of possible hazard, mitigation measures and safety impact Table No. 27 Pre and Post monsoon inspection of dams Table No. 26 Monitoring parameters during emergency Table No. 27 Fertilizer application and Management plan Table No. 28 Aquatic Weed Management Table No. 31 Drainage Management plan Table No. 30 Suggested mitigation measures for water logging problems Table No. 31 Fishery Management plan Table No. 32 Key challenges in Water Quality and Mitigation measures Table No. 33 Strategy for protection of cultural properties Table No. 34 Construction activities & interventions Table No. 35 Interventions and Mitigation measures in Temporary labour camp Table No.36 Environmental check list selection of tanks for rehabilitation project Table No. 37 Management frame work for catchment treatment Table No.38 Management Framework for Dam Safety Table No.39 Management Framework for Pest Management Table No. Management Framework for Aquatic weeds 40 Table No.41 Management Framework to address Water logging and drainage problems

5 Table No.42 Management Framework for Fishery activity Table No.43 Management Framework for Institutional Support and Capacity building measures for environmental compliance Table No. Monitoring Parameters 44 Table No. 45 Monitoring parameters – Schedule and Responsibility

Environmental Assessment (EA) and Environmental Management Framework (EMF) for Orissa Community Tank Management Project (OCTMP)

Chapter - 01

Executive Summary

1.1 Tank irrigation systems in Orissa: An overview

Tank irrigation is one of the important and oldest sources of irrigation and the mainstay for livelihood of many poor households in the semi-arid conditions in Orissa. Tank irrigation is the typical example of the water harvesting techniques, and is mostly managed by the local communities as common property resource. Developed indigenously and maintained over the centuries, tanks are the nerve centers for sustenance and livelihood of the rural communities. Tanks are inextricably linked to the socio-cultural aspects of rural life and have historically been an indispensable part of the village habitat, sustaining its socio-ecological balance. There are about 28,303 tanks located in 11 river basin areas of the state. Out of these tanks, 3646 tanks are considered relatively large having a command area between 40 hectares and 2000 hectares which come under the ambit of Minor Irrigation organization under Department of Water Resources, Government of Orissa (GoO).

Most of the tanks in Orissa are more than 50 to 60 years old and were mostly constructed by royals or landlords or temple administration in Orissa to cater to the irrigation and other requirements of people. Kings and Landlords of estates during pre-independence period had developed a unique method of social and economic development strategy in their areas of administration, through construction of huge tanks adjacent to their agricultural land. Such tanks not only served the purpose of providing irrigation but also served as focal point to the village economy, socio- cultural activities and area of distinct environmental upbeat. These tanks although remained in the control of the village administrator were considered directly or indirectly, the means of livelihood for the villagers/ tank users. Based on the satisfactory performances of such tanks, the British rulers / Administrators of various districts constructed huge tanks in those areas where the canal irrigation network could not be possible. The Tank management remained in the hands of Tahsildar or Jamindars.

As the tanks were constructed long back, there were as such no proper engineering standards maintained at the time of construction of these tanks. While there are 3646 large tanks in the state, none has been designed keeping in view the basin development plan. Therefore, at present out of the total projects existing in the state 844 tanks based MIPs are in partially derelict condition and 540 MIPs are in completely derelict condition. However, recently the MI department identifies that the most sustainable approach to meeting irrigation needs is through participatory

6 irrigation management which it initiated in the state through EC aided projects in Gajapati and Ganjam districts of Orissa. Based on the success of the EC aided projects, the present Orissa Community Tank Development and Management Society (OCTDMS) aims to renovate and rehabilitate 900 MI tank systems of 40 to 2000 ha. through the Orissa Community Tank Management Project (OCTMP) with assistance from the Government of Orissa (GoO), the Government of (GoI) and World Bank.

1.2 Orissa Community Tank Management Project (OCTMP): Approach and Principles

The basic design principle of this project includes a sub-basin / watershed approach to tank selection and rehabilitation and is based on the concept of Participatory Irrigation Management. The project has identified 1572 tanks for renovation and rehabilitation based on the gap ayucut of the tanks being greater than 20%, tank irrigation to total irrigation in a block being 40% or more, the minimum SC/ST population being 25% and no work having been taken up in the tanks in the last five years. From the 1572, it is envisaged that 900 tanks would be selected based on hydrological and environmental assessments, forthcoming 10% community contribution and its willingness to take up responsibility for operation and maintenance and finally no major land acquisition and encroachment issues.

Further, the ultimate project objective of OCTMP is to improve tank based livelihood systems and strengthen community management of selected tank systems in Orissa, which primarily necessitates the project to launch two fold interventions viz.

i) Social Management Framework ii) Environmental Management Framework

Hence, as part of the project requirements the preparation of the above two frameworks are essential particularly, in order to ensure that the environmental and social compliance mechanisms are in place during pre-project initiation, project implementation and post project implementation phase.

The project has made an attempt to coordinate with the Forest Department and Watershed Mission for better management of the catchment around the tank systems. The Watershed Mission has already initiated catchment treatment activities in 2594 micro-watersheds. The EA reaveals that 20% of the sample tank areas has watershed projects. In order to ensure the long-term environmental sustainability of these tank systems, it is proposed the project will coordinate with Watershed Mission and the Forest Department for catchment treatment work around the immediate vicinity of the Tank system.

1.3 Context and objectives of environment assessment study

Taking the above project requirements and overall project objective into account, various research studies were carried out by OCTMP to understand the environmental, social, hydrological and institutional factors associated with tank management and rehabilitation program. Environment Assessment is one such study which was carried out with an aim to conduct baseline assessment of environmental impacts of the proposed project interventions and develop appropriate environment management framework to address mitigation of negative impacts and enhance positive impacts. In total 25 sample tanks spread over 10 agro-climatic zones and 21 districts of Orissa were covered under the study (Annex.8).

1.4 Key issues identified in the study

As part of the environment assessment process, a detailed baseline study of the existing status of tank systems in each of the 25 sample tanks was carried out (Annex.1). Apart from this, a detailed stakeholder consultation exercise was carried out with various primary and secondary stakeholders with an aim to identify

7 environmental issues associated with the project and to develop appropriate environmental management framework to address such issues.

During baseline assessment and stakeholder consultation exercise, the following eleven issues were identified:

i) Siltation / sedimentation ii) Restoration of natural habitats iii) Pest management iv) Drainage system v) Water logging vi) Water quality vii) Dam safety viii) Bio-diversity/Fishing ix) Aquatic weeds x) Safeguard of cultural properties xi) Construction activities during project implementation

Of these above issues, six key issues have been identified hereunder in consultation with MI department, Agriculture Department and OCTDM project team, which the project requires to address on priority basis. In light of this, the project has triggered three World Bank Safeguard Policies: OP 4.01: Environment Assessment; OP 4.09: Pest Management and OP 4.37: Safety of Dams. The visit to 25 sample tanks suggests that there is no such cultural property, which is going to be affected as a result of project intervention. However, given the 900 tanks to be rehabilitated under the project, there may be or may not be the need of initiating measures towards the safeguard of cultural properties in the project areas. If the need for safeguarding of cultural properties comes into view, in that case the OP 4.11: Cultural Property will be triggered in the project area under which the project needs to take appropriate measures for safeguard of the same.

The detail description on each of the six prioritised issues is presented hereunder:

1.4.1 Dam safety

Out of all the sample tanks assessed for tank safety 3 nos. of tanks (Alikuan, Tikilipada and Kusunpur) are considered as large according to ICOLD (International Commission on Large Dams) guidelines. The Alikuan, Tikilipada and Kusunpur tanks deserve the structural safety recommendations of the state dam safety expert panel. Assessment of condition of embankments, spillway or surplus escape and head regulators, planning of remedial measures and proposing structural / non- structural and operational procedures for safety of the dam, up-dating the framework for a basic level hazard assessment, tank strengthening measures, community awareness and mitigation and response measures are incorporated into project design to minimise any social, environmental and economic impacts of downstream areas. The compliance mechanism for Dam safety and the mitigation measures are suggested in line with guidelines under CWC, ICOLD and the World Bank Operation Manual Bank Procedures BP 4.37 October 2001.

Out of the 900 tanks to be rehabilitated under the project, the dam safety measures will be applicable to roughly 10% of the tanks. (Annex.10). The GoO has a “Directorate of Support Service and Dam Safety Department” responsible to provide safeguard mechanism and undertake regular monitoring in line with ICOLD and CWC’s dam safety norms. It has a designated Dam safety panel responsible for regual monitoring of Dams above 10 meters and Dams at distress. It has been agreed with the Directorate for having a pre-monsoon and post-monsoon inspection of the dams in every year. Reservoir silt survey will be done at 5years of intervals to assess the loss of storage and plan necessary de-siltation measures. A Model checklist for monitoring and evaluation of the Embankment structures and Spillway structures is being prepared. A checklist of indicators responsible for possible hazard, mitigation measures and safety, institutional arrangement with monitoring

8 and compliance mechanism has been prepared as part of EMF. Terms of Reference for the proposed Safety Review Panel, a Community Environmental Operation Manual and monitoring strategy are recommended as a part of the OCTDMS Management Framework.

1.4.2 Siltation / sedimentation

Siltation is a chronic problem which was observed across all the 25 sample tanks visited by the study team. Although the degree and extent of siltation varies from tank to tank, it has considerably affected the tank storage capacity and reduced the overall performance of tank systems. Three types of siltation were observed during the visit to sample tanks viz. siltation in the feeder channels, tank peripher upper catchment, siltation in tank bed and siltation in tank distributaries. Catchment area treatment toreduce silt movement into tank systems requires greater inter-sectoral and departmental coordination to combat siltation in the catchment.

The factors that have led to high level of silt deposition in the tank systems are:

(i) Ineffective catchment area treatment (ii) Age old feeder channels without silt control mechanism (iii) Absence of eco-friendly silt disposal practices (iv) Poor operation and maintenance of tank systems (v) Absence of integrated framework for interdepartmental coordination for catchment and command area management

Besides above factors, the soil types of loam and sandy loam soil are less susceptible to erosion than clayey soils which are more prone to erosion. As far as impact of silt deposition is concerned, the study revealed that the silted up tank bed leads to reduced storage capacity [20-30%] and similarly, the silt accumulation and weed growth in feeder channels arrest the water in flow [70-80%]. However, except reducing the storage capacity of tank bed, the silt deposition has not caused major threat or damage to the tank proper and embankment (Annex 2). But the major challenge before the project is to initiate measures for silt disposal. So far, none of the tank beds have been de-silted except in some cases disposal work has been done to de-silt the feeder channels. Hence, a detailed silt disposal plan has been developed and is presented in the Environment Management Framework.

1.4.3 Pest Management

The use of Plant Protection Chemicals (PPC) and application of chemical fertilizers are relatively low in the command area of selected tanks as compared to the state and national averages. Looking at fertilizer application and agro climatic conditions, it can be concluded that, moderate use of fertilizer is in six agro-climatic zones except North eastern Ghats, South eastern Ghats and Western undulating zones due to lack of knowledge and training on selection and dosage of fertilizers, whereas relatively minimum use in three agro-climatic zones is seen because of good quality of soil nutrient in these zones.

But as per the present proposition, renovation will increase the irrigation capacity of the tanks in future and by that intensification of agriculture might take place followed by increase in application of fertilizer and pesticides. Most farmers unaware of the adverse impact of excess application of chemical fertilizers; often use high dose than the crop requirement, anticipating quick growth and higher crop production.

In order to address such issues, initiatives such as dissemination of knowledge to farming community on advantages of IPM, improving farmers’ awareness of the health hazards of misuse and mishandling of PPC, training for proper handling, usage, storage and proper disposal of containers of PPC, awareness about efficacy

9 and advantages of eco-friendly alternatives of chemical pesticides and fertilizers, use of bio-pesticides traditional practices used for the control of insect/pests have been planned as part of EMF. As it requires multi-departmental involvement, greater emphasis has been also given for the involvement of Agriculture and Horticulture departments to propagate diversified agriculture, extension and promotion of IPM, etc. Involvements of other institutions like the National Center for Integrated Pest Management, the Orissa University of Agricultural and Technology (OUAT), Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK), State agricultural farms, Central Rice Research Institute (CRRI) are recommended under EMF to extend institutional support and capacity building for Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and Integrated Nutrient Management (INM).

1.4.4 Aquatic weed

The growth of aquatic plants like E.crassipes; H.verticillata; S.molesta; Trapa bispinosa; Azolla pinnata; Ceratophyllum spp.; Ipomea aquatica; Pistia spp.; Nymphaea spp.; Nelumbo spp.; Lemna minor; Scirpus spp.; Chara spp.; Nitella spp.; Sagittaria spp.; Monochoria vaginalis; Marsilia quadrifolia; Najas spp.; Ipomea carnea. has been found in the tank systems which reduces the efficiency of the system. Among these, the growth of Ipomea is common in almost all tanks which created water congestion and thereby reduces the water efficiency of tank systems. Manual de-weeding of these aquatic plants is recommended in small streams & channels by deploying labor to cut plant support by manual means. Tank bed de- weeding using biological control methods (introduction of an herbivorous organism, fungus or virus into the affected ecosystem) potentially provides better long-term success. Chemical control method should be avoided because they adversely affect the fishery activity. The de-weeded plant material can be applied after composting, directly spread on the surface, or mulched into the top layer of the soil in the lands of resource poor stakeholders and backward communities through Pani Panchayat.

1.4.5 Water logging and Drainage system

Water logging: During the study of 25 sample tanks in different agro climatic zones and inference drawn from stake holders’ consultation is that the streams and nalas feeding the tanks are seasonal and extent of command area is small being located mostly in well drained areas, the problem of water logging is not commonly experienced. Water logging may not pose a major challenge for the project because almost all tanks are seasonal in nature thereby the scope for perennial water logging, salinity and sodicity can be ruled out. However, water logging problem observed in small pockets in the coastal area due to high and erratic rainfall (above 1200mm) water table nearer to surface 1.5 to 2.0 m bgl may pose some problem which requires greater inter-departmental coordination for developing a sustainable land use measure. Especially, in case of some low lying pockets in coastal areas, there may be instances of water logging that would require attention.

Recommended mitigation measures for water logging in command area of M.I. tanks located in the coastal area includes checking the canal leakages, practicing water efficient methods and conjunctive use of surface and ground water for lowering the water table. The other issue associated with water logging is salinity which is found to be normal.

Drainage system: The tanks proposed for rehabilitation under the scope of the project have an estimated ayacut in the range of 40 to 2000 hectares. But, as it is analyzed, ayacuts area of 60 to 70% of the tanks remains within the range of 150 to 200 hectares. Normally major tanks are situated in the uplands and having good gradients except few tanks in coastal areas like Jalaka in district. Because of the location of the tanks with good gradient, normally no such alarming drainage problem persists. As such, drainage is not a serious problem in tank system of Orissa due to various factors such as presence of highly permeable soils, undulating topography and good drainage facility. Mostly, the nalas, streams and

10 rivers are seasonal in nature for which drainage problem normally does not appear to be a threat.

1.4.6 Fishery

Field visits and consultation meetings held with project stakeholders revealed that out of sample 25 tanks, 7 tanks are diversion weir where there is no scope of pisciculture activity. In the remaining 18 tanks fishery activity is practiced in 9 tanks [50%] which is a supporting livelihood for vulnerable groups. The rest 9 tanks out of 18, found to be unsuitable for pisciculture due to tank bed conditions and high rate of silting. Presently unsuitable 9 tanks can be taken-up for fisheries activity after appropriate rehabilitation of tank system is completed. Short seasonal availability of water for less than six months is marked in 5 tanks of the total tanks found suitable for pisciculture (Annex.6 and 7).

Based on the water quality test report, it is inferred that existing water quality is suitable for pisciculture and no such remarkable hazardous implications are expected by using the available tank water for pisciculture. As estimated, the tank water pH in the visited sample tanks normally falls in between 6.2 to 8.4 with a BOD range of 0.6 to 3.2 (Annex.12).

As fishery activity is given greater emphasis under Orissa Community Tank Management Project (OCTMP), promotion of fishery will provide livelihood support to fisher folk and other landless population. The additional income so generated out of fish production would add to corpus fund of the Water Users Association (WUA) and will help the sustainability of project in the long run.

In this regard, measures such as technology based augmentation of fish production, capacity building and skill up-gradation of fisher men and establish a credit and market linkages have been planned as part of EMF. As far as fish farming is concerned, formation of fish pits; and barricading of spillway & sluice are the methods recommended in the EMF. With regard to fish feed, the use of cattle dung and supply of oil cakes and rice bran are suggested. However, the use of any toxic chemicals for fish feed needs to be banned.

1.5 Environment Management Framework

Keeping into account, the six key environmental issues that need to be addressed and based on the consultations with various primary and secondary stakeholders, a detail environment management framework has been prepared. The EMF basically includes the various activities / interventions that need to be undertaken and responsibilities to implement each of the same during various phases of project implementation viz. Pre-project Initiation, Project Initiation, Project Planning, Project Implementation and Project Consolidation. A brief summary of the key activities/interventions need to be taken up in given phases of project cycle is given below:

Table No. 1 Project cycle Project Activities Responsibility Implementation Cycle / Phase Primary Secondary Tertiary Identification Environmental Screening List SPU DPU SO Phase (-4 to -1 months) Field Visit and Consultation with the DPU SO community Pre-Planning Identification of stake holders who will DPU SO Phase (1st to 4th be part of compliance management month) A quick Environmental Assessment DPU

11 Project Activities Responsibility Implementation Cycle / Phase Planning Phase Safeguard action plan SPU DPU

(5th to 8th Analysis of alternatives SPU DPU month) Developing site specifications for Silt DPU Dam Safety Disposal and Dam Safety panel interventions (if required) Farmers consent for Silt disposal in DPU SO WUA the agricultural field Assessing the status of water quality DPU WUA SO

Intervention needed to improve DPU WUA SO drainage (if required) Interventions needed to improve water SPU DPU WUA and SO logging (if required) Finalization of Fisheries management SPU DPU WUA and SO plan Implementation Institutional support and capacity SPU DPU WUA and SO Phase building measures for environmental compliance are followed

Coordination with District SPU DPU WUA and SO (9th to 27th Administration in finalizing low lying month) dumping sites for silt disposal (if required) Coordination with Dam Safety DPU Dam Safety SPU Department and finalizing the review panel schedule with a safety plan Ensuring the mitigation measures DPU WUA SO proposed in the EMF is complied with Mitigation measures proposed for DPU WUA SO fisheries in EMF is complied with Post Monitoring Plan in followed with DPU SPU WUA Implementation clearly defined qualitative and Phase quantitative indicators (28th to 38th month)

***

12 Chapter-02

Environmental Assessment (EA)

2.1 Environmental assessment: An overview

Orissa has more than 28000 tanks and a majority of them are village ponds which are mainly used for domestic purposes and sometimes for irrigation. While there is no official figure available on exact number of private and public tanks, the EA reaveals that many of them are private farm ponds which are small in size and are used for fishery and irrigation by the individual farmer. These small private farm ponds can at maximum provide irrigation to 2-3 Ha of arable land. The GoO has identified 3646 tanks that are eligible under the GoO’s norms (minimum 40 Ha to a maximum of 2000Ha) for minor irrigation supply. However, the GoO has receommeded to select 900 tanks, for World Bank project support out of a pool of 1572 eligible tanks, which meets the environmental, social and hydrological selection criteria. Therefore, the entire environmental analysis has been drawn keeping in mind the possible challenges encountered by these 3646 tanks.

As part of environmental compliance requirement and bank safeguard policies, an extensive EA exercise was conducted. The objective of the study was to conduct baseline assessment of environmental impacts of the proposed project interventions and develop appropriate environment management framework to mitigate the negative impacts and enhance positive impacts.

The following steps were undertaken to carry out the environment assessment study:

i) Prior toi the initiation of the study, consultations were made with various Line Departments and research agencies viz. Department of Water Resources especially, the Minor Irrigation (MI) organisation, Agriculture department, etc. were consulted and necessary inputs from them were obtained for designing the whole study. Extensive desk review was also carried out by the study team prior to the designing of the study.

ii) Based on consultation and desk review the study identified 11 issues of which six were prioritized. On each of the issues, in-depth primary and secondary research were carried out as part of the environment assessment process.

iii) Accordingly, a broad methodology was prepared and finalized in consultation with the WR department of GoO

iv) Then, tools/instruments were developed for capturing both primary and secondary information. The tools/instruments were shared with OCTDM team and finalized by incorporating their feedback and suggestions.

v) Particularly to collect primary information, a detail field study was undertaken. In total, 25 sample tanks (based on the list of tanks provided by OCTDMP) spread over 10 agro-climatic zones of Orissa were mapped using remote sensing technique. The extents of catchment and command area of each tank were studied for landuse, drainage, topographical characteristics, soil and ground water resources. Field visit for undertaking an in-depth field study on each of the 11 priority issues identified were discussed with the stakeholders. The agro-climatic zone wise list of 25 sample tanks is given hereunder:

Table No. 2 Agro-climatic Zone wise list of 25 sample tanks

13 Agro climatic Zone District Block MIP East & south coastal plain (part) Tangichoudwar Kusunpur (Safa) Ganjam (part) Patrapur Narayan Sagar (Jarada) Seragada Lakhabindha D/W (Gobindpur) Purusottampur Nuajharabandha Ch. Khurda Khurda Kuaput Channel (Haladia) Dasapalla Mahantipally (Madhyakhanda) North Eastern Ghat Ganjam (part) Sorada Alikuan Gajapati Gosani Mahandra Tanaya (Integrated) dw Kandhamal Nuagan Daungia Eastern Ghat Highland Nawarangapur Umerkote Silati South-Eastern Ghat Koraput (P) Boriguma Purunapani (Boriguma) Malkanagiri Mahili Bhejaguda (Bhejaguda) Western Kalahandi Jamunasagar (Duarsuni) Undulated Zone Nuapada Nuapada Jhilimila (Tanwat) West-Central Baragarh Gaisilata Sarakarikata (Jamutpali) Table lands Sonepur Ulunda Bhubansagar (Kosanmalai) Bolangir Muribahal Dangarapada (Haldi) Jamankira Tikilipada Jharsuguda Suamundakata (Loisinga) Mid-central Athamallik Bileikhai table land Cuttack (part) Athagarh Sankha (Gurudihjatia) North-western platue Sundargarh Bonei Kasada (Kasada) North-central plateau Mayurbhanj Bangiriposi Damabasakhal Keonjhar Telkoi Sibanarayanpur goda (SNPG) North-eastern Coastal Balasore Basta Jalaka (Mathani) plane

One of the key bottlenecks in the environment assessment study was the unavailability of base line information with the government or with any research agencies particularly in connection to the environmental assessment of tank irrigation systems in Orissa. In a way, OCTDMS by undertaking this environmental assessment study has made an attempt to develop baseline information pertaining to environmental issues associated with tank irrigation systems in Orissa, which in itself has been a significant achievement in this assessment process.

2.2 General characteristics of tank systems in Orissa

2.2.1 Tank Irrigation

In the absence of adequate irrigation facilities, agriculture is primarily dependent on monsoon. While the mean rainfall in the state has not changes significantly, its distribution has Because of erratic monsoon, agricultural production fluctuates widely from year to year. Water Resources Department is mandated for planning, development and managing the State’s water resources. Irrigation is one of the key sectors and its development implies both the economic betterment as well as food security. Out of the cultivable land of about 65.59 lakh ha. in the state, it has been assessed that 59.00 lakh ha. can be brought under irrigation through all sources. The net irrigation potential created in the State by the end of 2004-05 from all sources was 26.96 lakh hectares, which is around 46% of the estimated irrigable area of the State. Out of 26.96 lakh hectares of irrigated area, 12.37 lakh hectares of land are irrigated through major and medium irrigation projects, 5.04 lakh hectares through minor (flow), 3.76 lakh hectares through minor (lift), and the rest through other sources which include private tanks, ponds, dug-wells, water harvesting structures and the like. However, assured irrigation available through major and medium irrigation projects accounts for 45.87% of the total area under irrigation. This underscores the need for stepping up the assured irrigation potential in order to insulate agriculture from the vagaries of monsoon. It has been targeted

14 to create 4.65 lakh hectare irrigation potential through major and medium irrigation during the Tenth Plan period.

Minor Irrigation Projects have contributed substantially to augment the irrigation potential in the State. According to MI Census 2001, the state of Orissa has a total of 28,303 minor surface flow schemes. Maximum out of those i.e. 14339 are tank schemes followed by 6894 storage schemes, 3987 permanent and 2376 are temporary diversion schemes and the rest 707 are water conservation schemes. These schemes include command area capacity below 2000 hectares each. Of the total surface flow schemes in the State, 17191 are owned by Government and 4311 are owned by Panchayat. The rest are owned by group of farmers, individual farmers, etc. Again of the total government owned schemes, 3646 projects with a command area ranging from 40 to 2000 hectares are handled by MI department. Out of 3646 minor (flow) irrigation projects handled by the department, 2663 are tank/reservoir based projects and the rest 958 are diversion weir MI projects. The general characteristics of tanks indicate that about 50% of the total tanks in the state are on natural drains and 25% are on natural depression. The rest of the tanks are mainly man-made. The tracts with undulating topography and rocky sub- strata in the southern, western and a part of the northern side of Orissa are mostly found suitable for first two types of tanks. Tank based irrigation comes under the ambit of MI department. By the end of March 2006, irrigation potential of 510.63 thousand ha has been created. The Tank Irrigation system in the state has the following advantages over the major & Minor Irrigation Schemes:

ƒ Lower gestation period of development and quick delivery of Irrigation Services. ƒ Outlay of lesser Capital and operational expenses. ƒ Involves easier construction methods and ease of operation strategy ƒ Preferred construction in small and topographically difficult areas. ƒ Tank schemes involve almost no displacement and remain free from complications of Resettlement & Rehabilitation (R & R) action plan. ƒ Tank Schemes are environmentally sustainable having minimum environmental degradation. ƒ It minimizes the negative impact s and maximizes positive impacts.

In total, 900 derelict projects out of 3646 tank based MI projects existing in the state have been identified for repair and rehabilitation under the OCTDM project.

2.2.2 Topography, Land and Soil profile of the state

Orissa occupies 4.74% of India’s landmass. On the basis of homogeneity, continuity and physiographical characteristics, Orissa has been divided into five major morphological regions viz. the Orissa Coastal Plain in the east, the Middle Mountainous and Highlands Region, the Central plateaus, the western rolling uplands and the major flood plains.

• The Orissa Coastal Plains: The Orissa Coastal Plains stretches from the River Subarnarekha in the north to the River Rushikulya in the south. The 75 meter contour line delimits their western boundary and differentiates them from the Middle Mountainous Region. This region is the combination of several deltas of varied sizes and shapes formed by the major rivers of Orissa, such as the Subarnarekha, the Budhabalanga, the Baitarani, the Brahmani, the Mahanadi, and the Rushikulya.

• The Middle Mountainous and Highlands Region: The region covers about three-fourth of the entire State. The major rivers of Orissa with their tributaries have cut deep and narrow valleys. This region mostly comprises the hills and mountains of the Eastern Ghats which rise abruptly and steeply in the east and slope gently to a dissected plateau in the west running from north-east (Mayurbhanj) to north-west (Malkangiri). This region is well marked by a number of interfluves or watersheds. The

15 average height of this region is about 900 meters above the mean seal level.

• The Central Plateaus: The plateaus are mostly eroded plateaus forming the western slopes of the Eastern Ghats with elevation varying from 305- 610 meters. There are two broad plateaus in Orissa viz. (i) the Panposh - Keonjhar -Pallahara plateau comprises the Upper Baitarani catchment basin, and (ii) the Nabrangpur - plateau comprises the Sabari basin.

The land in Orissa can be classified into three categories viz. low (25.6%), medium (33.6%) and up-lands (40.8%). The lands in the State have various types of soil like red, yellow, red-loamy, alluvial, coastal alluvial, late-rite and black soil etc. with low and medium texture. The details have been presented in the Table 3 and Map No.1.

Table No 3 Agro-climatic Zones of Orissa Sl. Agro- Agricultural Climate Normal Broad Soil No. climatic Districts Mean Mean Mean groups Zone annual maximum minimum rainfall summer winter (mm) temp (°C) temp(°C) 1 North Sundargarh, Hot & 1600 38 15 Red, Brown Western parts of Deogarh, moist forest, Red & Plateau Sambalpur & sub- Yellow, Mixed Jharsuguda humid Red & Black 2 North Mayurbhanj, Hot & 1534 36.6 11.1 Lateritic, Red & Central major parts of moist Yellow, Mixed Plateau Keonjhar, sub- Red & Black (except humid Anandapur & Ghasipura block) 3 North Balasore, Moist 1568 36 14.8 Red, Lateritic, Eastern , parts of sub- Deltaic alluvial, Coastal & Hatdihi humid Coastal alluvial & Plain block of Keonjhar Saline 4 East & , Hot & 1577 39 11.5 Saline, Lateritic, South Khurda, Humid Alluvial, Red & Eastern Jagatsinghpur, Mixed red & Black Coastal part of Cuttack , Plain , Nayagarh & part of Ganjam 5 North Phulbani, Hot & 1597 37 10.4 Brown forest, Eastern Rayagada, moist, Lateritic Alluvial, Ghat Gajapati, part of sub- Red, Mixed Red & Ganjam & small humid Black patches of Koraput 6 Eastern Major parts of Warm & 1522 34.1 7.5 Red, Mixed Red & Ghat High Koraput, humid Black, Mixed Red Land Nabarangpur & Yellow 7 South Malkangiri & part Warm & 1710 34.1 13.2 Red, Lateritic, Eastern of Keonjhar humid Black Ghat 8 Western Kalahandi & Hot & 1352 37.8 11.9 Red, Mixed Red & Undulating Nuapada moist Black and Black Zone sub- humid

16 Sl. Agro- Agricultural Climate Normal Broad Soil No. climatic Districts Mean Mean Mean groups Zone annual maximum minimum rainfall summer winter (mm) temp (°C) temp(°C) 9 Western , Hot & 1614 40 12.4 Red & Yellow, Central Bolangir, Boudh, moist Red & Black, Table Land Sonepur, parts of sub- Black, Brown Sambalpur & humid forest, Lateritic Jharsuguda 10 Mid Central Angul, Hot & 1421 38.7 14 Alluvial, Red, Table Land , parts moist Lateritic, Mixed of Cuttack & sub- Red & Black Jajpur humid Source: Department of Agriculture, Government of Orissa

2.2.3 Water resources of Orissa

Water is replenishable but finite resource. The State has 11% of the water resources of the country. The rainfall which is the main source of water varies from about 1200 mm in southern coastal plain to about 1700 mm in northern plateau. Though Orissa comes under good rainfall zone, but wide spread temporal and spatial variation results drought conditions in the state. Very often late arrival of monsoon and its early retreat causes water stress during crucial stage of plant growth. The long-term average annual rainfall in the State is of the order of 1482 mm, which is equivalent to 230.76 billion cubic meters (BCM) of water. Though substantial in quantity, 78% of the above is received in the monsoon season i.e. from June to September and remaining 22% is available in rest eight months of a year. Of the total precipitation, a part is lost by evaporation, transpiration and deep percolation and a part stored in the form of ground water reserve and the remaining appears as surface runoff (Source: Water Resource Department, Orissa). The groundwater reserve and surface runoff constitute the water resources of the state.

The annual overall availability of surface water in Orissa is about 120.397 BCM. Out of the same, the yield from its own drainage boundary is 82.841 BCM and inflow from neighboring states through interstate rivers is 37.556 BCM. The total amount of replenishable ground water of the State has been assessed to be 21.01 lakh hectare meter out of which 18.31% has been harnessed as on March 2004. The annual draft for irrigation use is 3.00 lakh hectare meter. The gross annual utilization of ground water is estimated to be 3.84 lakh hectare meter. The total cultivated land of the State is nearly 58.40 lakh hectares, of which only 26.96 lakh hectares were covered under irrigation by the end of 2004-05. This indicates that prudent exploitation and optimum utilization of water resources is yet to be achieved. The degradation in quality of water resources by direct and indirect human interference such as runoff from forest, agriculture, mining, discharge of untreated/partially treated industrial and municipal waste water, organic and inorganic wastes, etc. makes this resource increasingly scarce.

2.2.4 Forest Wealth of Orissa

About 37.34% of the total geographical area of Orissa is under "forest" of one kind or other. This, however, is not excessive considering that much of the land is hilly, undulating or mountainous. Forests exist in small and large patches in most districts of Orissa. However, specifically in the coastal districts of Balasore, Bhadrak, Cuttack and Jagatsinghpur, the forest incidence is low and it is degraded scrub, often no more than waste lands. The bulk of more valuable forests are located in the hilly or undulating areas of the northern plateau and the Eastern Ghats and to a less extent in the high level plain areas of the central region.

Broadly the following types of forest are found in the state of Orissa:

17 The Northern Tropical Semi-Evergreen Forests: These occur in the moist valleys and in the plateau areas above 600 meters elevation. This type is found in patches in the forest divisions of Paralakhemundi, Puri, Nayagarh, Athgarh, Dhenkanal, Mayurbhanj, Koraput, Baliguda & Kalahandi, totaling about 2940sq.kms.

The Northern Tropical Moist Deciduous Forest: These occur more extensively in lower elevations. They are also found in moist valleys. Total extent of this type is about 44,170 sq.kms.

The Tidal and Mangrove Forests: These are also a moist forest type. They are however of limited extent, in scattered small patches along the coast.

The Northern Tropical Dry Forest: They occur in the drier central and western localities - in parts of Bolangir, Kalahandi, Boudh, Sambalpur, Khariar, Deogarh and Govindpur divisions. They cover about 18,180 sq. kms.

Source: NIC, Orissa

Majority of the tank based irrigation projects are located in the hill and undulating lands of the Northern Plateau and the Eastern Ghats of the state. The catchments of these tanks are largely covered by forests in the above regions of the state. The tanks located in these areas are mostly on natural drains and on natural depression. The catchments of these tanks are very big and not clearly defined or it is difficult to define because of hill and undulating lands with large forest coverage. However due to continuous human interference more specifically cutting up of forests and undertaking agriculture in the catchments, the forest coverage in the catchments has gone down and affected the tanks located in the region in terms of silt/sediment deposition in the tank bed. Besides, it has also considerably reduced the grazing land available for the livestock.

2.2.5 Agro-climatic zones and Cropping pattern in Orissa

Agriculture and allied sectors continue to be the main-stay of the State’s economy with a contribution of about 25.75% to NSDP during 2004-05 at 1993-94 prices. According to Agricultural Census conducted by the Board of Revenue, there were 39.66 lakh operational holdings in Orissa in 1995-96 of which small and marginal holdings accounted for 81.97% while the remaining 18.03% came under the category of semi-medium, medium and large holdings. As much as 50.27% of the total operated area was owned by small and marginal farmers and the remaining 49.73% by the semi-medium, medium and large farmers. During 2004-05, food grains production reached 69.65 lakh M.T. i.e. 2.61% less than that of the previous year. The area covered by rice during 2004-05 is 76.9%, followed by pulses (11.2%) and oil seeds (5.6%). The area under fiber cultivation accounted for only 1.4% and other crops i.e. sugar cane, potato, chili etc. 2.0% of the total cultivated area during 2004-05. The agro-climatic zone wise crops grown are given in Table 4:

Table No 4 Agro-climatic Zone wise crops grown in Orissa ACZ Districts Covered Crops grown North-Western Sundargarh, Rice, Green gram, Black gram, Arhar, Horse Plateau Deogarh gram, Groundnut, Mustard, Wheat, Potato, Sweet potato, Vegetables, Mango, Banana, Citrus, Litchi, Guava and Papaya. North-Central Mayurbhanj, Keonjhar Rice, Wheat, Arhar, Green gram, Black gram, Plateau (Except Anandapur) Horse gram, Groundnut, Linseed, Mustard, Mesta, Niger, Sweet potato, Potato, Chili, Turmeric, Ginger, Vegetables, Mango, Banana,

18 Citrus, Pineapple, Sapota,

North-Eastern Balasore, Bhadrak, Rice, Green gram, Black gram, Mustard, Coastal Plains Jajpur(Except Groundnut, Jute, Sweet potato, Potato, Chili, Sukinda),(Anandapur) Vegetables, Mango, Banana, Papaya, Guava, Coconut. East & South Cuttack(P), Kendrapara, Rice, Maize, Green gram, Black gram, Jute, Coastal Plains Jagatsinghpur, Puri, Groundnut, Mustard, Sesamum, Horse gram, Ganjam(P), Khurda, Vegetables, Potato, Sugarcane, Chili, Mango, Nayagarh Banana, Coconut, Guava, Citrus, Cashew North-Eastern Ganjam(P), Gajapati, Rice, Maize, Jowar, Ragi, Sugarcane, Horse Ghats Rayagada, Kandhamal, gram, Green gram, Cotton, Black gram, Boudh Mustard, Niger, Groundnut, Turmeric, Mesta, Sweet potato, Chili, Ginger, Vegetables, Mango, Jack fruit, Citrus, Pineapple, Sapota, Coconut. Eastern Ghats Nawarangpur (P), Rice, Maize, Ragi, Jowar, Small millets, Horse Highland Koraput(P) gram, Castor, Arhar, Gram, Groundnut, Mustard, Cotton, Mesta, Turmeric, Ginger, Sweet potato, Vegetables, Mango, Jack fruit, Guava, Ber, Cashew. South Eastern Malkangiri, Koraput(P) Rice, Maize, Ragi, Horse gram, Wheat, Black Ghats gram, Green gram, Groundnut, Niger, Sesamum, Mesta, Sweet potato, Pea, Chili, Vegetables, Ginger, Mango, Banana, Guava, Ber, Pineapple, Cashew. Western Kalahandi, Nuapada, Rice, Maize, Wheat, Jowar, Arhar, Green gram, Undulating Lands Nawarangpur (Dabugaon) Black gram, Horse gram, Gram, Groundnut, Mustard, Cotton, Sugarcane, Vegetables, Lathyrus, Onion, Mango, Papaya, Guava, Banana. Western Central Bargarh, Sonepur, Bolangir, Rice, Wheat, Arhar, Green gram, Black gram, Table Lands Sambalpur Horse gram, Gram, Groundnut, Mustard, Mesta, Sugarcane, Chili, Potato, Vegetables, Mango, Banana, Guava, Ber, Cashew. Mid Central Table Dhenkanal, Angul, Cuttack Rice, Maize, Green gram, Black gram, Arhar, Lands (P) & Sunkinda Sesamum, Groundnut, Mustard, Onion, Vegetables, Sugarcane, Chili, Mango, Litchi, Citrus, Guava, Sapota, Pineapple.

The 3646 tank based minor irrigation projects existing in the state are located in all the above 10 agro-climatic zones and 11 river basins of the state. Maximum i.e. near about 40% of the tanks are located in the north-eastern ghat agro-climatic zone of the state. Agricultural production and cropping pattern in command area of 25 sample tanks covered under the study is given in Table 5.

Table No 5 Cropping pattern and agricultural production in 25 sample tanks Sl. Name of the Tank Crops Productivity No (Tones/Ha) Average Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi 1 Kusunpur (Safa) Cuttack Paddy Paddy 1.4- 1.6 - 2 Sankha (Gurudujhatia) Cuttack Paddy Vegetables/ 1.5- 1.8 - Pulse - 3 Kuaput Channel (Haladia), Paddy Pulse 2- 2.25 - Khurda - 4 Mohantipally (Mohantipally), Paddy Paddy/ Pulse 0.8- 1.0 - Nayagarh

19 Sl. Name of the Tank Crops Productivity No (Tones/Ha) Average Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi 5 Kasada (Bonei) Sundargarh Paddy Nil 0.6- 0.8 - 6 Damabasakhala (Bangiriposhi), Paddy Vegetables 0.4- 0.6 - Mayurbhanj 7 Shibnarayanpur Goda D/ w Paddy Wheat/ 2 0.5 (Telkoi), Keonjhar Sunflower/ NA Vegetables 5 8 Dangarapada, Bolangiri Paddy Paddy/ 1.5- 2 1.5- 2/ Pulse/ 0.5- 1/ Vegetable NA 9 Jhilimila, Nuapada Paddy - 1- 1.5 - 10 Jamunasagara, Kalahandi Paddy Paddy 1.5- 2.2 1.2- 1.5 11 Silati, Nawarangpur Maize/ Paddy/ Maize/ 3.5- 2.5- 3.5/ Chilly Potato 4.5/ 1.2- 1.5 1.2- 1.5/ 1.5- 2 12 Bhejaguda, Malkangiri Paddy Ragi/ 1.5- 2 0.1- 0.15/ Niger 0.1- 0.15 13 Purunapani, Koraput Paddy - 1.8- 2.5 - 14 Bhubansagar M.I.P Paddy - 1.02 15 Beleikhai M.I.P (D/W) Paddy - 1.4 16 Mahendratanaya M.I.P.(D/W) Paddy/ Vegetable Vegetable 17 Alikuan M.I.P Paddy - 1.6 18 Daungia M.I.P Paddy - 0.8 19 Sarakarikata M.I.P Paddy/Vegetable Paddy/Vegetable 1.24 20 Samundakata MIP Paddy Vegetable 1.5 2- 3 21 Tikilipada MIP Paddy/Vegetable Vegetable 1.4 2- 3 22 Nuajharabandha MIP Paddy/Vegetable 1.4 23 Lakhabindha MIP(D/W) Paddy/Vegetable 1.3 24 Narayansagar MIP Paddy/Vegetable 1.4 25 Jalaka, Basta, Balasore Paddy/ Niger Paddy/vegetable 1.4 1.5

2.2.6 Existing Institutions

Tank based irrigation systems come under the ambit of Minor Irrigation Organization of Government of Orissa. MI organization operates under the administrative control of WR department and is responsible for execution, operation & maintenance of MI projects having 40 to 2000 hectares of command area capacity in the state. Apart from MI organization, there are other line departments which are directly or indirectly linked or influence the tank systems and outcome or impact of the project. A detail list of institutions is presented hereunder:

Level Institutions (stakeholders)

Village Level 1. Ward member (PRI) 2. Government Functionaries i) Amin & Chain Man (Revenue department) ii) Amin / Khalashi (Minor Irrigation department) iii) Forest guard (Forest department) iv) Village Agriculture Worker (VAW – Agriculture Dept.)

20 Level Institutions (stakeholders) 3. NGO functionaries

Panchayat level 1. Sarpanch (PRI) 2. Ex – sarpanch 3. Panchayat Executive Officer / Panchayat Secretary 4. Village Agriculture Worker (VAW – Agriculture Dept.) 5. Panchayat level SHG Federation groups 6. Livestock Inspector (LI) – Livestock Aid Centre, Veterinary Department 7. Gomitra/MPCS/WDCS

Block level 1. Block Development Officer (BDO) 2. Fishery Extension Officer (FEO) – Block office 3. Gram Panchayat Extension Officer (GPEO) – Block office 4. Junior Agriculture Officer (JAO) / Assistant Agriculture Officer – Agriculture Department 5. Junior Engineer (JE) – Minor Irrigation 6. Forester – Forest Department 7. Revenue Inspector (RI) 8. Veterinary Assistant Surgeon (VAS) /Assistant Veterinary Assistant Surgeon (AVAS) /Junior Veterinary Officer (JVO), Veterinary Department 9. Tehsildar 10. Chairman, Panchayat Samiti – Block Level 11. NGO Functionaries

Sub Division 1. Assistant Engineer / Sub-divisional Officer (Minor Irrigation) level 2. Sub-Divisional Veterinary Officer - Veterinary Hospital & Dispensary 3. Additional District Agriculture Officer (ADAO) - Agriculture Department 4. Ranger – Forest Department 5. Assistant District Welfare Officer

District Level 1. Executive Engineer (Minor Irrigation Department) 2. District Agriculture Officer and Additional District Agriculture Officer (ADAO) - Agriculture Department 3. Soil Conservation Officer (SCO) & Assistant Soil Conservation Officer - Department of Soil Conservation 4. Deputy Director, Horticulture and Horticulturist – Horticulture Department 5. Land Acquisition Officer (LAO) and Rehabilitation & Resettlement Officer – Revenue Department 6. Chief District Veterinary Officer - Veterinary Hospital & Dispensary and

21 Level Institutions (stakeholders) District Lab. 7. Divisional Forest Officer – Forest Department 8. DM/ADM/PO-DRDA 9. District Social Welfare Officer 10. PA-ITDA 11. District Fishery Officer – Fishery Department 12. NGO Functionaries

State Level 1. Chief Engineer and Superintendent Engineer, Minor Irrigation 2. Directorate of Agriculture and Food Production 3. Directorate of Horticulture 4. Directorate of Soil Conservation 5. SC & ST Development department 6. Directorate of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Services 7. Directorate of Fisheries 8. Revenue Department 9. OCTDM, Project Team 10. Department of Water Resource 11. WALMI and other Training Institutions 12. Women & Child Development Department 13. Department of Forest 14. Technical Support Agencies (from government and non-government sector) 15. Research Institutions (technical and non-technical research institutions) 16. Social Development Agencies / NGOs

Country level 1. Government of India Departments (Rural Development, Tribal Development, etc.) 2. World Bank

2.8 Issues identified under environmental assessment

2.8.1 Siltation / Sedimentation

The phenomenon of the siltation in Tank catchment areas is a complex one and governed by a number of parameters i.e. type of catchment areas, intensity and duration of rainfall, vegetation, type of soil cover and type of land use practices. Catchments of most tanks are reserve forest areas with undulating terrains and are subject to various form of degradation such as large scale deforestation, encroachment for agriculture and lack of catchment treatment interventions. Siltation in the tank bed and in the feeder canal has been a concern for the Minor Irrigation Department. Sediments deposited mainly consist of silt, clay and have smaller percentage of particles coarser than 0.075mm. Though sediment deposition has occurred in the reservoir, it has not caused any reported, serious damage to the tank bed and embankment, except in some cases reducing the storage capacity.

22

The size of the catchments, its coverage and over and above various associated human induced activities normally decides the rate of sedimentation in the tanks vis- à-vis feeder channels. Taking in to account, the catchments characteristics of the state, the catchments can be divided into three types bearing a typological characteristic of “low to acute” sedimentation capability. The catchments typologies covered under the study are basically of three characters i.e. [1] good catchments covered with hills, forests and natural habitation, [2] hilly terrain catchments covered with bushes and [3] relatively plan agricultural lands function as catchments. It is observed that catchments with barren rocky areas, wastelands, gullied and ravenous lands normally responsible for more sediment flow in comparison to catchments with dense forest.

On the other hand, different soil groups have different capacity of flowing out with run off and silting the tank proper. For example four different soil types found in the catchments i.e. loam, sandy loam, clay and skeletal have different capacity of flowing out and silting. While loam and sandy loam soil types have the lowest capacity of carrying out with run off because of coarse nature, clay soil type is having a highest potential because of its fine grained nature. As a result risk of accumulating silt from this type of soil increases substantially.

Study reveals that inadequate attention to soil conservation measures in the catchments [80 % cases] causing soil erosion leading to silt accumulation in the tank bed. In one hand, silted up tank bed leads to reduced storage capacity [20- 30%] while on the other side, silt accumulation and weed growth in feeder channels arrest the water in flow [70-80%]. So, it is the overall character and size of the catchments that predominantly determines the rate of silt deposition over a period of time apart from a few other parameters. According to Central Water Commission (CWC) in 2001, for Region 3 i.e. east flowing rivers in Orissa region, the estimated sediment load is 6.35 Ha m / 100 sq. km / year.

Catchments area analysis also reveals certain other characteristics of the catchments that influence and / or trigger the sedimentation process or obstruct the appropriate natural way of water inflow to the tanks. Encroachment of natural drainage feeding the tank is such a contributory factor that affects inflows into the tank [4%].

It is ascertained from the physical verification and consultation that siltation has occurred in various degrees in the tank proper in 70-80% cases resulting with considerable reduction in the tank capacity consequential in distressed performance for which the tanks have been designed. In case of 20% diversion weirs, the problems are highly critical as the tanks have been silted fully and projects are in a stage of fully distressed condition for example in case of Sankha MIP in the district of Cuttack.

The overall scenario of 25 examined tanks divulges the fact that catchments are subjected to various human provoked functions like deforestation, reduction in vegetative coverage, unscrupulous land use and cultivation which ultimately trigger relatively higher rate of sedimentation process.

Examining the overall prevailing situation within the scope of the consultation process, it is realized that significant and applicable information base is not available by tank system with regard to the size of the catchments, its drainage capacity, silt carrying capacity etc. As a result, appropriate solution is yet to be framed and executed by tank system to deal with this issue in a productive manner. So far no institutional mechanism has been established to arrest the silting of tanks due to upstream washouts in the catchment. Management of silts in catchment requires interdepartmental and coordinated effort. So far soil conservation department, forest department, water resources department try to tackle that in different parts of the catchment with little synergy.

23 Apart from siltation of tank bed, the study team also observed siltation of tank distributaries which in a major way affects the water flow to agricultural fields of different farmers.

2.8.1.1 Status of silt disposal system

During the consultation with Minor Irrigation department it has clearly come out that so far no significant measures have been taken for desiltation of tank systems. While measures to de-silt the tank distributaries have been taken up by the department, so far none of the tank beds has been de-silted. The status of desiltation of tank distributaries undertaken by the department is given hereunder:

ƒ Prior to de-siltation, the testing of silt quality was not taken-up by the department. ƒ As a result, it was not clear whether the silt needs to be excavated from the distributaries is of any nutritive value. ƒ Accordingly, there was no plan for disposal of silts. As per the present practice, the Contractor is asked to extract silts from the distributaries and dump the same within one kilometer range from the excavated place. ƒ Due to lack of proper monitoring and compliance mechanism, the Contractor excavates the distributaries and leaves the silt on the two sides of the canals. ƒ As a result, it again affects the same distributaries with further siltation during the monsoon. ƒ Most importantly based on the soil quality analysis there was no plan or mechanism to dispose the silt beyond one kilometer particularly if it was dry density type. The practice of identification of naturally depressed land in consultation with the revenue department / district collector for dumping of dry density silts was not observed. In connection to this, no such payment system to the contractors has been established if the disposal plan requires dumping the silt beyond one kilometer distance in the naturally depressed land. ƒ Similarly, there was also hardly any practice of silt used by the community for applying it in their agricultural field if the silt was found highly nutritive based on soil sample analysis. Neither there was any mechanism established to sensitize the community / Pani Panchayat on the use of nutritive silt nor there was any community mobilization process being undertaken for silt disposal and management. ƒ In a nutshell, there was no proper system established starting from testing of soil quality to disposal or dumping of silts.

With regard to silt disposal of tank proper, no measures have been taken up yet by the department mainly due to fund and other constraints. Most importantly as the tanks are more than 50 to 60 years old, the department does not have the original tank structure plans and sectional plans. Therefore, it makes that much difficult for the department to find out the exact level of siltation of tank bed. However, as per the observation of the study team all the 25 sample tank beds have been significantly affected by silt. The dead storage level of most of the tanks has been completely affected. In few cases, the live storage level has been also affected. Hence, proper de-siltation and silt disposal of tank systems both tank bed and tank distributaries is apparent under the project and it carries significant importance particularly in bringing any impact or improvement on the livelihoods of the tank users.

2.8.2 Dam safety

Institutional Arrangements for dam safety in Orissa

It has been an established fact that dams play a pivotal role in the development activities contributing amicably to meet, water and energy requirements. At the same time, it also pose hazard in the event of its failure. To minimize the associated risks and ensure dam safety, the International Commission on Large

24 Dams (ICOLD) has projected various aspects of dam engineering to ensure proper design and construction of safe dams. Dam safety initiatives in concrete terms instituted at the national level based on the recommendations of 1979 New Delhi conference on large dams and its safety measures. A dam safety organization was established in May 1979 in Central Water Commission [CWC] to assist the State Governments in ensuring dam safety.

The Safety of the Dams in our country is the principal concern of State Agencies those are involved in the various aspects of investigation, planning, design and construction, operation and maintenance. Although most of the dams in the country have performed well, there have been few failures. These failures highlighted the need to review the procedures and the criteria those were adopted by various States with the objective of establishing the best assurance of dam safety within the limitations of present state of art.

Orissa has 163 large dams [as per ICOLD classification], which is the 5th largest in the country in terms of number of large dams. This includes 10 major project dams, 45 medium project dams and rest 108 dams under minor irrigation projects. The State Dam Safety Organization [SDSO] was established in the year 1981 and has been responsible for monitoring the safety of these dams. Since its inception the SDSO is engaged in monitoring the health of dams and rendering necessary advice to the field units.

2.8.2.1 Inter State Dam Safety Sub-Committee: In pursuance to the Terms of Reference [ToR] of NCDS, Inter-State Dam Safety Sub-committees have been formed to monitor the safety aspects of inter-state dams. For dam safety of inter state dams relating to Orissa two Sub-committees were constituted in March 1990 and later reconstituted in 2004 after the formation of Chattishgarh and Jharkhand State. One sub-committee for Mahanadi and other for Subernarekha system has been established. The Chief Engineer, Designs & Research, Water Resources, Orissa is the Member-Secretary and Convener for both the Sub-Committees. The other members are the Chief Engineer, Mahanadi Project, Raipur for Mahanadi system and the Chief Engineer, Central Design, Irrigation Department, Jharkhand and the Chief Engineer, Subarnarekha Barrage Project, West Bengal, as the Members for Subarnarekha System.

2.8.2.2 Dam Safety Review Panel (DSRP): A Dam Safety Review Panel has been constituted for Orissa having engineers, geologists and hydrologists as members. The main objective of the panel is to provide independent expert review of the reports of distress observed in the investigation, analysis performed and remedial action proposed prior to initiation of rehabilitation activities. The State Dam Safety Organization facilitates the framed activities of Dam Safety Review Panel, gives the feed back to its member and transmits the suggestion of the panel to Government for approval.

2.8.2.3 State Dam Safety Committee (SDSC): To carryout the Dam Safety Assurance Program, a high level committee in the name of State Dam Safety Committee [SDSC] comprising senior Administrators & Engineers of Water Resources Department, representative of CWC has been formed. The Secretary of DOWR is the Chairman of the Committee while the Director, Dam Safety is the Member-Secretary. This committee reviews the progress of the Dam Safety works at regular intervals.

2.8.2.4 Expert Panels for Safety Review of Dams: An independent panel of nine experts has been constituted during the year 2003 by the Department of Water Resources in Orissa. The nine member panel has been divided into three groups, each having three members, to inspect large dams i.e. those having 15 meter height or with 60 M m3 storage capacity. Out of 163 large dams of the State, 121 dams come under this category and liable for inspection by the expert panels. The expert panel inspects the dams once in 10 years as per the dam safety Guidelines of Central Water Commission. For each inspected dam, separate reports are prepared by the panels after visiting the dam.

25

The objectives of dam safety

The objectives behind establishing SDSO in the state is:

a) To strengthen the institutional frame work for Dam Safety assurance b) To upgrade the physical features in and around the selected dams to enhance the safety status as required through basic safety facilities and remedial works.

During April 1989, the World Bank proposed to establish a centrally funded scheme for a possible assistance by the Bank as a project to support the institutional strengthening and investments in safety assurance works as identified by an upgraded safety assurance programme.

Definition of large dams

As per ICOLD, a large dam is defined as a dam which satisfies the following criteria:

(i) A dam above 15m in height from the lowest portion of general foundation to the crest and (ii) A dam between 10 & 15m height provided it complies with at least one of the following condition.

As per the norm:

(a) The length of crest of dam should not be less than 500m, (b) The capacity of reservoir formed by the dam to be not less than 1 Mm3. (c) The maximum flood discharge should not be less than 2000 M3/sec. (d) The dam has especially difficult foundation problem (e) The dam is of unusual design.

2.8.2.5 Primary function of state dam safety organization [SDSO]: Only large dams as per the ICOLD (International Commission on Large Dams) definition are under the purview of Dam Safety Organization.

Phase-I Investigation

The State Dam Safety Organisation has to make Phase-I investigation of all large dams once in 5 years to identify expeditiously the dams which may pose hazard to human life and property. The investigation include an assessment of general condition with respect to safety of the project based on available data and a visual inspection and determines the need for emergency measures and conclude if additional study, investigation and analysis are necessary and warranted.

The inspection / investigation work includes:

a) Review of data book b) Review of available engineering data related to design assumptions and design of structures, construction records, post construction changes, hydrological and hydraulic assumptions and features c) Review existing record of operation of dam and appurtenant structure including mechanical and electrically operated equipments d) Review existing maintenance procedure e) Review of structural behavior based on reading of instruments mounted or embedded in Dam f) Review periodical inspection reports g) Conduct detailed field inspection as per pro-forma h) Record at the end of investigation, the assessment of safety of dam, need for additional study, investigation, analysis considered essential to assess

26 the safety of dam, urgency of such additional investigation & advice for Phase-II investigation, if needed.

Phase-II Investigation

The Phase-II investigation will be supplementary to Phase-I investigation and is conducted when the results of Phase-I investigation indicates the need for additional in-depth study, investigation and analysis.

The phase II investigation work includes

a) Additional visual inspection and surveillance b) Measurements through instrument mounted or embedded in dams c) Foundation exploration d) Material testing e) Hydraulic and hydrologic analysis & f) Structural stability analysis.

Pre & Post-monsoon inspection

Pre-monsoon and Post-monsoon inspection are periodical inspection done every year by the field engineers as per the guidelines prescribed by the Central Water Commission [CWC]. Reports of inspections are reviewed at State Dam Safety Organisation in each year and the Annual Health Status [AHS] of the dams is prepared and shared with Department of Water Resources and Central Water Commission for their appraisal.

Hydrological Review of Large Dam

Hydrological review of all the large dams are essential with respect to the safety of dam as in most cases the design flood has been calculated with the help of some empirical formula based on regional experience. With the advent of new methodology and development of Hydrological Science, the hydrological review of dams has become essential based on hydro-metrological approach following the guidelines fixed by the CWC. The adequacies of existing spillways are reviewed for the enhanced inflow design flood. The method of computation needs specialization of the subject as many assumption, probability, justification are connected with the subject.

Structural Review

After the hydrological review of a dam, if the spillway is found to be inadequate, alternatives like putting an auxiliary spillway / fuge plug, adding parapet walls,

Dam Safety Assurance & Rehabilitation Project (DSARP)

The Dam Safety Assurance & Rehabilitation Project under World Bank Assistance was operational in Orissa between June-1991 to September 1997. Under the project fifteen nos. of large dams Viz. Hirakud, Derjang, Ghodahado, Soroda, Bhanjanagar, Salia, Budhabudhiani, Sarafgarh, Alikuan, Jharanai, Ganianala, Behera, Kumbho, Badjore and Damsal have been provided with basic safety facility like all weather approach road, instrumentation and standby power. Remedial works of eleven dams namely Hirakud, Derjang, Ghodahado, Bhanjanagar, Soroda, Alikuan, Jharranai, Ganianalla, Behera, Kansbahal and Kuanria were taken up. The major works taken up are; a) Treatment of cracks and cavities, up-gradation of hydraulic gates of Hirakud dam, b) Treatment of crest of dam surface, drainage arrangement and repair of head regulator and radial gates of Derjang dam, c) Re-sectioning of dam body, providing new spillway with gates of Bhajanagar dam, providing new Sorismuli barrage with gates, d) Rehabilitation of Soroda spillway, raising of dam, drainage arrangement, renovation of Padma anicut with new gates, e) Drainage arrangement and new spillway for Ghodahado dam, f) Protection of spill channel and drainage arrangement in Alikuan dams, g) Spill channel protection and grouting raising of Behera dam, h) Surface drainage arrangement in Kuanria dam, i) Spill channel protection work in Kansbahal dam and 27 j) Drainage arrangement and spill channel protection works of Jharanai dam. strengthening the existing spillway are studied and design of such structure are studied in-depth. The structural safety of the dams is also reviewed by analyzing the instrument data.

Emergency Action Plan (EAP)

In-spite of all precautions and proper maintenance of the dam, some times due to unprecedented natural phenomenon or due to faulty operation of the reservoir, the dam may face emergency situation such as dam over topping, dam break etc. which may lead to disaster. To cope up with such exigency, Emergency Action Plan [EAP] is also prepared. Preparation of Emergency Action Plan involves association of Irrigation Engineers, Civil Authorities and Public administrators. In view of the importance of EAP, National Council of Dam Safety [NCDS] also emphasizing the preparation of EAP for all dams of National Importance [Major Dams]. Normally the EAP consists of three phases of work i.e. [1] dam break analysis [2] preparation of inundation map and [3] preparation of Emergency Action Plan [EAP].

Monitoring of rehabilitation work

The State Dam Safety Organisation monitors the rehabilitation works of large dams on regular basis and findings are shared with Government, Central Water Commission, and other key stakeholders.

2.8.2.6 Assessment of tank safety

In tank improvement and management plan, maintenance by adhering to the tank safety norms is crucial. All engineering and non-engineering initiatives should be shaped up in a manner that strengthens the tank safety parameters in the long run. It is normally the destructive elements unleashed by an uncontrolled escape of water or other contents stored behind a dam have the potential to harm people, property and the local environment. The consequential losses can include loss of life, socio-economic losses, financial losses and environmental losses. The risk that a dam poses is related to both the consequences of failure and the likelihood that a failure could occur. Contextually, dam safety in a conceptual framework looks in to adopting required constructive measures to reduce the potential risks associated by bringing down the risk to an acceptable level.

There are a number of factors which can affect the potential impact of dam failure such as [1] the height of the dam i.e. the higher the height of the dam, the higher the potential energy of the water resulting with faster escape [2] the volume of water stored in the dam; the bigger the storage the bigger the damage potential [3] the shape and hydraulic characteristics of the downstream valley which affects the nature and extent of potential flooding [4] the downstream conditions, particularly habitation or public areas and the valley environment which would be exposed to the effects of dam failure and [5] the effects to a community of depriving them of the stored water which may be critical for use. The other factors that may affect the likelihood of a dam failure are important and need to be adequately addressed to minimize the risk the dam and its reservoir create.

Features causing deterioration of Tanks: Regular maintenance of dams in tank based irrigation projects always seems to be the best possible way to ensure its safety. Even a well constructed dam may face problems and difficulties if it is not properly maintained. A common feature of all irrigation projects is that construction receives a great deal of attention but maintenance gets neglected in due course due to various reasons like availability of human resources, availability of finance etc. This results in deterioration of the conditions of the tanks and water carrier systems, distributaries, causing high water losses. This is one of the prime causes of the poor efficiency of the projects. Apart from keeping required budgetary provisions for maintenance of irrigation projects, capacity improvement measures could be initiated for the staff engaged on actual operation of the reservoirs and dam safety aspects.

28 Physical Assessment of Tank Condition: The study intensely assessed the overall tank conditions of 25 selected samples spreading across 21 districts in the state of Orissa covering all 10 agro-climatic zones. Out of the selected total samples, one is a barrage structures and five are Diversion Weirs. Of the remaining 19 tanks with reservoir, 3 numbers of tanks are considered as of large tank categories according to ICOLD guidelines. Remaining 16 tanks comes under small / minor irrigation category for which tank safety concerns applicable for big and medium dams may not be applicable. However, 3 major tanks namely Alikuan, Tikilipada and Kusunpur deserve special attention with respect to safety aspects.

Nature of Dam 1 Earthern dam 2 Barrage type 3 No dam 4 Diversion weir 5 Fully derelict project

25 17 20

15

10

5 1 1 1 5 0

Study reveals that as a result of inadequate maintenance provisions, two tanks namely Kasada and Daungia have been partially washed out. In the process of local consultation, it was realized that such a distress condition is the result of gaps in required maintenance and occurrence of severe flood affecting the dam. Taking in to account the required safety considerations especially after examining the prevailing gaps in aforementioned two tanks, mitigation measures are proposed in the overall dam safety and management plan.

Study divulges key areas of dam safety encompassing the physical and safety status of the dams along with the responsible causes of distress situation. It is observed in case of major three dams that the physical status of the tanks are relatively in a good condition and alarming safety concerns do not prevail. Whereas the physical condition of Jalaka barrage and two minor irrigation tanks are at alarming position by its physical status and require immediate corrective measures. But in 88 % cases, apart from major tanks, inadequate supervision and insufficient institutional support mechanisms found to be the major factor for relatively poor physical status and associated safety concerns. A matrix encompassing the physical status of the sample tanks is presented in the Table No. 6.

Table No. 6 Assessment of the physical status of tanks Tanks Status / Physical status Safety status Causes of visited Type distress and consultation outcome Major Tanks Major / large Good condition Not alarming No major distress 3 Nos. dams

1. Alikuan 2. Tikilipada 3. Kusunpur Diversion Diversion Damaged head Not serious Lack of weir 5 Nos. weir regulator, apron concern supervision and of stilling basin in inadequate

29 Tanks Status / Physical status Safety status Causes of visited Type distress and consultation outcome degraded institutional condition, friction support blocks are damaged Gates are missing, Barrage - Barrage Corroded Needs Lack of 1Nos. barrage gate, immediate supervision and Jalaka rubber seals attention inadequate barrage damaged institutional support Tanks 2 Nos. Minor Partially washed Critical needs Lack of with Special out immediate supervision and Problem interventions inadequate institutional 1. Daungia support 2. Kasada Tanks- Minor Fairly good Not alarming Lack of 14nos supervision and General inadequate nature institutional support

Assessment of structural safety of embankment as per revised flood

ƒ 18 Nos. of MI projects have been constructed with design flood calculation, perhaps by using empirical formula, which needs extensive study, modeling to assess revised flood.

ƒ It is well understood through physical verification and consultation with PMU as per dam safety norms that the Jalaka barrage though considered safe in operation, have distress over the years. The two dams i.e. Daungia and Kasada have developed breaches due to inadequate maintenance and supervision.

ƒ It is of utmost necessity to conduct “hydrology study” using SCS methods and relevant hydrological modeling to arrive at a project revised flood and examine the spillway capacity to accommodate the same.

ƒ In absence of critical revised flood assessment data, the structural safety of the dam has been assessed through tentative hydrological consideration to help prediction of structural safety aspects. However the assessment so made need to be validated through rigorous hydrological modeling and simulation.

ƒ With regard to three major dams coming under the purview of the sample study of 25 tanks, the structural safety of these dams attracts recommendations of the state dam safety expert panel which is reflected in the Annexure 11.

ƒ Out of 25 sample tanks, in tank safety of 16 tanks [apart from 3 major tanks and 6 diversion weir] design floods could be conducted as per the aforementioned findings. The findings, critical to the project are expected to be of immense help to assess the spillway capacity to decide the safety of 900 tanks to be taken up for rehabilitation under the proposed scope of the tank restoration measures.

Identified major issues

30

The major issues identified for three major dams are reflected in the Table 7.

Table No. 7 Key identified issues of three major dams covered under the study Dam Reference Observation Alikuan Report of Expert ƒ Overall health and appurtenant works appear panel no 1 on to be sound safety review of large dams report. Tikilipada Report of Expert ƒ Rock toe is not functioning properly panel no 3 on ƒ Hoisting platform of HR gate is uncovered safety review of ƒ absence of Longitudinal and transverse drain large dams report. ƒ 3.SPF may be evaluated and its impact on free board may be studied ƒ 4. A GD observation on Talubnala may be established. Kusunpur Phase 1(2nd cycle) ƒ Riprap displacement report of Orissa ƒ Degradation of berm Dam safety ƒ Growth of shrubs on riprap organization ƒ Toe drain is invisible due to weed growth and covered up by soil Development of ant hills on the top of the dam ƒ Rain cuts ƒ Concavity of both upper stream [u/s] and down stream [d/s] slope

2.8.2.7 Inter-departmental coordination mechanism

Contextually, inter-departmental coordination mechanism discussed here is basically between Minor Irrigation and State Dam Safety Organization [SDSO]. Examining the consultation and observation reviews, often gaps are marked by both the organisation in developing a coherent action plan. This in turn affects the overall performance and functioning of the main body [the water resource department]. So, under the proposed intervention, it is required to bring an operational synergy between these two wings where SDSO facilitates its mandates fulfilling the basic objective of minor irrigation.

2.8.3 Water Logging

The preamble of national and state Water Policy recognizes that deterioration of existing irrigation systems and the problems of water-logging and salination are areas of deep concern. United Nations Mardel Plate Water Conference, 1997 also highlight the need of specific and concerted action to find solutions to various water problems and these needs to be applied at national, regional and international levels in order to ensure better quality of all people in the planet. The Conference laid down stress on sustainable development of all sectors, which conserves land, water, plant and animal genetic resources and is "environmentally non-degrading, technically appropriate, economically viable and socially acceptable."

Water logging occurs due to steady rise of ground water table after introduction of irrigated agriculture without adequate drainage. There are different criteria used for delineation of waterlogged areas. However it has been established that if the ground water table lies up to 1m to 1.2mt below ground surface, the area comes under potential waterlogged areas. In Orissa the waterlogged areas have been estimated by various agencies from time to time.

31 As it is experienced, water logging causes deficient oxygen in the root zone due to Govt. to free 60,000 hectares of land from water-logging filling of interstices with water. This can result in impaired growth and distress to the The state government has decided to free 60,000 hectares of land crop leading to disability of crop absorbing from water-logging in the current fiscal year. A decision to this the nutrients. The worst effect of water effect was taken at a high-level-meeting presided over by chief logging is the development of salinity. minister Navin Patnaik at the State Secretariat here on Thursday. Salinity arises because of upward The meeting decided that the state government would spend movement of soluble salts in the soil. This is nearly Rs 100 crore to free these lands and convert them into caused due to concentration of chlorides arable lands. Apart from this, steps would be taken to free the and sulphates of sodium, calcium and waterlogged land where Daya, Makara and Luna rivers merge in magnesium in soil at a level that would Chilka lake. The meeting revealed that the water-logging affect the plant growth. In the state of problem has become acute in the coastal belt where at least 2.07 Orissa, one of the worst affected areas due lakh hectares of lands have been waterlogged. Out of these 2.07 to drainage congestion and resulting loss of lakh hectares of waterlogged lands, 1.90 lakh land can be agricultural command is in the Mahanadi converted to agricultural lands if adequate steps are taken, the Delta. It is estimated that out of 3.03 lakh meeting observed. ha. irrigated area in Mahanadi delta, about Source: Pragatibadi (Oriya Daily) 1.00 lakh ha. is out of command due to drainage congestion.

2.8.3.1 Extent of Water logging

The National Commission on Agriculture assessed in 1976 that an area of about 6.0 million hectare was waterlogged in the country. Out of this, an area of 3.4 million hectare was estimated to be suffering from surface water stagnation and 2.6 million hectare through rise in water table. The Ministry of Agriculture estimated in 1984-85 that an area of 8.53 million hectare was suffering from the problem of water logging including both irrigated and un-irrigated areas. The Working Group constituted by the Ministry of Water Resources estimated in 1991 that an area of 2.46 million hectare was suffering from the problem of water logging under irrigation commands.

Table No. 8 Water Logged Area in Orissa Area in thousand hectors National Commission on Ministry of Agriculture Orissa Remote Sensing Agriculture Application Centre [ORSAC] 1993 60 60 84.80

As per National Commission on Agriculture, 1976, total area affected by waterlog, in both irrigated and un-irrigated area in Orissa was 0.60 lakh hectors. During 1984- 85, the ministry of agriculture reported the same figure of water logging for the state whereas, in 1991, Ministry of Water Resource [MoWR] estimated the figure at 1.96 lakh hectors. This indicates the increasing waterlog area in the state due to various associated factors.

32 Table No. 9 District wise break up of water logged area in Orissa [Area in thousand hectors] District Waterlog area District Waterlogged area Balasore 6.3 Koraput 3.8 Bolangir 3.4 Mayurbhanj 1.2 Cuttack 31.4 Phulbani 1.1 Dhenkanal 0.9 Puri 14.0 Ganjam 5.9 Sambalpur 7.7 Kalahandi 6.3 Sundargarh 1.8 Keonjhar 1.0 Total 84.8 Source - ORSAC

2.8.3.2 Causes of water logging / no water logging

Water logging characteristics of Agro climatic zones in Orissa

Agro climatic zone Causes East and South Coastal plain Water logging due to ephemeral inflows into tank and water release in command area, highly North Eastern Ghat permeable soils and undulating topography associated with deeper water table conditions. Eastern Ghat Highland South-Eastern Ghat Western Undulated Zone

West-Central Table lands Mid-central Table land North-western plateau

North-central plateau North-eastern Coastal plane Water logging because of flat topography, less runoff, high rainfall shallow water table conditions

2.8.3.3 State initiatives for waterlog area reclamation under CADWM Program

The Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India introduced reclamation of water logged areas in irrigated commands of the CAD projects in 1996. The main objective was to reclaim waterlogged areas caused either on account of surface flooding / inundation or due to rise in water table to put back the degraded land for optimum productivity.

In May, 1997, a Co-ordination Committee was constituted by the Ministry of Water Resources to co-ordinate and suggests steps for effective management and reclamation of waterlogged areas. The committee finalized the guidelines for the State Governments for submission of proposals for inclusion of schemes under the component of reclamation of water logged areas in the commands of CAD projects. The committee also formed a core group of officers which considers such proposals received from the State Governments and recommends their suitability or otherwise

33 for inclusion under the program. Under this component, 441 schemes of various sate governments have been approved with an area estimated to be reclaimed as 57123 ha. out of which an area of 44135 ha. is reported to be reclaimed till March, 2004.

In Orissa, under the scheme, 15 projects were taken up for reclamation of 1132.99 hectors of land, of which till March, the state could able to reclaim only 758 hectors of waterlog area under CADWA program.

2.8.3.4. Impact due to water logging

During the study of 25 sample tanks in different agro climatic zones and inference drawn from stake holder’s consultation, it can be put that water logging is not a common concern in the ayacut of the tank system. This is not a major issue in the ayacuts of tanks as almost all tanks are seasonal in nature thereby scope for perennial water logging, salinity and sodicity can be ruled out. Secondly, as the streams and nalas are seasonal and extent of command area is small being located mostly in well drained areas, the problem of water logging is not commonly experienced. However, water logging problems may appear at spatial level of tank systems in coastal areas.

It is observed that the local farming population is not aware of the conservative utilization of tank water maintaining the soil health.

In case of some low lying pockets in coastal areas, there may be instances of having water table nearer to surface 1.5 to 2.0 m bgl which can be assigned as prone to water logging. But conjunctive use of surface and ground water as the remedial measure for lowering the water table is not observed even in the mentioned areas.

2.8.4 Water quality

The Orissa tank system improvement and management plan in the state of Orissa focuses upon meeting three community requirements with regard to water i.e. for drinking and domestic utility, promote fishery activities and thirdly induce higher agricultural production through water provision. Meeting community water needs in the specified fronts is objectively linked to bring relative improvement in people’s health standards and enhance livelihood income support for people in a highly integrated and inter-dependant manner.

For ensuring use of available and required quality water for domestic and other purposes, the Bureau of Indian Standard in IS-2296- 1982 have classified the inland surface water and standards are fixed based on their designed best use depending upon its quality parameters.

2.8.4.1 Use Based Water Quality Standards

Meaningful evaluation of water quality status requires that the quality be viewed in the context of the uses which the society wishes to make of the stream, each of which requires special characteristics. In India, water quality is usually assessed in respect of the following five broad categories.

Class Use A. Drinking water source without conventional treatment, but after disinfections. B. Organized outdoor bathing

C. Drinking water source with conventional treatment followed by disinfections. D. Fish culture and Wildlife propagation E. Irrigation, Industrial cooling or Controlled Waste Disposal

34

Water quality parameters relevant to the above uses, are described in IS 2296/1982. These primary water quality criteria for the above used classes are given in Table 10. The quality criteria of water are derived from the criteria developed and adopted in other parts of the world, namely USA, UK, Germany and Japan.

Table No. 10 Standard Classification of water quality Parameters Class-C Class-D Class-E PH 6.5.8.5 6.5 to 8.5 6 .5to 8.5 BoD mg/l 3 (max) - - DO mg/l 4 (min) 4 (min) - F(Fluoride) mg/l 1.5 Cl(Chloride) mg/l 600 NO-3(Nitrate) mg/l 50 EC µ Mho/cm -- 1000 (Max) 2250 (max)

B(Boron) mg/l 2(max) Fe(Iron) mg/l 50 TC(Total Coli form) 5000(max)

Free Ammonia(N) -- 1.2 -- SAR 26(max)

2.8.4.2 Biological Assessment of Water Quality

Biological assessment is based on the fact that pollution of water bodies will cause changes in the physical and chemical environment of water, which in turn, will disrupt the ecological balance of the ecosystem. Through bio-monitoring, the cumulative effects of all the pollutants can be determined and the overall health of the ecosystem can be properly assessed. Bio-monitoring results are generally expressed in terms of two indices, namely the Saprobic Index [SI] and the Diversity Index [DI]. Water quality criteria in terms of SI and DI are reflected in Table No. 11.

Table No. 11

Water quality, SI and DI Biological Indicators Monitoring station Water quality High biodiversity DI>=0.6 Clean SI = 6.10 BOD <=3mg/l Moderate biodiversity DI = 0.2 – 0.6 Slight to Moderate Pollution SI = 2 to 6

35 BOD = 3-6mg/l Poor Biodiversity DI <=0.2 Heavy to Severe Pollution SI <=2 BOD >=6mg/l

2.8.4.3 Water Quality in Terms of Wholesomeness

The basic objective of the Water [Prevention and control of pollution] Act, 1974 which governs the water quality management in the country, is “to provide for the prevention and control of water pollution and maintaining or restoring the wholesomeness of water”. Over the years it was felt that the designated use concept with the objective of protecting the direct beneficial used to humans and classifying water quality accordingly, needs to be reviewed and ‘wholesomeness’ should incorporate an overall integrated view of the water ecosystem. The first priority in water quality assessment and management should be maintain and restore a desirable level of its environmental quality. Accordingly specific requirements for ‘Acceptable’, ‘Desirable’ and ‘Excellent’ levels of wholesomeness with short, medium and long term goals have been laid down.

Table No. 12

Standards of regular monitoring parameters

S.No. Parameter Requirements Excellent Desirable Acceptable 1. pH 7.0 – 8.6 6.5 – 9.0 6.5 – 9.0

2. DO [% saturation] 90 – 110 80 – 120 60 – 140 3. BOD [mg/l] Below 2 Below 5 Below 8 4. EC [micromhos/cm] < 1000 < 2250 < 4000

5. [Nitrate + Nitrate] N [mg/l] < 5 < 10 < 15 6. Suspended solids [mg/l] < 25 < 50 < 100 7. FC [MPN/100 ml] < 20 < 200 < 2000 8. Bio assay [zebra fish] No death in 5 No death in 3 No death in 2 days days days FC values should meet for 90 % of the samples FC - Fecal Coli-form

2.8.4.4 Ground Water Quality

The ground water in the State is generally slightly alkaline. In the consolidated and semi consolidated formations, the quality of ground water is generally fresh and is suitable for all types of uses including drinking. However the ground water in shallow aquifers in general is suitable for irrigation and other purposes. In coastal tracks, sea water ingress and tidal incursions have contaminated the ground water. In this tracks the ground water quality varies widely from calcium bicarbonate in inland areas to sodium chloride near the sea. The depth wise hydro chemical quality profile is also non-uniform. This is due to a variety of situations that has evolved depending upon the nature of sediments, aquifer properties, fresh water head and hydrology of the basin. Complexity of situation arises due to non homogeneity of aquifer resulting in penetration of sea water wedge into the coastal

36 track. However in the inland, the ground water from deeper aquifers has pH value from 6.62 to 8.2, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) from 265-134 ppm, hardness as CaCO3 from 21 to 263 ppm and Chloride from 14 to 307 ppm. The Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) varies from 0.54 to 8.2.

Fluoride Contamination

In the state of Orissa, fluoride contamination in ground water is reported from different pockets like Boden block of , Bhapur and Sarankul block of , Bolagarh block of Khurda district and part of Bolangir district. This has resulted in severe health hazard in above areas.

Based on quality parameters, the tank water can be brought under the classification of C, D and E. During the study, different water quality parameters were tested, both for surface and ground water. The tested parameters are pH, BOD, COD, DO, F, Cl, NO3, EC, B, Fe, TC, and free ammonia. Findings of samples of surface and ground water tested for 25 sample tanks for above quality parameters presented in Annexure #. After testing, it is inferred that all the values of tested sample are within the permissible limit with minor variation.

2.8.4.5 Impact due to water quality

Water quality assessment under overall EA framework is an important consideration as the tanks will have direct effect on the village folk, habitat and agricultural production. In order to assess the present status of water quality, surface and ground water samples were analyzed. Besides the quality of tube well water [ground water] in the vicinity of villages located near the tank were also collected and tested. The tank water and tube well water cater to the following primary requirements of the village population.

i) Drinking Water Requirement

Surface Water: From the interaction with local stakeholders it came to light that normally people don’t use tank water for drinking purpose. Samples of surface and ground water tested for 25 tanks for quality parameters have shown that the tank waters are within the permissible limit with minor variation. However the use of tank water for drinking is not ruled out especially during emergency needs after imparting proper treatment.

Ground Water: As it is observed and verified, normally the villagers use available tube wells and dug-wells as their sources of drinking water and cooking purposes. Water quality analysis reveals that ground water tested for 25 tanks for quality parameters have shown that they are within the permissible limits of drinking water standards.

ii) Pisciculture Requirement

As per the activities outlined in OCTMP, the fisheries activity has been given substantial importance as it will address to the income generation and livelihood support to the landless and other vulnerable groups. Accordingly water samples were tested to find out its standard and its suitability for sustaining the pisciculture. It is inferred from the water test results that in most of the tanks the dissolved oxygen (DO) remains 4.0 mg/l which is conducive for fish breeding.

iii) Agriculture Sustainability

The agriculture development Vis-à-vis improvement of crop production is the single most primary objective of the rehabilitation of tank system. It is expected that with the rehabilitation of tank system, farm sector will

37 improve and by that farmer’s income supporting livelihood can be ensured. To understand the suitability of available water to farm promotion, water samples were tested and inferences were drawn accordingly.

All the water samples from 25 tanks and tube wells were tested [refer Annexure for details] in laboratories of Orissa State Pollution Control Board using the latest testing facilities. The inferences drawn from the test result are is that the Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) of tank waters is below the permissible limit (SAR=26) hence concluded that all the tank waters are suitable for agriculture purposes.

So, overall it can be concluded by saying that quality of water for the specified purpose is within the permissible limit and suitable for earlier specified purposes based on its sources. No such alarming threat is marked with regard to the water quality test results.

2.8.5 Drainage

The tanks proposed for rehabilitation under the scope of the project have an estimated ayacuts in the range of 40 to 2000 hectares. But, as it is analyzed, ayacuts area of 60 to 70% of the tanks remains within the range of 150 to 200 hectares. Normally major tanks are situated in the uplands and having good gradients except few tanks in coastal areas like Jalaka MIP in . Because of the location of the tanks with good gradient, normally no such alarming drainage problem persists especially when analysed from the sample tanks. As such drainage is not a problem in tank system of Orissa due to various factors such as

ƒ Presence of highly permeable soils ƒ Undulating topography ƒ Good drainage facility

However tank in coastal belt like Jalaka MIP in Balasore where land is leveled, the excess water from field are not being drained due to siltation and weed infestation in the drainage nala. Secondly, the nalas, streams and rivers are seasonal in nature for which drainage problem normally does not appear to be a threat. However, tanks located in coastal area with leveled land scenario may cause some drainage congestion.

As it is observed and also revealed by the community, no such drainage management practices are introduced to clean the weeds from the drainage utilizing the existing institutional mechanisms. Secondly, participatory drainage management procedures and association of farmers in drainage management process is not introduced as a result, the users have no required ownership of the structure. When periodical cleaning of the drainage is an essentiality, adequate attention is not paid to it as it is perceived.

The projects located in coastal area have some problem of drainage as the study reveals. In the coastal plains, due to the presence of shallow water table condition, normally the root zone gets affected along with contributing to the development of soil salinity percentage. The major factors attributing to command area drainage problem are like canal input to land is in excess of crop water requirement and secondly excess rainfall during storms / depressions are not effectively drained from the leveled ground cultivated lands.

Table No. 13 Drainage conditions in 25 sample tanks of Orissa Name of MIPs Broad Soil Drainage situation Name of District Name of Block (GP) groups

Agro Climatic Zone – East and South Coastal plain

38 Name of MIPs Broad Soil Drainage situation Name of District Name of Block (GP) groups

Cuttack (part) Tangichoudwar Kusunpur (Safa) Topography being Ganjam (part) Patrapur Narayan Sagar (Jarada) undulating slope plays Seragada Lakhabindha D/W a major role in the Saline, (Gobindpur) movement of water. lateritic, Purusottampur Nuajharabandha Well developed Alluvial, Red & Ch.Nuagan drainage exists in the Mixed Red & command. Desilting Khurda Khurda Kuaput Channel Black (Haladia) and Deweeding and Nayagarh Dasapalla Mahantipally resectioning is to be (Madhyakhanda) attended

Agro Climatic Zone – North Eastern Ghat

Ganjam (part) Sorada Alikuan Topography being undulating slope plays Gajapati Gosani Mahandra Tanaya a major role in the Brown forest, (Integrated) dw movement of water. Lateritic Kandhamal Nuagan Daungia Well developed Alluvial, Red, drainage exists in the Mixed Red & command. Desilting Black and Deweeding and resectioning is to be attended

Agro Climatic Zone – Eastern Ghat Highland

Nawarangapur Umerkote Silati Red, Mixed Topography being Red &Black, undulating slope plays Mixed Red & a major role in the Yellow movement of water. Well developed drainage exists in the command. Desilting and Deweeding and resectioning is to be attended

Agro Climatic Zone - South-Eastern Ghat

Koraput (P) Boriguma Purunapani (Boriguma) Topography being Malkanagiri Mahili Bhejaguda (Bhejaguda) undulating slope plays a major role in the movement of water. Red, Lateritic, Well developed Black drainage exists in the command. Desilting and Deweeding and resectioning is to be attended

Agro Climatic Zone - Western Undulated Zone

Kalahandi Bhawanipatna Jamunasagar (Duarsuni) Red, Mixed Topography being

39 Name of MIPs Broad Soil Drainage situation Name of District Name of Block (GP) groups Nuapada Nuapada Jhilimila (Tanwat) Red & Black undulating slope plays and Black a major role in the movement of water. Well developed drainage exists in the command. Desilting and Deweeding and resectioning is to be attended

Agro Climatic Zone - West-Central Table lands

Baragarh Gaisilata Sarakarikata (Jamutpali) Topography being undulating slope plays Sonepur Ulunda Bhubansagar a major role in the Red & Yellow, (Kosanmalai) movement of water. Red &Black, Bolangir Muribahal Dangarapada (Haldi) Well developed Black, Brown drainage exists in the Sambalpur Jamankira Tikilipada Forest, command. Desilting Lateritic Jharsuguda Jharsuguda Suamundakata and Deweeding and (Loisinga) resectioning is to be attended

Agro Climatic Zone - Mid-central Table land

Angul Athamallik Bileikhai Alluvial, Red, Topography being Cuttack (part) Athagarh Sankha (Gurudihjatia) Lateritic, undulating slope plays Mixed Red & a major role in the Black movement of water. Well developed drainage exists in the command. Desilting and Deweeding and resectioning is to be attended

Agro Climatic Zone - North-western platue

Sundargarh Bonei Kasada (Kasada) Red, Brown Topography being forest, Red & undulating slope plays Yellow, Mixed a major role in the Red & Black movement of water. Well developed drainage exists in the command. Desilting and Deweeding and resectioning is to be attended

Agro Climatic Zone - North-central plateau

Mayurbhanj Bangiriposi Damabasakhal Lateritic, Red Topography being

40 Name of MIPs Broad Soil Drainage situation Name of District Name of Block (GP) groups Keonjhar Telkoi Sibanarayanpur goda & Yellow, undulating slope plays (SNPG) Mixed Red & a major role in the Black movement of water. Well developed drainage exists in the command. Desilting and Deweeding and resectioning is to be attended

Agro Climatic Zone - North-eastern Coastal plane

Balasore Basta Jalaka (Mathani) Red, Lateritic, Has got drainage Deltaic problem, because of alluvial, flat terrain being a Coastal coastal zone alluvial & Saline

Drainage situation as per agro-climatic zone of Orissa reveals that, East and South Coastal plain and North-eastern Coastal planes have / may have relative drainage problem in comparison to remaining eight agro-climatic zones.

2.8.6 Fertilizer and Pest management

Fertilizer consumption in India is concentrated in about one-third of the cultivated area. Its use has been increasing but it is being used inefficiently. Pesticide use is also concentrated in five states and on a few crops such as rice, cotton and chilly. Evidence from micro studies on the environmental consequences of these chemicals suggests that the present methods of fertilizer and pesticide use and growth are not sustainable. There are several possible technologies and alternatives to reduce the adverse impact of these chemicals on the environment, such as biological control of pests, integrated pest management, development of pest-resistant varieties of crops, vermin culture etc. that need to be supplemented through an economic approach. These issues need to be considered while formulating strategies for sustainable agriculture and environment management in India and its states. [By J.P. Painuly, S. Mahendra Dev, International Journal of Environment and Pollution (IJEP), Vol. 10, No. 2, 1998. The overall consumption of fertilizer nutrients displayed a robust growth of 12.4% during 2005-06 over 2004-05. The all India consumption of total nutrients reached an all time high of 20.67 million tons in 2005-06. The consumption of N at 12.92 million tons, P2O5 at 5.26 million tons and K2O at 2.50 million tons in 2005-06 recorded a growth of 10.3%, 13.7% and 21.3%, respectively, over 2004-05. The total NPK consumption in East zone [including Orissa] increased by 16.3%. The state-wise consumption of NPK as compared to the previous year in the major states of East zone is summarized below: [Fertilizer consumption trends, annual review-2005-06]

Table No. 14 Fertilizer consumption trend in Orissa State Consumption in 2004-05 Consumption in 2005-06 % variation over last ('000 tons) ('000 tons) year N P2O5 K20 N P2O5 K2O N P2O5 K20 Orissa 223.54 77.99 53.77 255.74 89.46 68.17 14.40 14.71 26.78 East 1658.42 590.38 431.19 1816.00 739.84 560.84 9.50 25.32 30.07 Zone Source: Indian Journal of Fertilizers, Vol. 2, No. 6, September, pp.71-114.

As the statistics divulge, NPK consumption in Orissa increased from 0.355 million tons in 2004-05 to 0.413 million tons in 2005-06 and the per hectare consumption increased from 40.4 kg to 47 kg.

41 Table No 15 District wise fertilizer consumption in Orissa, 2004-05 Sl. Name of the Kharif-04 Kharif Per Rabi-04-05 Rabi Per No. District cropp Ha. cropp Ha. N P K Total ed Cons N P K Total ed Cons area (KG) area (KG) 1 Angul 3.77 0.98 0.77 5.52 214.22 26 1.02 0.35 0.14 1.51 94.91 16 2 Balasore 8.99 3.73 3.06 15.78 238.44 66 5.50 2.22 1.56 9.28 73.15 127 3 Bargarh 13.47 4.43 4.69 22.59 336.66 67 12.32 4.49 3.27 20.08 94.88 212 4 Bhadrak 10.69 4.52 2.61 17.82 180.76 99 1.79 1.02 0.56 3.37 40.73 83 5 Bolangir 5.19 1.64 0.92 7.75 353.59 22 0.87 0.31 0.1 1.28 72.70 18 6 Boudh 2.73 0.70 0.46 3.89 91.85 42 0.33 0.12 0.02 0.47 36.34 13 7 Cuttack 5.33 1.04 1.18 7.55 157.02 48 1.98 0.73 0.72 3.43 142.57 24 8 Deogarh 1.25 0.49 0.27 2.01 67.69 30 0.30 0.23 0.11 0.64 24.31 26 9 Dhenkanal 2.23 1.05 0.62 3.90 175.30 22 0.65 0.25 0.19 1.09 91.31 12 10 Gajapati 2.86 0.21 0.21 3.28 86.01 38 0.70 0.01 0.01 0.72 42.74 17 11 Ganjam 20.35 3.64 3.16 27.15 425.22 64 3.81 1.18 1.11 6.10 203.48 30 12 Jagatsinghpur 2.92 0.79 0.61 4.32 104.28 41 1.00 0.51 0.18 1.69 69.19 24 13 Jajpur 4.60 1.51 1.03 7.14 154.41 46 1.24 0.56 0.52 2.32 98.85 23 14 Jharsuguda 3.23 1.33 0.58 5.14 75.75 68 0.79 0.35 0.15 1.29 19.13 67 15 Kalahandi 8.27 3.25 1.70 13.22 398.65 33 3.84 1.25 0.91 6.00 129.32 46 16 Kandhmal 0.28 0.09 0.08 0.45 122.99 4 0.10 0.02 0.03 0.15 43.32 3 17 Kendrapara 2.94 1.02 0.44 4.40 150.61 29 0.75 0.39 0.29 1.43 77.07 19 18 Keonjhar 6.66 1.99 0.62 9.27 340.51 27 0.52 0.35 0.17 1.04 92.15 11 19 Khurda 3.48 0.23 0.53 4.24 121.73 35 1.26 0.34 0.25 1.85 74.48 25 20 Koraput 2.48 0.94 1.19 4.61 283.74 16 0.95 0.52 0.52 1.99 65.04 31 21 Malkangiri 1.77 0.79 0.35 2.91 143.78 20 0.20 0.19 0.20 0.59 51.22 12 22 Mayurbhanj 7.30 2.07 1.15 10.52 401.82 26 1.53 0.74 0.38 2.65 67.73 39 23 Nabrangpur 8.60 1.18 1.46 11.24 233.36 48 1.08 0.27 0.40 1.75 33.14 53 24 Nayagarh 3.52 0.16 0.34 4.02 130.72 31 2.00 0.06 0.10 2.16 90.26 24 25 Nuapada 2.61 0.77 0.33 3.71 184.01 20 0.68 0.22 0.19 1.09 37.50 29 26 Puri 2.92 0.52 0.99 4.43 131.30 34 4.13 1.82 1.88 7.83 107.11 73 27 Rayagada 3.53 0.73 1.21 5.47 172.84 32 0.74 0.13 0.20 1.07 40.85 26 28 Sambalpur 7.36 2.98 1.90 12.24 188.88 65 3.19 1.67 1.07 5.93 41.96 141 29 Sonepur 2.13 0.88 0.58 3.59 118.88 30 1.25 0.48 0.27 2.00 48.47 41 30 Sundargarh 3.16 1.54 0.64 5.34 315.98 17 0.93 0.66 0.32 1.91 64.59 30 Total 154.6 45.2 33.6 233.5 6101 38 55.45 21.4 15.8 92.71 2168.5 43 2 8 4 2

2.8.6.1 Impact due to application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides

Availability of irrigation sources and the nature of soil are the key factors in deciding the cropping pattern and intensity. Under environment assessment, the study attempted to look in to the quantum of utilization of fertilizers and pesticides and its impact on the environment. The different agro-climatic zones of Orissa and their broad soil characteristics are shown in Table 16.

Table No. 16 Use of Fertilizer & Pesticides in Different agro- climatic zones of Orissa Name of Name of Name of MIPs Broad Soil Fertilizer use Pesticides District Block (GP) groups use [Low, Medium, [Low, High] Medium, High]

Agro Climatic Zone – East and South Coastal plain

Cuttack (part) Tangichoud Kusunpur (Safa) Saline, Medium Medium war lateritic, Ganjam (part) Patrapur Narayan Sagar (Jarada) Alluvial, Red & Medium Low Seragada Lakhabindha D/W Mixed Red & Medium Low (Gobindpur) Black Purusottam Nuajharabandha Medium Low pur Ch.Nuagan

42 Name of Name of Name of MIPs Broad Soil Fertilizer use Pesticides District Block (GP) groups use [Low, Medium, [Low, High] Medium, High] Khurda Khurda Kuaput Channel Medium Low (Haladia) Nayagarh Dasapalla Mahantipally Medium Low (Madhyakhanda)

Agro Climatic Zone – North Eastern Ghat

Ganjam (part) Sorada Alikuan Brown forest, Medium Low Lateritic Gajapati Gosani Mahandra Tanaya Alluvial, Red, Medium Low (Integrated) dw Mixed Red & Kandhamal Nuagan Daungia Black Low Low

Agro Climatic Zone – Eastern Ghat Highland

Nawarangapu Umerkote Silati Red, Mixed High Medium r Red &Black, Mixed Red & Yellow

Agro Climatic Zone - South-Eastern Ghat

Koraput (P) Boriguma Purunapani (Boriguma) Red, Lateritic, Medium Low Malkanagiri Mahili Bhejaguda (Bhejaguda) Black Low Low

Agro Climatic Zone - Western Undulated Zone

Kalahandi Bhawanipat Jamunasagar (Duarsuni) Red, Mixed Low Low na Red & Black Nuapada Nuapada Jhilimila (Tanwat) and Black Low Low

Agro Climatic Zone - West-Central Table lands

Baragarh Gaisilata Sarakarikata (Jamutpali) Red & Yellow, Medium Low Red &Black, Sonepur Ulunda Bhubansagar Black, Brown Medium Low (Kosanmalai) Forest, Bolangir Muribahal Dangarapada (Haldi) Lateritic Medium Low Sambalpur Jamankira Tikilipada Medium Low Jharsuguda Jharsuguda Suamundakata Medium Low (Loisinga)

Agro Climatic Zone - Mid-central Table land

Angul Athamallik Bileikhai Alluvial, Red, Medium Low Cuttack (part) Athagarh Sankha (Gurudihjatia) Lateritic, Medium Low Mixed Red & Black

Agro Climatic Zone - North-western platue

Sundargarh Bonei Kasada (Kasada) Red, Brown Medium Low forest, Red & Yellow, Mixed Red & Black

43 Name of Name of Name of MIPs Broad Soil Fertilizer use Pesticides District Block (GP) groups use [Low, Medium, [Low, High] Medium, High]

Agro Climatic Zone - North-central plateau

Mayurbhanj Bangiriposi Damabasakhal Lateritic, Red Medium Low & Yellow, Keonjhar Telkoi Sibanarayanpur goda Mixed Red & Medium Low (SNPG) Black

Agro Climatic Zone - North-eastern Coastal plane

Balasore Basta Jalaka (Mathani) Red, Lateritic, Médium Médium Deltaic alluvial, Coastal alluvial & Saline Note: The calculation is made on stakeholder consultation with reference to average state utilization of fertilizers

Looking at fertilizer application by agro climatic conditions, it can be concluded that, moderate use of fertilizer is in six agro-climatic zones except North eastern Ghats, South eastern Ghats and Western undulating zones because of factors like lack of proper knowledge and training on selection and dosage of fertilizers, whereas relatively minimum use in three agro-climatic zones mentioned above because of good quality of soil nutrient in these zones. Similarly, use of pesticides observed to be relatively of higher order in agro climatic zones except in East and South Coastal plain, Eastern Ghat Highland, Western Undulated Zone, West-Central Table lands, Mid-central Table land, North-western plateau, North-central plateau, use of pesticides is relatively low. Prime contributing factors in this regard are due to the absence of proper knowledge to farmers on pest application methods.

Most farmers unaware of the adverse impact of excess application of chemical fertilizers; often use high dose than the crop requirement, anticipating quick growth and higher crop production. During the field visits, and interaction with the stakeholders of the command areas, related to select 25 numbers of tanks, the type and nature of fertilizer use was assessed.

It is observed that the major plant nutrients used by the farmers are Nitrogen [N], Phosphorous [P] and Potassium [K]. Two types of fertilizer are normally available i.e., Inorganic and Organic fertilizer. In the inorganic group, nitrogen- N (single- Urea), phosphorous-P (mixed-SSP, DAP, Gromer), potassium-K (Murate of Potash) etc. and in Organic Fertilizer (FYM, Vermin compost, Organic manure etc) are the broad components.

The major crop cultivated in the tank command area is paddy which is also the prime crop of the state. In all 25 tank areas, paddy is cultivated in Khariff followed by pulses in Rabi. In a number of tank areas like that of Mahendratanaya MIP, Samundakata MIP etc. people cultivate vegetables during Rabi while oilseeds cultivation in Rabi observed to be only in the visited tank of Keonjhar. As it is observed and also revealed by the community, application of fertilizer and pesticides for plant growth and management is the common feature in the sample tank regions. With regard to use of fertilizer, though the rate of utilization is relatively low in Orissa in comparison to neighbouring states of Andhra Pradesh and west Bengal which are in the range of 143 & 126 kg respectively, hike in fertilizer utilization can be marked i.e. against the consumption of 35kg / ha in 1998- 99, the rate of consumption increased to 45 kg / ha in 2001-02. It is the indicative of

44 the fact that with the improvement of farm technologies, farmers attempt to have a good harvest utilizing the available chemical nutrients.

The recommended fertilizer dose for Kharif paddy in Orissa is 80: 40: 40 (N: P: K) and for Rabi paddy is 120:60:60 (N: P: K) respectively in Kg per hectare of land. In all sample 25-tanks, Nitrogen input varies from 21-58 kg except in Silati tank area of Nawarangapur district where it comes to 101 kg along with phosphorus amounting 10.5-35 kg and potash from 6-30 kg per hectare. So in all the 25-tanks farmers are using under dose of N.P.K for paddy crop except in Silati tank command area. In most of the tanks, many farmers are practicing organic fertilizer i.e. FYM adding in the range of 8-10 cartloads per hectare of land. Though the nitrogen content in FYM is low, it increases the physical property of soil and also at the same time improve and maintain the health of soil by preventing the ground water from nitrate pollution.

Impact

As it is mentioned earlier, fertilizer use in all the 25-tanks except in Silati tank command area, are below the standard recommended norm which is a positive indicator from environment point. But, as the prime objective of renovation of tank is to ensure equitable and optimum supply of water for crop needs, it is expected that with relatively high availability of water supply, farmers may opt for diversification of crop pattern in the desired command area. It is normally observed and experienced that diversification of crop pattern is followed by high dosage of application of fertilizer in the command area. As observed in the water quality assessment of the sample of 25 tanks spread in different agro-climatic zones of Orissa, all the ground water quality parameters like Nitrate, Boron, Na, Fluoride etc are found within the permissible limit. But, if the fertilizer application dose will increase with the availability of water, it may pose threat to the ground water in the long run. However the following impact may have some adverse effect on local environmental conditions.

ƒ High vegetative growth hamper the productive phase ƒ Due to high vegetative growth high incidence of pest may occur ƒ Hard pan may result in the soil surface make difficulties in intercultural operation ƒ Change in soil physical structure and texture ƒ Ground water pollution due to heavy leaching of nitrogenous fertilizer (Nitrate pollution) ƒ Soil microbes will die resulting in deterioration of soil health ƒ Soil salinity may increase

2.8.6.2 Assessment of impact of Pesticides application

The major interest of the project is to improve the access and increase quantity of water available for irrigation, due to this farmer may go for diversification of crop pattern in that desired area. Diversification of crop pattern is followed by application of more plant protection chemicals in order to protect the crops from insect/ pests and disease infestation.

Pest and diseases cause enormous loss to agricultural production all over the world. Around 30% crop loss incurred due to attack of insects/pest and diseases if some one will not follow the proper plant protection measures, even some times more incase of specific insect/pests and disease attack. Farmers use plant protection chemicals to control the insect/pests and disease to protect the crops. Due to lack of knowledge and ignorance, farmers use the plant protection chemicals indiscriminately. Many a times when the required chemicals are not available locally the farmers have to manage with spurious substitutes. Unwarranted and indiscriminate use of insecticides/ pesticides has resulted in developing resurgence/ resistance in the crop pests.

45 The organo-chlorine group of pesticides are thermally more stable and require more time period for degradation, that’s why the residual toxicity of that chemicals remain for a longer period of time. Many a times, the residues of harmful pesticides are found in the food grains, fruits and vegetables even in fishes beyond the permissible limit also it will pollute the ground water, which are harmful to health.

With the use of fertilizer, pesticide use in the process of Restricted Pesticides farm mechanization has gone up over a period of time for S. No. Name of the Pesticide a relatively higher yield through pest control. But from the 1. Aluminium phosphide health point of view and also due to its effect on local 2. DDT environment, Government of India have register certain 3. Lindane pesticides for use under section 9[3] of insecticide act, 1968 [186 pesticides] while use of 24 pesticides is 4. Methyl bromide completely banner, other 3 are allowed for manufacturing 5. Methyl Parathion and exporting but not for domestic consumption and 6. Methoxy Ethyl Merciru Chloride another 4 type of pesticides are banned for manufacture, 7. Sodium cyanide use and export. Apart from that, seven types of pesticides are advised for restricted use in the domestic front. A detail is annexed in the Annexure.

Table No. 17 Pest and disease situation of Orissa Sl. No. Year Season ETL Total Major Pest and Diseases 1 2003-04 Kharif 124014 27466 151480 Stem Borer, Gall Midge, Leaf folder, WBPH, BPH, Rabi 95480 9603 105083 Swarming Caterpillar, Shoot and fruit borer, Top Total 219494 37069 256563 shoot borer, Mealy bug, 2 2004-05 Kharif 128283 29967 262583 Cutworm, Pod borer, Hairy caterpillar, Trips, Rabi 106866 8384 115250 Mites, Ball worm, White flyleaf minor Total 235149 38351 377833

3 2005-06 Kharif 161652 25447 187099 Blast, BLB, Sheath blight, Rabi 272912 46878 319790 Sheath rot, Root rot, Red rot bud necrosis, Rust, Total 434564 72325 506889 Powdery mildews, Wilt 4 2006-07 Kharif 219154 42693 261847 complex Rabi 618805 78890 697695 Total 837959 121583 959542

Most of the farmers in the command area of the tanks grow paddy applying the chemicals to control the insect/pests. But the use of pesticide is assessed to be of relatively low in the sample pockets in comparison to the state pesticide consumption is 157gm active ingredient per hectare (ai/ha) and also to other states. The national average consumption of pesticides during 2006-07 was being 350gm (ai/ha).

46 2.8.6.3 Integrated Pest Management [IPM] is observed to be relatively applicable techniques to control agricultural pests which also encompass norms for use of pesticides when appropriate and in appropriate manner. IPM replaces use of some pesticides by bio-control agents and physical intervention so as to reduce the non- point source of water bodies by pesticides. IPM is knowledge intensive and requires extensive interaction amongst farmers with in a region as well as in collaboration with research institution and govt. entities. The study reveals that present extension services, as per the government provision, is not adequate enough to meet this challenge. Knowledge percolation on IPM is either limited to the extension service providers or it has gone up to the educated technocrats. Common farming community is yet to access the benefits of IPM and reflect it in their farm mechanics.

With a view to provide technical knowledge to the extension functionaries and farmers in the states, Directorate of P.P.Q&S. has developed 77 IPM package of practices for different crops with the latest research inputs from State Agricultural Universities [SAUs] and Indian Council of Agricultural research [ICAR]. But as it is realized, the package of practices is not yet made fully available to the farmers for application in their respective farms.

A suitable nutrient management through site specific management practices is not marked in any of the sample sites. While, precision farming technology allows the farmers to fine tune the application of fertilizers according to the need and conditions of the field, it appeared that no such awareness or understanding is available with the farmers at present. On the other hand, Precision in nutrient management aiming at optimization of nutrient resources and increasing the nutrient use efficiency through various means like soil testing, balanced application of primary, secondary and micro nutrients, proper placement of fertilizers, water management, pest management, maintenance of optimum plant density, conjunctive use of bio manures, bio fertilizers and crop residue etc is also at deficient stage in almost all the tank sites.

Consultation with primary stakeholders reveals that based on soil and other climatic conditions, location specific fertilizer recommendations along with time, method and source of nutrient application for various crops as prescribed by the State Agricultural Universities and State Department of Agriculture is not in practice by the local farmers. It is basically due to lack of awareness on such management practices. Gap in adoption of Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) practices, which could have been more useful in maintaining soil health and sustaining agriculture in long run, is also another gray area as the study reveals. Because of such factors, imbalanced application of plant nutrients is a common practice in the localities which is not only undesirable but also uneconomical from farming point of view. So, overall scenario that prevails is no such scientific nutrient applications mechanism / system is properly worked out, put in to a time plan and done with utmost precision considering various factors like soil, crop, moisture, weather etc.

The use of Plant Protection Chemicals [PPC] is relatively low in the command area of the study tanks. But as per the present proposition, renovation will increase the irrigation capacity of the tanks in future and by that intensification of agriculture might takes place followed by increase in application of fertilizer and pesticides. But in the absence of sensible Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices, water pollution may go up in the tank command regions. On the other hand, along with tank renovation, if the extension services of line departments such as agriculture and horticulture are not available, expected diversified agriculture system may not be in place as it is desired.

Fertilizer application to some extent also depends upon the agro climatic zone and prevailing soil type in the locality. It is normally observed that average state consumption is relatively more i.e. 233.5 during Khariff in comparison to average of 92.7 during Ravi. Average rate of consumption is also influenced by total cropped area during both the cropping seasons. In Khariff, average cropping area estimated to be 6101 while in Ravi, it is 2168.5 [refer table no. 15, figure for the year 2004-05]

47

At the state, there are many institutes that are involved in teaching, research and extension aspects of IPM program. The National Center for Integrated Pest Management has a mandate to develop and promote IPM technologies for major crops to sustain higher crop yields with minimum adverse ecological implications. The Orissa University of Agricultural and Technology (OUAT), Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK), State agricultural farms, Central Rice Research Institute (CRRI) and NGOs are the training and orientation institutions who are expected to facilitate in providing appropriate technological solution to the farmers. Besides the state government have well trained professionals under the Department of Agriculture and Horticulture who can also render required services for the application of different farm techniques. In-spite of all such prevailing institutional mechanisms, the study reveals the existing gap in the overall mandate of such institutions and its practical application at the ground level.

Fertilizer and low productivity, Orissa As already discussed Orissa is one of the most agriculturally backward states of India. Agricultural productivity in Orissa is quite low due to traditional farming practices, low use of yield stimulating inputs like HYV seeds, chemical fertilizer, organic manure; uneconomic size of operational holding, incidence of high tenancy, low capital formation and investment in agriculture, inadequate rural infrastructure and services and inappropriate policy environment. An inter-state comparison of yield and input use reveals that in the agriculturally progressive states like Punjab, Haryana and Tamil Nadu the use of chemical fertilizer is significantly higher in comparison to Orissa (Table 4.5). The per hectare application of fertilizer in case of Orissa in the year 1998 was only 43.8 kg/ha, whereas in Punjab, Haryana and Tamil Nadu it was nearly 185 kg, 149 kg and 163 kg respectively. Also, percentage of gross cropped area irrigated was markedly higher in agriculturally advanced states like Punjab (94 per cent), Haryana (79 per cent) and Tamil Nadu (52%). Thus, the low application of two important yield enhancing inputs like irrigation and fertilizer are considered to be the most immediate and important determining factors responsible for low agricultural productivity in Orissa. Further, various other factors in socio- economic, cultural, institutional and infrastructural, spheres as well as policy environment and historical antecedents also cause low yield in Orissa. For convenience we have grouped the different factors under four heads: agrarian structure, rural infrastructure and services, rural institutions and state policy. Report of Agriculture Department, Government of Orissa

2.8.7 Bio-diversity and fishing

Orissa is one of the main fish producing and consuming states in the country. It is located on the north eastern seaboard of India and possesses a 480 km coastline with associated shelf area of around 24,000 square km. Approximately 1, 66,000 persons are engaged in fishing and related activities in the state of whom about 60,000 are actively and directly involved in fishing operations.

The fisheries sector contributes about 2.5% to the Net Domestic Product of the state with about 80% of the population [about 28 million people] consuming fish. The per capita annual consumption of fish has increased from 2.85 kg in 1985-86 to 7.8 kg in 1996-97.

2.8.7.1 Fishery improvement

The basic objectives of fishery sector improvement in the state are

ƒ To improve Socio-Economic condition of the traditional poor fishermen.

ƒ To increase fish production, both in Marine and Inland Sector, and employment to the rural unemployed youth.

48

Important state activities for fishery promotion

• In the inland sector, production of quality fish seed continues to be one of the most important activities.

• Poly-culture with fresh water prawn is gaining momentum.

• World Bank Assisted Shrimp culture Project over 445 ha. on the non-forest Government land at Jagatjore-Banapara in covering 411 beneficiaries and 11 entrepreneurs is nearing completion.

• World Bank assisted reservoir fisheries development project has so far taken up 52 reservoirs out of targeted 79 reservoirs.

• The most hard pressing problem in the post super cyclone period has been restoration of fishing activity through the rehabilitation of fishermen both in marine and inland sectors. Resources available under the Calamity Relief, assistance available from the DFID and other NGOs are being mobilized in addition to the regular governmental schematic finance to rehabilitate the fishing communities.

• Implementation of more fishermen welfare oriented schemes including construction of low cost house, coverage of more fishermen under the schemes like accident insurance and saving-cum-relief for overall socio-economic development of fishermen.

• Motorization of more existing crafts to ensure safety and higher income of the fishermen.

Table No. 18

Basic statistics, Orissa fishery sector S.No. Specification Statistics 1 No. of Inland fishermen 6,61,477 2 No. of marine fishermen 1,73,197 3 Total fishermen 8,34,674 4 Fish production in M. tones: Inland 1,67,914.18 5 Fish production in M. tones: Marine 1,13,893.06 6 Fish production in tones: Total [Inland + Marine] 281807.24 7 Export of fish outside the State in tones 84,334 8 Import of fish into State in tones 42,200 9 Consumption of fish in tones 2,19,104 10 Per capita consumption in Kg. 73 11 Export income from fisheries sector in Rs.crores 330 12 No. of Hatcheries including those under the OPDC 24 13 Total departmental fish farms 110 14 No. of farms operational 97 15 No. of farms under Departmental operation 74 16 No. of farms leased out 23 17 No. of mechanized boats in marine sector 1,472

49 18 No. of motorized boats 3,814 19 No. of beach landing boats 292 20 Total Motorized Boats 4,106 21 Total Non-motorized Boats 9,577 22 No. of Departmental Ice Plants 7

To boost the fish production, Government is actively considering a Reservoir Fishery Policy in the State. This will enable development of vast water bodies of nearly 2.6 lakh hectares under pisciculture, which will result in a quantum jump in fish production. Steps have also been taken to privatize some of the departmental uneconomic fish farms and establishment of more fish seed hatcheries in private sector to meet the needs of the fish farmers.

State reservoir Fishery Policy, Orissa Major objectives:

• To augment fish production from the vast untapped / under tapped reservoir resources through scientific management.

• To generate gainful rural employment with special reference to fishing communities and economic rehabilitation of displaced persons.

• To introduce systematic management strategies both for conservation and sustained fish production.

• To attract increasing investments from private sector.

• To stimulate entrepreneurship for fishery sector with special reference to reservoir fishery.

• To substitute traditional methods by introduction of advanced technology in operation of reservoir fishery.

• To develop skill among fishermen / fisherwomen in reservoir operation and organizational strengthening.

• To generate substantial revenue for the state.

2.8.7.2 Impact due to fishery activity

Field visits and consultation meetings held with project stakeholders revealed that out of sample 25 tanks, 7 tanks are diversion weir where there is no scope of pisciculture activity. In the remaining 18 tanks fishery activity is practiced in 9 tanks [50%] which is a supporting livelihood for vulnerable groups. The rest 9 tanks out of 18, found to be unsuitable for pisciculture due to tank bed conditions and high rate of silting. Presently unsuitable 9 tanks can be taken-up for fisheries activity after appropriate rehabilitation of tank system is completed.

However, categorization of tanks based on water availability is made for pisciculture development under the scope of the study. It is observed that in case of 17 tanks, perennial availability of water round the year is ensured where as in 12 number of tanks, long seasonal availability of water is ensured for more than six months. Whereas, short seasonal availability of water for less than six months is marked in 5 number of tanks of the total tanks found suitable for pisciculture.

50 As one of the prime thrust of OCTDMS is to promote fisheries activities by tank renovation, it is expected that renovation / de-silting of tanks would be of immense help to support livelihood of the landless population. Secondly, the additional income so generated out of fish production would add to corpus fund of the Water Users Association [WUA] and will help the sustainability of project in the long run with the availability of operation and maintenance funds. As it is projected to rehabilitate 900 tanks under the project support, scope of integrating fishery activities under reservoir fishery policy can be a possibility. So, in the overall assessment, no such major hindrance is identified against pisciculture development in the tanks.

For pisciculture, people normally procure fingerlings / seeds from the government / private hatcheries. The hatcheries normally grow species like catla catla rohu, etc. which are most cases used by the local people for commercial purpose. Pisciculture activity starts in the tank during the period June’ 15th to July’ 15th and harvested after six months i.e. in the month of January/ February.

With regard to fish feeds, people collected it from the near by markets and apply to the tank. The fish feeds that are normally available are applied independently or along with cow dung. Application of un-required amount of fish feeds is marked in many tanks as a result; the residues lies on the tank bed and pollute water because of its application procedure with other matters.

Based on the water quality test report, it is inferred that existing water quality is suitable for pisciculture and no such remarkable hardazous implications are expected by using the available tank water for pisciculture. As estimated, the tank water pH in the visited sample tanks normally falls in between 6.2 to 8.4 with a BOD range of 0.6 to 3.2.

Apart from the tank feasibility for pisciculture promotion, the study attempted to understand some pisciculture associated dimension from community perspective. It is realized that the fishermen of village community are mostly resource poor and normally don’t have cultivable land in the tank command area. So, for them, use of tank resource is basically for pisciculture which will add value to their economic status. The arising conflict resolution and environmentally sustainable pisciculture can be addressed through appropriate fishery management plan which at present is a deficiency.

Some other important issues identified related to pisciculture are

ƒ Non-availability of need based technology with the farmers for augmentation of fish production as a result, expected profitability from pisciculture is not there.

ƒ Skill gap is a common factor associated with the fisher men especially with regard to technical and managerial capabilities to handle pisciculture.

ƒ Non-availability of in-time and required amount of credit affects the interest of fishermen and by that the required investment expected to be incurred in pisciculture.

ƒ Remunerative market linkage is not yet established for the fisher folk for which distress sell of produces is a common character of local pisciculture.

2.8.8 Natural habitat

Conservation of natural habitats like other measures that protects and enhances the environment is essential for long term sustainable development. A precautionary approach to natural resources management to ensure opportunities for environmental sustainable development and identification of natural habitat issue and special needs for natural habitat conservation, including the degree of

51 threat to identified natural habitats particularly critical natural habitats and measures for protecting such areas as per The World Bank Operational Manual - OP 4.01 and Natural Habitats OP 4.04 has been done.

Normally the M.I. tanks are moderately small irrigation projects with limited water spread area and coverage. As the project does not envisages increasing the dam height and creating additional submergence of foreshore area affecting sensitive natural habitat, scope of negative influence to the habitation is very nominal. Apart from this, consultation reveals that the M.I. tanks are existing since few decades and has not caused any encroachment to the habitat locations and thereby not affected the sustenance of natural habitat. However during the field visit it is seen one tank namely Kuaput Channel in Khurda district exists about 5 km downstream of Chandaka Wild Life Sanctuary and has not interfered with the sanctuary area. As such the project intervention does not have impact on the sensitive natural habitat in the rest 24 tanks assessed under the scope of the study.

Table No. 19 Agro-climatic zone wise vegetation species in 25 sample tanks Name of Name of Block Name of MIP Broad Soil Vegetation District (GP) groups

Agro Climatic Zone – East and South Coastal plain

Cuttack (part) Tangichoudwar Kusunpur (Safa) Saline, lateritic, Common species like Sal, Alluvial, Red & Sisoo, Teak, Piasala, Mahua Mixed Red & Plantations of mainly Black eucalyptus Ganjam (part) Patrapur Narayan Sagar General forest species (Jarada) Seragada Lakhabindha D/W No forest in the catchment (Gobindpur) Purusottampur Nuajharabandha General forest species Ch.Nuagan Khurda Khurda Kuaput Channel Sal, Sisoo, Teak, Piasala, (Haladia) Mahua Nayagarh Dasapalla Mahantipally Sal, Sisoo, Teak, Piasala, (Madhyakhanda) Mahua

Agro Climatic Zone – North Eastern Ghat

Ganjam (part) Sorada Alikuan Brown forest, Forest species like Sal, , Lateritic Alluvial, Piasala, Mahua, Tendu, Char Red, Mixed Red etc & Black Gajapati Gosani Mahandra Tanaya Forest species like Sal, Piasala, (Integrated) dw Mahua,Char, Kusum etc

Kandhamal Nuagan Daungia Decidous forest with Sal, Piasal, Mahua, Jamun, Arjun Char , Tamarind etc.

Agro Climatic Zone – Eastern Ghat Highland

52 Name of Name of Block Name of MIP Broad Soil Vegetation District (GP) groups Nawarangap Umerkote Silati Red, Mixed Red General forest species like Sal ur &Black, Mixed Sisoo etc. associated with Red & Yellow plantations

Agro Climatic Zone - South-Eastern Ghat

Koraput (P) Boriguma Purunapani Red, Lateritic, General forest species (Boriguma) Black Malkanagiri Mahili Bhejaguda General forest species (Bhejaguda)

Agro Climatic Zone - Western Undulated Zone

Kalahandi Bhawanipatna Jamunasagar Red, Mixed Red General forest species like Sal (Duarsuni) & Black and Sisoo etc. associated with Black plantations Nuapada Nuapada Jhilimila (Tanwat) General forest species (the catchment comes under reserve forest)

Agro Climatic Zone - West-Central Table lands

Baragarh Gaisilata Sarakarikata Red & Yellow, Sal, Teak, Jamun Mahua, (Jamutpali) Red &Black, Kendu, Kusum etc Black, Brown Plantation of Teak, Eucalyptus, Forest, Lateritic Sisoo etc by Forest department Sonepur Ulunda Bhubansagar Forest species like Sal, Sisoo, (Kosanmalai) Teak, Piasala, Mahua Plantations of mainly eucalyptus Bolangir Muribahal Dangarapada General forest species like Sal (Haldi) sisoo etc. associated with plantations Sambalpur Jamankira Tikilipada Sal, Teak, Jamun Mahua, Kendu, Kusum etc Jharsuguda Jharsuguda Suamundakata Plantation of Teak, Eucalyptus, (Loisinga) etc by Forest department

Agro Climatic Zone - Mid-central Table land

Angul Athamallik Bileikhai Alluvial, Red, Forest species like Sal, Mahua, Lateritic, Mixed Jamun etc Cuttack (part) Athagarh Sankha Red & Black Common species like Sal, (Gurudihjatia) Sisoo, Teak, Piasala, Mahua

Agro Climatic Zone - North-western platue

Sundargarh Bonei Kasada (Kasada) Red, Brown Sal, Piasal, Mahua, Jamun, forest, Red & Arjun etc. Yellow, Mixed Red & Black

Agro Climatic Zone - North-central plateau

Mayurbhanj Bangiriposi Damabasakhal Lateritic, Red & Sal, Sisoo, Piasal, Teak, Jamun Yellow, Mixed Mahua, Kendu, Kusum etc Red & Black associated with Plantation of Teak, Eucalyptus, Sisoo etc by Forest department

53 Name of Name of Block Name of MIP Broad Soil Vegetation District (GP) groups Keonjhar Telkoi Sibanarayanpur Sal, Sisoo, PiaSal, Teak, goda (SNPG) Mahua, Kusum, Kendu, Chara etc associated with Plantation of Teak, Eucalyptus, Sisoo etc by Forest department

Agro Climatic Zone - North-eastern Coastal plane

Balasore Basta Jalaka (Mathani) Red, Lateritic, No forest in the catchment Deltaic alluvial, Coastal alluvial & Saline

With due examination of the aforementioned dimensions of tank system improvement plans, it can be concluded that environment assessment does not feel any significant and possible adverse impact on the sensitive natural habitat. Normally no habitat management plan is envisaged for MI Tank systems under consideration. However, the habitat management plan is critical and should be taken in to consideration during spatial selection of tanks for renovation, if any such site falls in to the risk category in any case.

2.8.9 Aquatic weeds

Aquatic weeds are those unabated plants which grow and complete their life cycle in water and cause harm to aquatic environment directly and to related eco- environment relatively. Therefore, appropriate management of water from source to its utilization is necessary to sustain the normal function of life. It is one important part of natural resource management. The presence of excessive aquatic vegetation influences the management of water in natural waterways, man made canals and reservoirs which amounts to millions of kilometers / square kilometers of such water bodies around the world. The area under small tanks and ponds is equally important due to the establishment of many small irrigation schemes and watershed management projects all over the world. For example, India has 1.9 m ha under water in reservoirs and 1.2 m ha under irrigation canals. The area under village ponds and tanks is nearly 2.2 m ha. Aquatic weeds often reduce the effectiveness of water bodies for fish production. Aquatic weeds can assimilate large quantities of nutrients from the water reducing their availability for planktonic algae. They may also cause reduction in oxygen levels and present gaseous exchange with water resulting in adverse fish production. Although excessive weed growth may provide protective cover in water for small fish growth it may also interfere with fish harvesting.

Aquatic weeds in water tanks are observed to be a common phenomenon in both state and national context. Presence of small amount of certain aquatic plants in fish culture waters may be useful at times as they have a definite role in the development and maintenance of a balanced community. But dense growth of weeds assimilates a large proportion of nutrients in the pond and thus competes with fish population, limiting available fish food. They restrict fish movement and interfere with fishing operations, besides serving as ideal hunts for predatory fishes and insects etc. The surface cover of floating weeds prevents light penetration. Excessive development of algae have also been causing nuisance in cultivated fish ponds and small reservoirs. They even cause fish mortality due to oxygen depletion or release of extra-cellular metabolites which are toxic. In comparison to earlier situations, in recent years there has been a growing awareness among fish culturists regarding aquatic weed problems.

2.8.9.1 Types of aquatic vegetation

54 The higher aquatic plants that occur in fish ponds belong to various families and genera, but from the point of view of weed control, major plants can be grouped on the basis of their growth in to five classes. Those are;

(i) Floating weeds, which remain free floating with their leaves above surface and roots within water e.g. Eichhornia, Pistia, Salvinia, Spirodella, Lemna, Wolffia and Azolla ;

(ii) Emergent weeds, which have roots in the bottom soil but the leaves and flowers emerge to water surface e.g. Nymphaea, Nelumbo, Euryale, Nymphoides, Myriophyllum and Phragmites ;

(iii) Submerged weeds are those that remain below water surface and may be rooted e.g. Hydrilla, Najas, Potamogeton, Vallisneria, Ottelia and Nechamandra) or rootless e.g. Ceratyphyllum and Utricularia ;

(iv) Marginal weeds, which grow on the shore but very often spread all over the water body e.g. Ipomoea, Jussiaea, Typha, Cyperus, Paspalidium and Eleocharis;

(v) Algal weeds, which, in fish ponds are either in planktonic or filamentous forms. Very often a particular phytoplankton form multiplies rapidly to farm dense masses when environmental conditions and availability of nutrients are most favourable. Such dense growths referred to as ‘water bloom’ are responsible for imparting to the water, colours like green, yellow green, reddish brown and blue-green depending on the type of bloom forming algae. Filamentous algae very often grow densely covering the pond surface or pond bottom.

In fish ponds the blooms observed could be temporary which do not usually remain for more than a few days or permanent when it persists throughout the year. The algae responsible for temporary blooms mostly belong to the Chlorophyceae (Chalamydomonas spp., Pandorina morum, Volvox aureus, Chlorella vulgaris), Bacillariophyceae (Melosira granulata, Synedra ulna), Dinophyceae (Peridinium inconspicuum) and Euglenineae (Euglena spp., Trachelomonas spp.). The permanent blooms are constituted mostly by Myxophyceae (Microcystis spp., Anabaena spp., Raphidiopsis spp., Oscillatoria chlorina). The common filamentous algae are Spirogyra, Pithophora and Oedogonium.

Common aquatic weeds that are found in the state and more specifically in the visited sample study places are reflected in the table below.

Table No. 20 Aquatic weeds and infested areas Aquatic weed Infested areas E.crassipes; H.verticillata; S.molesta; Trapa Fisheries, ponds and tanks, water works, deep water rice infestation bispinosa; Azolla pinnata; Ceratophyllum spp.; and in lakes. Ipomea aquatica; Pistia spp.; Nymphaea spp.; Nelumbo spp.; Lemna minor; Scirpus spp.; Chara spp.; Nitella spp.; Sagittaria spp.; Monochoria vaginalis; Marsilia quadrifolia; Najas spp.; Ipomea carnea.

2.8.9.2 Effect of aquatic weeds on environment

In abundance, aquatic weeds create a number of environmental problems. Aquatic weeds create situations which are ideal for mosquito growth. The mosquitoes are

55 sheltered and protected from their predators by aquatic weed roots and leafy growth and are responsible for the spread of Malaria, Yellow fever, river blindness and encephalitis. Snails are able to multiply, playing a crucial role in the life-cycle of blood and liver flukes [parasitic worms] as they shelter, and find sustenance among the root zones. Schistosomiasis and fuscioliasis diseases spread as the floating weed carry the snails to new locations. People living close to these areas complain of mosquito problems.

Fish production is also greatly affected by the presence of floating and submerged aquatic weeds. Isolated weed beds may be tolerated, providing shelter and shade for fish, but when the growth becomes thick and covers entire water body, it can be lethal for fish growth. Fish may suffocate from a lack of oxygen and may cause death. When floating and submerged aquatic weeds become extremely dense, many fish species are unable to exist in such environments and vanish. For example, fishes production in Harike lake in Punjab is decreasing and is a matter of concern to all.

The decomposition of huge amounts of biological mass creates condition where CO2 and carbon monoxide are produced and released to the atmosphere. The decomposition period is much less than decomposition of other vegetation on land. The decomposition creates emissions of foul smells which are unpleasant to public convenience. Mosquitoes and other parasites grow in these situations and affect the life of those living in close proximity.

Water bodies which are places of recreational and aesthetic use are badly affected by unwanted growth of aquatic weeds. They hinder the movement of boats and affect other aquatic activities. The decomposition of weed material consists of silicious material and other insoluble salts which settle on the bottom of the water body. Dense weed growth slows the flow of water in rivers, canals and drainage ditches allowing silt to settle out and be deposited on the bed of the water body. This increase in silt deposition raises the bed level and finally affects the life of lakes, dams, tanks etc. and requires expenditure to be increased for frequent de- silting through dredging. Aquatic weeds also affect quality of water. These weeds cause taste and odour problems and also increases biological oxygen demand because of organic loading. They increase the organic matter content of water which may affect the strength of the concrete structures when used as curing and mixing water. It is due to the organic matter that combines with cement to reduce bond strength and may cause large amount of air entrained in concrete.

Harmful Effects of Weeds

Reduces water storage capacity in reservoirs, tanks, ponds Impedes flow and amount of water in canals & drainage systems Reduces fish production Interfere with navigation and aesthetic value Promote habitat for mosquitoes

Aquatic weeds impede the free flow of water which may contribute to increased seepage and may cause rises in water-tables in the adjoining areas. It may lead to water logging. This may also create saline or alkaline conditions in the soil and also give rise to many other land weeds. Submerged and floating weeds propagate at a tremendous rate. Eichhornia crassipes needs a special mention in this category. A pair of these plants can multiply up to about four thousand times in one season. A canal or drain surface normally gets covered and clogged in one season, from just a few germinating or introduced plants. The surface floating weeds get interwoven and form dense mats that move downstream. Often these moving mats pack up

56 against bridges and structures creating enormous pressure that sometimes results in serious damage being caused. An example of this sort of damage was observed on Kasur Nala near Taran-Taaran in India. Over time if left unchecked the weed mats become so dense that people and animals can walk on them, although at the risk of injury or drowning.

2.8.9.3 Aquatic weeds and recommended management practices

Considering the losses caused by aquatic weeds, their management is of utmost importance to improve the availability of water from the source to its end users. This does not only improve availability but also the conveyance efficiency. Irrigation and drainage systems provides favorable conditions for the growth of aquatic weeds which interfere with the storage and delivery systems of irrigation water, maintenance of canals, drains, barrages, lakes, ponds etc. These systems often get choked with the weeds and cause environmental pollution. On low lying areas, adjoining irrigation and drainage channels, soil salinity and alkalinity problems do arise. To mitigate these problems, appropriate management practices need to be adopted. Management of aquatic weeds consists of two approaches viz. preventive and control of existing infestation.

(i) Preventive approach

(ii) Control approach

Type of aquatic weeds flora and their intensity influence the damage caused by them. The habitat and the type of aquatic weed flora influence the technique of weed control. In broader sense, weed “control” means keeping the weeds at a level where they do not cause economic damage. Aquatic weed can be brought under control to manageable limits by various methods. Broadly, these methods can be grouped under four broad groups: -

(i) Physical or Mechanical methods (ii) Biological methods (iii) Chemical methods, and (iv) Cultural and physiological methods

There is rarely a situation when weeds can be ‘eradicated’ but often can be ‘prevented’ from infesting other areas. Prevention can be useful for a certain weed species or may include a group of aquatic weeds in a given aquatic environment. Once prevention fails the next step is to eradicate it, i.e., treating them in a way that they do not emerge again.

Preventive approaches

Quarantines are legislative tools that may be used to mitigate the effect of weeds. Quarantine is defined as the restriction imposed by duly constituted authorities whereby the production, movement or existence of plants, plant products, animals, animal products, any other article or material or the normal activity of persons is brought under regulation in order that introduction or spread of a pest may be prevented or restricted. If a pest has already been introduced and established in a small area, quarantine is necessary so that it may be controlled or eradicated or dissemination stopped in newer areas, thereby reducing the losses that would other wise occurs through damage done by pest (Sand, 1987). The success of preventive weed management programs varies with weed species, its biology, means of dissemination and the amount of effort needed to be applied.

Preventive weed programs usually require community action through enactment and enforcement of appropriate laws and regulations (Day, 1972). It was found that the irrigation water in Nebraska was the significant source of weed seeds (Aldrich, 1984). In India, irrigation canals appear to be a potential source for spreading water

57 hyacinth (Sushil Kumar and Bhan, 1994). Recently preventive weed management approach has been reviewed and discussed by Walker (1995). When prevention and eradication fail to give desired results under aquatic environment, the only alternative left is to keep aquatic weeds under manageable limits so that water use efficiency with respect of water storage in reservoirs and transportation through canals is not reduced. Management of aquatic weeds in water reservoirs, canals, drainage systems, ponds etc. consists of following systems approach of aquatic weed management i.e., following prevention, eradication and control techniques based on the habitat and type of weed flora present in a given situation. These situations may result in serious reduction in water flow in irrigation and drainage systems which may result in flooding, salinity and alkalinity.

Damages caused by aquatic weeds

Aquatic weeds (emergent, floating and submerged) interfere with the static and flow water system. They cause tremendous loss of water from water bodies like lakes and dams through evapo-transpiration. In flowing water system, aquatic weeds impede the flow of water in irrigation canals and drainage channels thereby increasing evaporation damage structures in canals and dams, clog gates, siphons, valves, bridge piers, pump etc. Impediment in flow of water may result in localised floods in neighboring areas. India has the largest canal network in the world where the velocity of flowing water is reduced by about 30- 40 percent due to the presence of aquatic weeds.

Floating and deep rooted submerged weeds interfere with navigation. Water hyacinth and Alligator weed grow profusely and create dense mats which prevent the movement of boats and at times even large ships. Village ponds and tanks get infested with floating and submerged weeds which results in reducing the capacity of the water storage and therefore effecting efficient irrigation. Therefore, considering the losses caused, it is essential to keep aquatic weeds under control in water bodies, flow water systems, ponds and tanks so that these systems can be utilized to best of their efficiency.

Mechanical methods are being practiced at present as use of chemicals is very much restricted due to the difficulty in control on water use for different purposes. Use of bio-agents for weed control is under experimental dissemination and needs further research and refinement in technology for control of aquatic weeds. Within the next two decades bio-agents will be one of the major methods of controlling aquatic weeds, especially the floating ones. Research is also necessary for studying the various factors influencing the aquatic environment and the resultant vegetation. Researchers are envisaging to establish an integrated approach to aquatic weed control using a mix of mechanical and biocidal techniques to control aquatic weeds under specific situations.

58

2.8.9.4 Classification of aquatic weeds

Aquatic weeds are classified according to various habitats which form their eco- environment and become conducive for their growth, reproduction and dissemination.

Emergent weeds

These weeds grow in shallow waters and exist near the water bodies where water recedes and rises with the seasons or regular releases from a large water body or reservoir. Most of such situations are of permanent in nature where minimum and maximum water levels are consistent. Such situations includes banks of canals, rivers, periphery of water bodies which are mostly in earthen dams, and partly in masonry dams, drainage ditches and water ponds near villages. These weeds may be called semi-aquatic but more appropriately referred to as emergent aquatic weeds. There are situations where vast areas of land remain inundated with water for long periods of time, and may only dry out in severe drought conditions. Such lands are known as marshes or swampy areas. They support a different type of vegetation which may include plants/weeds that are capable of growing under both flooded and saturated conditions. These may include annuals to large trees. Some of these amphibious species are given below:

Floating weeds

These are plants which grow and complete their life cycle in water. They vary in size from single cell [Algae] and may grow up to large vascular plants. In case of drying of water bodies most of them give their seeds and other vegetative reproductive organs in base ground lands. These weeds are observed in the surface of the large, deep and shallow depths of water bodies; deep continuous flowing canals; continuously flowing rivers large ponds tanks etc. Some of the weeds in this ecosystem freely float and move long distances, while some of them do float on the water surface but anchor down to soil at the bottom of the water body. These weed species make loss of water through evapo-transpiration in addition to impediment caused in flow of water. Therefore, these weeds can be classified in two sub groups viz. free floating and rooted floating weeds.

Submerged weeds

59 Weed species belonging to this group germinate/ sprout, grow and reproduce beneath the water surface. Their roots and, reproductive organs remain in the soil at the bottom of the water body. These weeds damage the maximum, because they are not visible on the surface and impede the flow of water varying upon the degree of their intensity and growth. Most of these weeds are found in shallow and medium deep water bodies and continuous flowing canals and drainage ditches. The ecosystem provides a situation which allows the growth of algae, filamentous algae, higher algae in shallow water situations and under deep water situations, and thus submerged weeds may be further categorized as shallow water submerged weeds, and deep water submerged weeds.

Control methods

The weed control methods normally recommended encompass physical or mechanical control methods, eco-physiological alternation and biological means of weed control.

Table No. 21. Weed control methods Sl. Weed control methods No. Physical / mechanical Eco-physiological Biological control of alterations: weeds: Mechanical Control of aquatic Drying or water level Biocontrol agents weeds manipulations Manual Cleaning Light Pathogens Cutting Use of aquatic mammals and rodents Chaining Use of fish

Water weed cutters and Use of Snails harvesters Dredging Use of insects Mowing Netting Barriers

Checking weeds seeds through irrigation water Burning/Fire/Heat treatment

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2.8.9.4 Possible impact due to aquatic weeds

In fresh water, most aquatic weeds are either macroscopic angiosperm (flowering plants), also termed as macrophytes or macroscopic algae. Those belonging to macrophytes are water hyacinth and hydrilla, both causes serious problem. Besides Ipomeas are seen in many tanks. They cause problems both in tanks and canals.

Area of aquatic weeds infestation and Consequent problems

Feeder Channel: The growth of weeds and plants severely impair the natural flow and gradually induce siltation and make the system non functional. In the sample tanks 80% tanks are observed to be having growth of weed in the feeder channel.

Tank system: Both aquatic weed and E.crassipes; H.verticillata; S.molesta; Trapa, Bispinosa; Azolla pinnata; Ceratophyllum spp.;Ipomea aquatica; Pistia spp.; Nymphaea spp.; Nelumbo spp.; Lemna minor; Scirpus spp.;Chara spp.; Nitella spp.; Sagittaria spp.; Monochoria vaginalis; Marsilia quadrifolia;Najas spp.; Ipomea carnea.are seen in tanks of the visited samples. As assessed, these aquatic plants cause a number of problems like loss of tank capacity, deterioration of water quality, and roots

61 becoming place of vector breeding more significantly and affect the fish breeding and induce siltation.

Spill channels: In 100% cases, it is observed that the spill channels pockets are also affected by weed growth in non monsoon period and they reduce the spill channel capacity resulting in breaches and causing inundation of agriculture field.

Canal system: Normally the canal system is prone to aquatic weed menace and of the total sample, in 80% cases it is verified during the study. Their growth has become luxurious with the receipt of nutrients from organic and chemical fertilizers. They cause severe obstacles to canal flow and make the system inadequate making the command totally distressed resulted with non-availability of required water in the farm fields to irrigate.

Natural drainage: The natural drain are also observed infected with aquatic weeds in 80% cases, thereby cause serous drainage congestion and consequent problems.

Weed management plan – Appropriate and scientific weed management plan is not in place as perceived from the field reality.

Use of weeds - Aquatic plant materials could have been used to increase the organic and nutrient content, to induce microbial activity, and the texture of soils. The de-weeded plant material can also be applied after composting or mulched into the top layer of the soil. Mulching results in reduced evaporation, weed suppression, increased soil moisture and organic content, and reduced erosion. But, field findings reveal that these application manners, that could have been helpful to the people is not in practice.

2.8.10 SAFEGUARD OF CULTURAL PROPERTIES

2.8.10.1 Impact on Cultural Properties

Tanks have been playing a pivotal role in preserving the culture of a community since immemorial periods. Cultural property includes sites having archaeological (prehistoric), palaentological, historical, religious and unique natural values. Cultural properties, therefore, encompasses both remains left by previous habitants like middens, shrines and battle grounds and unique natural environmental features such as canyons and waterfalls. As per The World Bank OP 4.11, the general policy regarding cultural properties is to assist in their preservation and to seek to avoid their elimination.

These cultural aspects can be classified into three broad categories i.e.

ƒ Community-oriented ƒ Caste oriented and ƒ Individual oriented

It has been noticed that in most of the visited villages observation of traditional festivals that bring the entire village together is performed in and around the tank system. The general feeling of the communities, as perceived is that this project can contribute in enriching their traditional cultural practices surrounding which they have been performing since ages around the tank system. A detailed study on 25 tanks including potential impacts on cultural property was conducted. Based on the perception of the community, physical verification and related consultation, it can be inferred that as such there are no such cultural properties like sites having archaeological (prehistoric), palaentological, historical, religious and unique natural values.

During field visit of 25 tanks, it is also observed that there are no places of worship exist in the foreshore, within the tank and by the side of the tank. However during

62 rehabilitation of 900 tanks, care should be taken if such religious or historical structures are found on the tank area. Required appropriate measures for their conservation can be taken up with due diligence and care.

2.8.11 CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES DURING PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

OCTMP envisages rehabilitation of 900 M.I. tanks in Orissa in three different phases covering about 300 tanks in each phase. The rehabilitation of tank is the most dominant activity in the project. This will be achieved through a substantial civil engineering activity which encompasses broadly the repair and construction of earth dam, spill way including energy dissipation arrangements and head regulator structures. In distribution system there will be engineering activities in restoring canal falls, grade wall, siphons, aqueducts, outlets and tail end structures. Earth work activities will also be required to restore damaged and washed out canals.

Construction and construction activities related to tank rehabilitation basically involves;

ƒ Improper stacking of raw materials ƒ Deployment of vehicles and machineries in busy village localities ƒ Mobilization of labor force and arranging their housing in undesired areas ƒ Loss of trees and bushes ƒ Disposal of solid construction debris (solid waste)

Improper management of such activities will induce adverse environmental impacts as assessed like:

ƒ The agencies assigned with the task of tank renovation activity generally have the tendency of disposing construction debris in the nearby adjacent areas of the work site - which may block the drainage channels causing land inundation.

ƒ It is likely that the laborers borrow earth from near by areas leaving deep pockets arbitrarily. These pockets are likely to arrest water and get stagnated in due course which becomes breeding place of mosquitoes and other harmful insects.

ƒ Unhygienic labor housing camps may induce health problems in near by villages

ƒ Labourers may unscrupulously cut trees and vegetation to meet their fuel need during construction works.

ƒ An effective construction management plan may help in reducing such likely impact on environment.

***

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64 Chapter - 03

Environmental Management Framework (EMF)

3.1 Background

Environment Assessment (EA) identified 11 issues that seem to be relevant for the tank irrigation system in general. The possible impacts on each of these issues were analyzed in detail. Based on the assessment, the EA has prioritized six issues that may have some impact due to the project intervention. The study outlines the possible impacts due to these six challenges/issues and has developed a detailed management plan for each. These management plans are part of the mitigation measures that will be implemented during the project cycle. The six issues that have been prioritized are as follows:

i) Dam safety ii) Siltation and Sedimentation iii) Pest management iv) Aquatic weed v) Water logging and drainage vi) Fishery

The priority of the project has been improving tank capacity, diversifying agriculture for lowering down the load of biotic stresses, improving soil nutritional quality through a sustainable use of bio-chemical fertilizers, application of bio-agents for the management of insect pest and plant diseases for the success of environmental quality and sustainability. Interventions essentially relate to the development of appropriate tank improvement/rehabilitation system and to agricultural technologies in command areas, and the impacts are expected to be mostly positive. While the project is not likely to have any adverse environmental impacts, all possible safeguard measures for the six challenges mentioned above are integrated into the project cycle. In light of this, the project has triggered three World Bank Safeguard Policies: OP 4.01: Environment Assessment; OP 4.09: Pest Management and OP 4.37: Safety of Dams.

The EMF in brief contains issue wise mitigation measures along with an environmental management plan and a monitoring plan in line with the project cycle.

3.2 Summary of the Environmental Issues

A brief summary of the environmental issues discussed in the previous chapter is presented here in the Table 22 given below:

Table 22 Key issues and challenges identified in environment assessment

Key Issues and Challenges 1. Dam safety Embankment ƒ Cracks on crest ƒ Settlement of embankment ƒ Concavity of upstream [u/s] and down stream [d/s] slope ƒ Rain cuts, ant hills, rodent holes ƒ Displaced riprap ƒ Degraded berm of the embankment ƒ Invisible toe drains due to weed growth and covered up by soil ƒ D/S area slushy ƒ Lack of surface drainage arrangement ƒ Leakage through junctions of dam with outlet barrel and spillway

Spill way

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Key Issues and Challenges ƒ In flow hydrology ƒ Seepage and status of toe drains ƒ Cracks, leakage in spillway ƒ Inadequate spillway capacity ƒ Degraded Energy Dissipation Arrangement [EDA] ƒ Retrogression warranting undermining of parent structure

Head Regulators ƒ Leakage of water through the Head regulator gates 2. Siltation & Catchments Sedimentation ƒ Improper land use pattern in the catchments ƒ Denuded catchments ƒ Sediment load from each catchments is not calculated ƒ Development of wastelands due to lack of soil conservation practices

Foreshore and Feeder Channels ƒ Siltation of feeder channel ƒ Silted foreshore, tank proper and canal/drainage line ƒ Tank peripheral area with active gullies ƒ Silt disposal ƒ Vacant land in tank periphery

Tank Proper ƒ Heavy Siltation ƒ Reduced storage capacity

Drainage ƒ Siltation of canal/drainage line ƒ Flooding due to choked drainage/canal

Other ƒ Inadequate inter-departmental coordination ƒ Non-availability of silt disposal plan & norms 3. Pest & ƒ Non-availability of Integrated Pest Management mechanism Fertilizer ƒ Quantum of application based on crop typology Management ƒ Physical safety methods during application ƒ Ground water pollution due to heavy leaching of nitrogenous fertilizer (Nitrate pollution) ƒ Soil microbes will die resulting in deterioration of soil health ƒ Soil salinity may increase ƒ Change in soil physical structure and texture ƒ Hard pan may result in the soil surface make difficulties in intercultural operation 4. Aquatic ƒ Loss of water holding capacity of tanks Weed ƒ Affect on water quality ƒ Affect on fishery activity ƒ Breeding place for malaria parasite 5. Water Drainage Logging and ƒ Siltation of drainage channels – primary and secondary drains Drainage ƒ Improper drainage from agriculture land to natural drainage ƒ Improper gradient of primary & secondary drains

Water logging ƒ Drainage congestion ƒ Canal leakage ƒ Shallow ground water table ƒ Poor drainage system ƒ Aquatic weeds 6. Fishery ƒ Less water availability - < 6 months ƒ No or silted fish pit

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3.3 Environmental Management Plan

For addressing each of the above six issues, a detailed environmental plan has been designed and is presented hereunder. The plan includes mitigation measures, environmental management framework and monitoring and compliance mechanism.

3.3.1 Environmental management plan for dam safety

The project plans to improve the tank irrigation system. Therefore, it is likely to improve the existing earthen dams in the tank system that are at stress. The past record of minor irrigation schemes in Orissa through tank systems does not reflect any intances of reported dam safety concerns. GoO has adequate institutional mechanism in place to safeguard these dams. A dedicated dam safety unit has been formed since 1981 with an expert panel of specialists. It is the primary responsibility of the expert panel to undertake regular surveillance as per the ICOLD and CWC norms. In addition, special procedures are laid down to monitor the tanks under the OCTDM project having dam height of 10 meters and above.

Most of the tanks in Orissa are between 50 to 100 years old. There is no information available of the original design and the structural part of it. However, they do have information on the inflow hydrology. But the baseline information pertaining to seepage, past interventions on bund turfing to protect embankment, drainage status in upstream/down stream, any interventions on seepage control, seepage collected by the drainage zone beneath the upstream impervious lining, toe drain, under-drain, silt carrying capacity are lacking at present.

In view of ensuring safety of dams, the GoO has a “State Dam Safety Organisation (SDSO)” that is responsible to provide safeguard mechanism and undertake regular monitoring of dams having height of 15 meters and above. Orissa has 163 large dams (as per ICOLD classification) which come under the purview of SDSO. Of these large dams, 10 are major project dams, 45 are medium project dams and the rest 108 are dams under minor irrigation projects. The SDSO has a dam safety review panel that undertakes a detailed appraisal of dams once in ten years as per International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD) and Central Water Commission (CWC’s) dam safety norms. In case of any emergency, it has provision of providing immediate services against the request of minor irrigation department for an assessment of dam safety status; otherwise SDSO only focuses on major concrete dams.

It is important to mention here that with respect to the quality assurance for the tanks, the GoO has agreed to use this Dam Safety panel to help in active monitoring of the minor irrigation tanks covered under OCTDM project on a regular basis. More specifically, it has been agreed that the panel will help in initiating dam safety measures in case of tanks having dam height of 10 meters and above. Based on preliminary survey and identification, it appears that around 10% of the total dams are to be covered under the project (i.e. approximately 90 dams out of 900 projects to be rehabilitated under the project), which are above 10+ meter height and would require dam safety measures in which case the World Bank safety norms will be applicable. A decision has also been taken by GoO that the SDSO will be entrusted the responsibility of ensuring and initiating necessary dam safety measures for these 10% tanks under OCTDM project.

In connection to this, a detailed environmental management plan has been designed in consultation with the SDSO, WR Department and other line departments of Government of Orissa. As per the consultation, the broad procedures and components of the Dam Safety Plan shall be:

67 ƒ Assessment of condition of Embankments, Spillway or Surplus Escape and Head Regulators.

ƒ Planning of remedial measures and proposing structural / non-structural and operational procedures for safety of the dam.

ƒ Updating the framework for a basic level hazard assessment, tank strengthening measures, community awareness and mitigation and response measures to minimise any social, environmental and economic impacts of downstream areas and tanks in the system.

3.3.1.1 Existing systems and procedures followed by SDSO

The primary function of SDSO is to make Phase-I investigation of all large dams once in five years to identify expeditiously the dams which may pose hazard to human life and property. The investigation include an assessment of general conditions with respect to safety of the project based on available data, a visual inspection and determine the need for emergency measures and conclude if additional study, investigation and analysis are necessary and warranted. The Phase-II investigation is supplementary to Phase-I investigation and is conducted by SDSO when the results of Phase-I investigation indicates the need for additional in-depth study, investigation and analysis.

Apart from these two phases of investigation by SDSO, an independent panel of nine experts has been constituted during the year 2003 for safety review of dams under SDSO by the Department of Water Resources in Orissa. The nine member panel has been divided into three groups, each having three members, to inspect large dams i.e. those having 15 meter height or with 60 M m3 storage capacity. Out of 163 dams covered by the SDSO, 121 dams come under this category and liable for inspection by the expert panel. The expert panel inspects the dams once in 10 years as per the dam safety Guidelines of Central Water Commission. For each inspected dam, separate reports are prepared by the panels after visiting the dam. The existing Terms of Reference of expert panel is presented hereunder in Table 23.

Table 23 Abstract of the Terms of Reference of the existing dam safety panel (Original ToR of the existing dam safety panel is enclosed in annexure) Sl. No. Terms of Reference 1 Review of dams by the expert panel once in 10 years 2 Review of the existing and available engineering data relating to design assumptions and design of the structures, record of construction and post construction changes. 3 Review existing records of operation and performance of the dam and appurtenant structures 4 Review existing maintenance procedure 5 Review structural behavior of the dam and appurtenant structures 6 Review periodic inspection records by the project authorities. 7 It will conduct detailed field inspection and suggest remedial measures. 8 At the end of the investigation, it shall record assessment of safety of the dams and need for additional studies/investigation

3.3.1.2 Procedures and systems agreed by SDSO for covering dams under OCTDM project

In consultation with the SDSO, WR Department and other line departments, the following procedures and systems have been agreed for the coverage of 10% tanks (of the 900 tanks to be rehabilitated under OCTDM project) by SDSO.

(i) Reconstitution of dam safety review panels: As per the present arrangement, the panel consists of 9 members, which has been divided into 3 groups having three members each. As per the new arrangement, three

68 more members will be appointed for a period of 5 to 6 months in a year and they will be included in the panel for catering to assess the dam safety requirements of selected dams under OCTDM project. As per the suggestion of SDSO these three members will be basically:

- One Hydrologists - One Geologists - One Mechanical Engineer

(ii) Appointment of an Assistant Engineer for coordinating dam safety initiatives: It has been agreed by WR Department and SDSO that one Assistant Engineer (Civil) will be recruited and appointed for a period of five years at SDSO for coordinating the overall dam safety mitigation measures initiated for the selected tanks under OCTDM project. The Assistant Engineer will also be responsible for coordinating among OCTDMS, MI department and SDSO. A person having prior experience and required qualification will be recruited for the same by January 2008.

(iii) Organizing state level workshop for developing concrete dam safety measures: It has been felt that the systems, practices and guidelines followed by SDSO require revisit by various concerned stakeholders. Hence, a decision has been taken with SDSO to organize a state level workshop to revisit the systems, guidelines and monitoring parameters followed by SDSO more specifically its expert panel.

(iv) Capacity building of expert panel members: Apart from organizing a state level workshop, specific initiative will be taken by SDSO for organizing training and exposure visit of expert panel members including the new three members prior to the start of the project.

(v) Checklist for monitoring of dam safety: In consultation with SDSO and other line departments, a detailed checklist has been developed for the expert panel to do the monitoring and evaluation of dam safety (for tank and ancillary works). The details are as given hereunder:

A. Embankment Structures

(a) Settlement: The embankments and downstream toe areas should be examined for any evidence of localized or overall settlement, depressions or sink holes.

(b) Slope Stability: Embankment slopes should be examined for irregularities in alignment and variances from smooth uniform slopes, unusual changes from original crest alignment and elevation, evidence of movement at or beyond the toe, and surface cracks which indicate movement.

(c) Seepage: The downstream face and toes, contact with structures, and the downstream valley areas should be examined for evidence of existing or past seepage. The sources of seepage should be investigated to determine cause and potential severity to dam safety under all operating conditions. Increase or decrease trend of seepage should be monitored. The presence of animal burrows and tree growth on slopes should be examined.

(d) Drainage: Signs of water logging, slushy condition, and standing pool downstream of the dam should be monitored. Conditions of cross drains and out fall drain should be reported.

(e) Slope protection: The slope protection should be examined for erosion, formed gullies and wave-formed notches and benches that have reduced the embankment cross-section or exposed less wave resistant materials. The adequacy of Slope protection against waves, currents, and surface run-off

69 that may occur at the site should be evaluated. The condition of vegetative cover should be evaluated where pertinent.

B. Spillway structures

(a) Spillway: The spillway should be examined to pass the revised designed flood flow. The Leakage through junctions with dam, leakage through the body of spillway, Cracks, peeling of plaster should be noted.

(b) Stilling Basin (Energy Dissipaters): Stilling basins should be examined for scour or erosion which may create or present a potential hazard to the safety of the dam. The existing condition of the channel downstream of the stilling basin should be determined.

(c) Down stream [D/S] Channel: Channel immediately downstream should be examined for conditions for safe passage of flood discharge.

C. Outlet work

The structure and all features should be examined for any condition which may impose operational constraints on the outlet works. Entrances to intake structures and outlet channel should be examined for conditions such as silt or debris accumulation which may reduce the discharge capabilities of the outlet works. The interior surfaces of conduits should be examined for erosion, corrosion, cavitations, cracks, joint separation and leakage at cracks or joints.

D. Safety and performance instrumentation

Instruments which have been installed to measure behavior of the structures should be examined for proper functioning. The available records and readings of the installed instruments should be reviewed to detect unusual performance or distress of the structure.

(vi) Monitoring by dam safety review panel: As per the CWC guidelines the expert panel under SDSO does inspection of each dam once in every ten years. However, for OCTDM project it has been decided that the dams under the project will be inspected in every alternative year. The following Terms of Reference (ToR) will be followed by the dam safety review panel:

Terms of Reference for dam safety review panel - Inspection will be done in every alternative year - Both pre-monsoon and post-monsoon inspection will be undertaken for each of the dams covered under the project. - In the pre-monsoon, the review panel will assess the tanks with regard to dam safety and suggest the Executive Engineers to take appropriate measures at the time of rehabilitating the tanks. - Then in the post-monsoon period, the inspection team will again do the inspection of the same dam and assess the construction work of tanks undertaken in the project according to the dam safety norms. - After each monitoring visit, the dam safety review panel will prepare a report and submit the same to OCTDMS at the state level and DPU at the district level for compliance of the suggestions and recommendations made in the report. - Also the dam safety panel will submit the report to World Bank particularly for tanks above 15+ meters of height.

Checklist for dam safety expert panel for monitoring & review

A. Earth Dam

70 1. Down stream drainage [Toe drains, cross drains and freely drains 2. Surface drainage of down stream slope 3. Seepage measurement 4. Crest of earth dam 5. Upstream and down stream slopes 6. Junction earth work with masonry / concrete dam / abutting hills 7. Relief walls

B. Masonry, concrete dam, spill way

1. Up stream and down stream faces 2. Energy dissipation arrangements 3. Walls – guide walls / divide walls / return walls

C. Outlets

1. The Candit 2. The well 3. Walls 4. Gates

D. Access road/s

(vii) Budget allocation for dam safety review panel: As per preliminary estimation with SDSO, OCDTDMS and WR department, approximately an amount of Rs. 1, 00,000/- per tank will be allocated towards monitoring and surveillance expenses of dam safety review panel.

(viii) Tank Structures require normal monitoring and maintenance: Settlement at top, crack, rodent holes and ant hills should be attended immediately. Restoration of pitching when disturbed, removal of debris, weeds, plants and bushes in u/s and d/s slopes, repair of gullies and turfing in d/s slope, repair and cleaning of transverse and longitudinal drains, toe drains and outfall drains should be taken up as and when observed. Repair of HR gates, its seats, greasing of screw gear and other hydro mechanical part should be done regularly.

Do’s and Don’t of Normal Monitoring system

Do’s

1. Operation and Maintenance should be carried out through Pani Panchayat 2. Incase of any emergency the matter should be reported to the nearest project official 3. The stockpile of emergency materials (like sand, chips, metals and stone etc) should be maintained. 4. Flow over crest of spillway should be recorded. 5. Settlement at top, crack, rodent holes and ant hills should be attended immediately. 6. Restoration of pitching when disturbed, removal of debris, weeds, plants and bushes in u/s and d/s slopes, repair of gullies and turfing in d/s slope, repair and cleaning of transverse and longitudinal drains, toe drains and outfall drains should be taken up as and when observed 7. Repair of HR gates, its seals, greasing of screw gear and other hydro mechanical part should be done.

Don’t

1. No excavation should be carried within ten times the maximum height of retention from toe of dam. 2. Cattle grazing should be avoided in the embankment. 3. No obstruction should be created in the feeder channel or approach to spillway and spill channel.

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(ix) Monitoring parameter during emergency: Severe cyclonic storm or depressions lying in the tank zone may lead to occurrence of severe flood in the nala or river. In such a situation, villagers can keep themselves alert and if equipped well, they can monitor certain dam safety parameters. Involving community in dam safety is an innovative thinking and for the purpose parameters to be monitored by the local villagers could be prepared in shape of a handbook in vernacular language i.e. Oriya and community can be trained before hand on the specified monitoring parameters. The rate of flow of seepage water from dam should be recorded at the outfall channel. The stockpile of emergency materials [like sand, chips, metals and stone etc.] should be maintained. Action to be taken in emergency should be printed in Oriya language and available to the user group.

Emergency Action Plan [EAP]: An exclusive plan needs to be prepared to meet the emergency requirements called “Emergency Action Plan” encompassing inundation maps for maximum spillway flood in case of dam breach and preparedness plan for the emergency. Upon finding a hazardous condition that could lead to a dam breach or upon discovering a potential dam breach or dam breach in progress, the project authority shall issue dam breach warnings to inhabitants in areas immediately downstream of the dam.

Communication strategy: In case, in any of the parameters outlined above are observed related to tank / dam safety, it needs to be communicated immediately to the engineering / concerned authorities and for that following outlined procedures may be adopted.

- Selection of Nodal Officer – The president of the Pani Panchayat or a senior member may be designated as the “Nodal Officer” under whom the local monitoring unit will inspect the dam / tank round the clock during emergency.

- Once the emergency indicators are observed the nodal officer will intimate the status of the dam to the Junior Engineer / Asst Engineer / Executive Engineer for taking immediate redressal measures arising out of the distress situation of the dam.

- The training module / workshop will be conducted to demonstrate the factors which will relate to emergency situation and preparedness of the stakeholders to combat the emergency.

(x) Indicators of possible hazard, mitigation measures and safety impact:

Table 24 Indicators of possible hazard, mitigation measures and safety impact Sl. Indicators Mitigation measures Environmental / No responsible for Economic Impact possible hazard 1 Settlement Renovation with proper Overtopping may cause compaction dam failure flooding of D/S, loss of property 1 Cracks on Crest Treatment of cracked Moderate portion 2 Concavity of u/s Restoration of design Moderate

Embankment Embankment and d/s slope section 3 Rain cuts, ant hills, Ant termite treatment Moderate rodent holes ,repair of rain cuts 4 Displaced riprap Repacking of riprap Erosion of u/s face. 5 Degraded berm of Restoration of design Moderate the embankment section

72 6 Toe drains are Clearing of chocked Moderate invisible due to drains and leading to weed growth and outfall drains covered up by soil 7 D/S area slushy Provide cross drainage Moderate arrangement and investigate the cause. 8 Lack of surface Restoration of surface Moderate drainage drains arrangement 9 Leakage through The leakage source Moderate junctions of dam should be cleaned, with outlet barrel barrels should be made and spillway leak proof. 10 Cracks, leakage in Repair of damages Loss of storage spillway 11 Inadequate spillway Increase length of Overtopping may cause capacity spillway dam failure flooding of D/S, loss of property 12 Degraded Energy Repair of degraded Erosion of D/S channel Dissipation portion Spillway Arrangement(EDA) 13 Retrogression Retrogression should be Undermining of parent warranting arrested by suitable structure undermining of structure parent structure 14 leakage of water Gates should be Loss of storage through the Head repaired/replaced along regulator gates with replacement of seals, provision of restraining arrangements for screw

Head Head Regulators gar rods

73 3.3.1.3 Environmental Management Framework for Dam Safety

Environmental Key Mitigation Stages of the project Responsibility challenge Challenges Measures Identification Pre- Planning Implementation Post- Primary Secondary Tertiary phase Planning phase phase implementation Phase phase Embankment Settlement of Strengthening of √ √ DPU DSP SPU embankment embankment by approved engineering methods based on recommendation of expert panel. Cracks on Repair of cracks √ √ DPU DSP SPU crest on crest as per standard procedure of excavating V- trench and back filling with compaction to check entry of water through the crack. Concavity of Restore slope to √ √ DPU DSP SPU upstream designed profile [u/s] and by earthwork in down stream benching or with [d/s] slope stone riprap depending on depth of concavity. Rain cuts, ant Repair of rain- √ √ DPU DSP SPU hills, rodent cuts by back holes filling. Remove ant hills and rodent holes up- to the root and back fill with

74 Environmental Key Mitigation Stages of the project Responsibility challenge Challenges Measures Identification Pre- Planning Implementation Post- Primary Secondary Tertiary phase Planning phase phase implementation Phase phase suitable earth laid in layers duly compacted. White ant treatment to be adopted when problem is wide spread. Displaced Removing and √ √ DPU DSP SPU riprap repacking of stone riprap with supply of stone as necessary. Degraded Longitudinal √ √ DPU DSP SPU berm of the slope may be embankment constructed in the berm location, leading to slope drains. Turfing may be adopted where ever required. Invisible toe Weed growth be √ √ DPU DSP SPU drains due to cleaned by weed growth uprooting. The and covered choked toe up by soil drains be cleaned of all earth deposit by removing and repacking. Graded filter below the drains need be replaced. D/S area Excavate √ √ DPU DSP SPU

75 Environmental Key Mitigation Stages of the project Responsibility challenge Challenges Measures Identification Pre- Planning Implementation Post- Primary Secondary Tertiary phase Planning phase phase implementation Phase phase slushy drainage to drain out the area. If required filter drains may be provided.

Lack of Construct √ √ DPU DSP SPU surface shallow earthen/ drainage masonry drains arrangement to drain out the area. Leakage Serious matter. √ √ DPU DSP SPU through The leakage junctions of path to be dam with investigated outlet barrel opened out and and spillway sealed with fresh earth work laid and compacted in suitable layers. Proper bonding with masonry structure to be ensured.

Spillway Cracks, Cracks need to √ √ DPU DSP SPU leakage in be sealed with spillway cement or epoxy. Source of leakage to be located and same sealed by grouting. Inadequate Additional length √ √ DPU DSP SPU spillway of spillway to be

76 Environmental Key Mitigation Stages of the project Responsibility challenge Challenges Measures Identification Pre- Planning Implementation Post- Primary Secondary Tertiary phase Planning phase phase implementation Phase phase capacity provided. Encroachment of free board for some extent for short duration may be allowed. Raising of height of the dam to cater to the increased maximum water level may be required. Degraded Restoration of √ √ DPU DSP SPU Energy the energy Dissipation dissipation Arrangement arrangement by [EDA] suitable repair. Retrogression In specific cases √ √ DPU DSP SPU warranting additional drop undermining walls may be of parent constructed in structure the spill channel. Cut off walls may be constructed to check retrogation/ undermining.

Head Leakage of Repair/ √ √ DPU DSP SPU Regulators water through replacement of the Head gates. regulator gates

77 3.3.2 Environmental Management Plan for Siltation and Sedimentation

Siltation has been a common problem associated with all minor and major irrigation schemes in India as well as in Orissa. This complex phenomenon has been attributed to many factors which may or may not be related to irrigation sector only. It is mostly governed by parameters such as type of catchment areas, intensity and duration of rainfall, vegetation, type of soil cover, type of land use practices, etc. While it is difficult for this project to address all such issues, the project has made an attempt to reduce the silt load in the tank reservoir area in order to ensure sustainable tank irrigation in the state.

Review of available secondary information and field examination reveal that sedimentation takes place in M.I. tanks in various degrees as most of the tanks are either on natural drains or on natural depression. Catchments of most tanks are reserve forest areas with undulating terrains and are subject to various form of degradation such as large scale deforestation, encroachment for agriculture and lack of catchment treatment interventions. Siltation in the tank bed and in the feeder canal has been a major concern for the Minor Irrigation Department as 30% of the state irrigation supply comes from Tank systems (Sate Remote Sensing Application Centre, 2005). Sediments deposited mainly consist of silt, clay and have smaller percentage of particles coarser than 0.075mm. Though sediment deposition has occurred in the reservoir, it has not caused any reported, serious damage to the tank bed and embankment, except reducing the storage capacity to sometimes as high as 50% of the capacity. At the same time, the net impact of the overall percolation rate in tank reservoir on the groundwater recharge due to sedimentation is yet to be documented.

According to “Compendium on silting of reservoirs in India” published by Central Water Commission (CWC) in 2001, for Region 3 i.e. east flowing rivers in Orissa region, the estimated sediment load is 6.35 Ha m / 100 sq. km / year. However, in connection to tank irrigation systems there is as such no baseline information available to know the rate of sedimentation. Most importantly, the original tank design and structural part of it is not available as most of the tanks were constructed by the royals or landlords or temple administrations in Orissa. Hence, it is difficult to identify the exact dead storage and live storage level of the tanks which creates problem in quantifying the sedimentation deposit especially in the tank proper. So far, the MI department has not taken any steps to find out the sedimentation rate and come out with a detail silt disposal plan. Accordingly, so far no action has been taken by the department to dispose the same.

3.3.2.1 Immediate Catchment area Management Plan

Immediate catchments area management plan is one of the aspects associated with sedimentation prevention and management. As it is clear that most of the tanks are on natural drains or on natural depression therefore, catchment areas of the tanks are large in size and are not defined. Therefore, the entire catchments treatment as preventive mechanism is costly and cannot be fully addressed under the project. Because of complex nature of catchment, it cannot be undertaken by any single department or under any limited budget. For major and medium projects the CWC recommends only peripheral treatment to reduce direct entry of sediment to the reservoirs. Accordingly, treatment in periphery of M.I. tanks as well as areas in the vicinity of feeder channel can be undertaken by various engineering and non-engineering measures.

Treatment measures

ƒ Areas where large number of gullies has developed and retrogation is fast, adoption of engineering measures seems more suitable. In such type of catchments, a number of check dams can be constructed along with contour bunds, boulder checks and peripheral trench. This will help to restrict the flow of run off and tank sedimentation process.

ƒ Catchments treatment under non-engineering measures can encompass vegetative bunds and plantation activities near the peripheral area of tanks for reduction of sediment entry into the tanks. The vegetative barriers are low cost intervention measures and are encouraged for planting with soil binding grass varieties like Vertebra, Sabai grass etc.

ƒ The feeder channel up to 500m / 1000m (to be decided by OCTDMS) need to be made free by de-silting and de-weeding for smooth flow of water into the tank. In the de-silting

78 process, the feeder channel section is to be restored with proper gradient so that the inflow into the tank is optimized.

ƒ To arrest silt flow into the tank, different other suitable activities can be taken up like silt trap and trench all along the boundary of the tank connected with watershed management.

ƒ Planting of suitable plant species along the border of the trench in a scientific manner could be planned under participatory management approach.

ƒ The foreshore area has to be intensively treated with afforestation by planting suitable local plant species. In addition, some common lands available adjacent to the tank need to be treated with biotic measures.

Bringing in inter-departmental collaboration and coordination would be of required help especially with the Horticulture Department to select suitable species, as well as making available of common local species for plantation depending on their expected survival rate under local climatic condition. In the catchments area of some tanks, it is observed that Orissa Watershed Development Mission [OWDM] has launched watershed program. As, objectively watershed development also thrusts upon the same dimension, fostering functional and operational linkage can be thought of between OCTDMS and OWDM to harness optimum benefit.

Table No. 25 Summary of immediate catchments treatment measures Sl. No. Location Activities 1 Tank Feeder channel De-silting, De-weeding, Restoration of channel section (500mts-1000 mts) 2 Tank Foreshore Treatment Silt trap, peripheral trench Plantation with suitable species 3 Tank peripheral area with Engineering intervention like check dams. Boulder checks, problems like active gully gully plugs etc. formations Non – Engineering measures like vegetative barrier 4 Vacant land & in tank Plantation through Horticulture Department and associating periphery NGOs and SHGs (women groups).

Implementation strategy

Implementation of activities under Engineering and Non-Engineering measures can be suitably taken up by the Technical Unit at DPU (EE). Local non-government agencies / organizations [NGOs], existing women Self Help Groups (SHGs) and other local community organizations / institutions can be identified and selected by the stakeholders under the Pani Panchayat norms to undertake various activities like plantation, watch and ward etc. making use of their best capacity. All such collaborative initiatives need to be monitored by DPU with the support of experts of Horticulture department for ensuring optimum plant survival rate and proper growth of species.

3.3.2.2 De-siltation and Disposal Plan

Of the total studied sample tanks, most tanks have siltation problem ranging from low to higher degree and requiring de-siltation in order to bring an incremental growth in the present water retaining capacity of the tanks. The extent of required de-siltation and its quantification can be decided on the basis of Hydrology study and related recommendations after due approval by the technical committee of OCTDMS. However, the de-siltation process can cover broadly two specific areas i.e. [1] tanks with diversion weirs and [2] tanks with storage.

ƒ Tanks with diversion weirs: In case of M.I. tanks with diversion weir where the upstream pond has been silted-up to a relatively higher degree require de-silting on priority basis to make the tank operational. Secondly, de-silting of diversion weir tanks having moderate to medium silt also require to be taken up as subsequent priority based on “tank treatment schedule’. During preparation of “tank treatment schedule” this aspect needs to be considered and priority of treatment can be fixed and phased accordingly.

79 ƒ Tanks with storage: To achieve design storage, the tank bed de-siltation can be undertaken in a phased manner according to an agreed upon schedule. However, it is of utmost importance to monitor de-siltation activities in a regular manner as it has some relevance to the safety of the structure. Removal of silt by mechanized methods like deployment of excavators / poclains etc. need to be supervised by the engineering personnel as because a safe distance has to be maintained from the body of the dam, spill way and head regulator conforming to the safety guidelines.

Steps for silt disposal plan:

The sediment disposal is an important activity in the overall de-siltation process which needs proper planning, appropriate care and effective scheduling. The following are some of the important steps need to be undertaken with regard to the same:

Step 1: Identification of silted areas and assessment of the quantum of silt to be disposed.

Step 2: Testing of silt – It is crucial for the project to do the silt testing before disposing the silt. Silt testing will provide information on the quality of silt particularly whether it has any agriculture productive / construction value / strengthening embankment value or due to high dry density and sand content, it can be only disposed into open / natural depression areas.

Step 3: Based on silt quality testing, the next step (i.e. decision on disposal of the silt) can be taken up. Broadly, two important methods can be adopted for disposal of silt viz. disposing the silt with utility/nutritive value and disposing the silt with no utility/nutritive value. The processes or steps to be followed for each of the two methods of silt disposal are given hereunder:

Steps for disposing silt with utility/nutritive value

(i) Identification of silt disposal sites: The silt with utility/nutritive value can be disposed or used for four different purposes viz. - using in the agriculture field of farmers - using for tank bund or embankment strengthening - using for road construction or strengthening - dumping the excess silts in a place which is away from the tank periphery and free from habitation

(ii) Consent of farmers for disposing silts in their agriculture field: Silt is an important input for improving soil fertility and physical status of degraded rain-fed soils, adequately established by abundant indigenous experience of farmers. This would be a significant contribution in improvement of the environmental qualities like improving soil biota. However, before conveyance to agricultural field, the following steps should be taken-up: - Sensitization and mobilization of farmers for application of nutritive silt through effective engagement of Support Agency and Pani Panchayat - Proper documentation with farmers about the quantum of silt to be used by each of them (a format needs to be developed to get endorsement by farmers on quantum of silt to be used/taken by each of them) - Preparing plan along with contractor and farmers for conveyance of silt to the agriculture land

(iii) Similar plans to be developed for application of silts for tank bund or embankment strengthening and road construction

(iv) A plan also needs to be developed for dumping the remaining or excess silts. The dumping site can be designated as “silt bank” or “silt tank”. Primarily the disposal site has to be carefully identified based on proper mapping of the locality and identification of suitable place accordingly in order to avoid untoward situation at the disposal site.

(v) According to the plan, either the contractor or the individual farmer (with their own conveyance) can be engaged or mobilized to dispose the silt for various purposes.

80

Steps for disposing silt with no utility/nutritive value

(i) Identification of silt disposal sites: Special attention needs to be given especially for disposing the silt with no utility/nutritive value. In this regard, the first step would be to identify disposal sites particularly the naturally depressed land for dumping the silt. The district administration (District Collector and Revenue Department) need to be consulted to find out the naturally depressed land for disposal.

(ii) Necessary documentation should be done by the Executive Engineer of MI department with the district administration for disposal of silts in the naturally depressed land.

(iii) If the same land is beyond one kilometer distance from the tank site, the EE must work out plan and budget for conveyance of silt by the contractor to the dumping site.

(iv) Accordingly, the contractor can be engaged to dump the silts in the identified naturally depressed land.

(v) Most importantly, the project needs to take precautionary measures especially to see that the same silt should not be used for application in the agriculture field, tank embankment strengthening and road construction. In this regard, the EE along with Support Agency and Pani Panchayat do regular monitoring and compliance with the contractors for proper disposal of silts.

In the above prescribed process, the entire system of de-siltation and its disposal will come under the silt disposal management framework. While, the cost of de-siltation could be borne under the approved / to be approved budgetary provisions of OCTDMS, the cost of conveyance can be transferred to principal beneficiary i.e. the farming community. In the de-siltation process, OCTDMS may get some benefit by disposing non-nutirtive silt to various other infrastructure development projects or areas and this can give some additional income to the users group. Private builders, local contractors who can use this sediment for their respective works can also be roped in.

81 3.3.2.3 Environments Management Framework for silt disposal

Environmental Key Mitigation Stages of the project Responsibility challenge Challenges Measures Identification Pre- Planning Implementation Post- Primary Secondary Tertiary phase Planning phase phase implementation Phase phase

Sedimentation Catchments Improper land Afforestation √ √ DPU SO WUA use pattern in and the plantation of catchments soil binding species Denuded Catchments √ √ DPU SO WUA catchments area treatment with emphasis on soil conservation measures Sediment load Mechanism of √ √ DPU SO WUA from each sediment catchments is estimation not calculated using latest methods Development Reclamation √ √ DPU SO WUA of wastelands of waste due to lack of lands with soil emphasis on conservation gully practices plugging, contour bounding and afforestation.

Foreshore and Siltation of De-silting and √ √ DPU SO WUA Feeder feeder de-weeding

82 Environmental Key Mitigation Stages of the project Responsibility challenge Challenges Measures Identification Pre- Planning Implementation Post- Primary Secondary Tertiary phase Planning phase phase implementation Phase phase Channels channel of feeder channel Silted Tank √ √ DPU SO WUA foreshore, peripheral tank proper area and treatment canal/drainage with soil line binding species and plantations Tank Gully √ √ DPU SO WUA peripheral plugging and area with development active gullies of vegetative barriers Vacant land in Plantation √ √ DPU SO WUA tank periphery development

Tank Proper Heavy Estimation of √ √ DPU DSP WUA Siltation silt deposition in the tank bed and quality assessment for its usefulness to de-silt Reduced De-silting with √ √ DPU WUA storage the consent capacity from the stakeholders and identification of suitable site for sit disposal in

83 Environmental Key Mitigation Stages of the project Responsibility challenge Challenges Measures Identification Pre- Planning Implementation Post- Primary Secondary Tertiary phase Planning phase phase implementation Phase phase consultation with district administration

Drainage Siltation of De-weeding, √ √ DPU WUA canal/drainage de-silting line followed by re-sectioning Flooding due De-weeding, √ √ DPU WUA to choked de-silting drainage/canal followed by re-sectioning

Other Inadequate Develop an √ √ √ √ √ SPU DPU WUA inter- effective departmental inter- coordination departmental coordination mechanism Non- Prepare √ √ √ SPU DPU DSP availability of guidelines for silt disposal de-silting and plan & norms silt disposal

84 3.3.3 Environmental Management Plan for Pest management

3.3.3.1 Integrated pest management plan

Orissa has the lowest consumption of the fertilizer and pesticides. However, this has not been a factor for the project to develop an IPM/IPNM strategy. As it is observed, the use of Plant Protection Chemicals (PPC) is relatively low in the command area of study tanks when compared to the state and national averages. But with the renovation of tanks, the irrigation capacity of the tanks is expected to increase in future which in due course may promote intensification of agriculture followed by increase in application of pesticides. This may attract Integrated Pest Management (IPM) activities in the project area with the scale up of farming activities.

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a set of approved techniques scientifically devised for application of pesticides in the farms. IPM replaces use of some pesticides promoting bio-control agents and also physical interventions so as to reduce the non-point source of water bodies affected by pesticides. It is normally knowledge intensive and requires extensive interaction among the farmers in collaboration with research institution and appropriate government agencies.

3.3.3.2 IPM Promotion Strategies In tank command

IPM promotion strategies need in some cases intensive execution mode with regular inputs while some other requires periodic intervention during different cropping seasons.

To begin with IPM, it is important to build up the knowledge base of farming community emphasizing advantages and dis-advantages of IPM. Along with this, farmer’s awareness and understanding need to be upgraded on health hazards of misuse and mishandling of PPC. For the purpose of building their understanding and knowledge base, in-house and outside trainings can be organized in a phased manner for proper handling, usage, storage and proper disposal of containers of PPC. Along with this, awareness also needs to be developed about efficacy and advantages of eco-friendly alternatives of chemical pesticides like bio-pesticides [Neem based products etc.].

Improved information dissemination and knowledge sharing on pesticides application methods, chemical pesticides related health hazards, IPM use and related common trends would help the farmers to enrich their understanding on the subject. These aspects could be included in the proposed training module under capacity building schedule suggested for the project. Along with training, field demonstration related to the use of IPM techniques and practices will have a relatively better impact on farmers as farmers can get themselves involved directly and it would be a “learning by doing” exercise for them.

Wide propagation of organic farming would normally include organising experience based sharing workshops with successful organic farmers to discuss the process they followed and its outcome, productive linkage with organisations working for promotion of organic farming and thirdly building market linkages for organically produced fruits, vegetables and food grains. This needs to be addressed as part of implementation strategy in a comprehensive manner.

Apart from biotic way of pest management, certain traditional pest management practices can be explored through farmers to farmer extension support services and participatory technology development and can be propagated elsewhere in the tank command area. Development and circulation of promotional materials like that of IEC [information, education and communication] materials, dissemination of IPM through field demonstrations, canvassing through extension personnel and NGOs etc. are some of the other strategies the project can take up for promoting integrated pest management. Provision of incentives to the progressive farmers or farmer’s collectives as well as traders for promoting use of bio-pesticides could be another area of intervention.

85 3.3.3.3 Policy and Regulatory Framework

After the realization of harmful effect of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, the Government of India as well as the State Government is now emphasizing upon to discourage the use of hazardous PPC and to promote the use of environmental friendly techniques dovetailed with IPM, encourages the use of botanicals, pheromones, bio-control agents and microbial pesticides. Some category of pesticides have already banned for use and some even for production. The Prevention of Food Adulteration [PFA] act is another policy tool which regulates the quality of food products manufactured, sold and consumed in India [under this act, pesticides are noted contaminants and are defined as harmful to human health]. The farmers should be sensitized about the current regime of pesticide and chemical use.

3.3.3.4 Institutional support & Capacity Building

There are many state and national level institutes that are involved with teaching, research and extension aspects of IPM program. The National Center for Integrated Pest Management has a mandate to develop and promote IPM technologies for major crops to sustain higher crop yields with minimum adverse ecological implications. The Orissa University of Agricultural and Technology (OUAT), Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK), State agricultural farms, Central Rice Research Institute (CRRI) and NGOs are the leading training and orientation institutions and they need to be associated with the project. Besides the state government provides expertise through well trained professionals under the Department of Agriculture and Horticulture who can also impart training on IPM techniques. So, it is important for the project to bring the prevailing institutional expertise to the fold of the project by devising an appropriate collaborative mechanism with such departments and institutions. Inter-departmental coordination / collaboration arrangements may be framed by the project at appropriate level for the purpose.

3.3.3.5 Fertilizer application and its Management

A suitable nutrient management is achievable by promoting “precision farming” or “site specific farm management practices”. The precision farming technology allows the farmers to fine tune the application of fertilizers according to the need and conditions of the field. Precision in nutrient management aims at optimization of nutrient resources and increasing the nutrient use efficiency through various means like soil testing, balanced application of primary, secondary and micro nutrients, proper placement of fertilizers, water management, pest management, maintenance of optimum plant density, conjunctive use of bio manures, bio fertilizers and crop residue etc. Based on soil and other conditions, location specific fertilizer recommendations along with time, method and source of nutrient application for various crops are prescribed by the State Agricultural Universities and State Department of Agriculture. More precise nutrient recommendations could be made available for the individual farmers based on soil testing results of their fields. Adoption of Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) practices will be more useful in maintaining soil health and sustaining agriculture in long run. Imbalanced application of plant nutrients is uneconomical and undesirable. Therefore, nutrient applications should be properly worked out, timed and done with utmost precision considering various factors like soil, crop, moisture, weather etc. The desired management practices, defined here by, can be achieved through certain promotional measures such as;

ƒ Awareness creation on negative impacts connected to over use of chemical fertilizers / pesticides

ƒ Building farmers understanding on the importance of soil testing and optimizing the fertilizer dosing. It is to be decided on the basis of agro-climatic zones, crops cultivated as well as taking in to consideration the seasonal specification and its influence.

ƒ Training of farmers on the method, dose and time of application of fertilizers.

ƒ Orientation of the farmers on ratio of fertilizers to be used for a particular type of crop and also the time of its application.

ƒ Promoting use of bio- fertilizers to avoid negative impacts caused due to excess use of chemical fertilizers.

86 ƒ Training the farmers about proper way of preparing Farm Yard Manure (FYM)

The project, in close coordination with the Agricultural department and Orissa University of Agricultural Technology (OUAT) should successfully demonstrate the importance of organic farming to the selected farmers at selected sites. It is important for the project to spread these lab lessons to wider areas of tank user community by covering more number of farmers under organic farming promotion strategy. Efficient coordination with line departments, frequent interactive workshops with successful organic farmers, exposure visits, exhibitions, linkages with stores and agencies of certification, effective development and dissemination of communication material etc., are some of the important measures for the project to focus on.

Action Points

Action points, relevant contextually and beneficial environmentally may be thought of adopting in the tank sites for appropriate fertiliser and pest management. Steps to be taken may incorporate the following basics.

ƒ Test of the soil samples in nearest laboratory; motivating farmers / group of farmers for soil testing by providing support for collection, transportation and testing at subsidized rate. This will help in selection of proper fertilizer with proper dosing.

ƒ Obtaining necessary expert advice for selection of fertilizer doses and application schedule through agriculture extension officers.

ƒ Extending necessary support for procurement of fertilizer at subsidized rate from Govt programme.

ƒ Maintaining the ratio of chemical fertiliser and bio-fertilizer in field application.

Table No. 26 Fertilizer application and Management plan S.No. Component Mechanism Responsibilities 1 Awareness to farmers on Selecting institution/s in each OCTDMS / DPU for soil health, nutrient district at suitable nodal centres organizing the training supplementation and and preparing course nutrient removal for Organize training with the help of module in vernacular different crops agricultural experts. language 2 Testing soil samples in Collection of samples from OCTDMS / DPU in nearest laboratory agricultural field covering the consultation with entire village agricultural research organizations Testing of soil samples at the laboratories.

Consultation with agricultural experts for suitable fertilizer and its dosage. 3 On farm demonstration Field demonstration for OCTDMS / DPU in on use of organic developing backyard composting consultation with manures techniques for its use as bio agricultural research fertilizers organizations

Promoting vermin composting

87 3.3.3.6 Environmental management framework for pest management

Environmental Key Mitigation Stages of the project Responsibility challenge Challenges Measures Identification Pre- Planning Implementation Post- Primary Secondary Tertiary phase Planning phase phase implementation Phase phase

Fertilizer / Non- Awareness √ √ Pesticide availability of creation on Integrated integrated Pest pest Management management. mechanism Quantum of Awareness √ √ application creation on based on integrated crop typology pest management. Physical Application of √ √ safety Neem coated methods urea during application Use of incubated urea under deep water conditions

Super granules of urea to be used Ground water Reduce √ √ pollution due nitrogen split to heavy application leaching of nitrogenous Timely fertilizer application (Nitrate with organic pollution) manures

88 Environmental Key Mitigation Stages of the project Responsibility challenge Challenges Measures Identification Pre- Planning Implementation Post- Primary Secondary Tertiary phase Planning phase phase implementation Phase phase

Encouraging use of organic nitrogen fertilizers Soil microbes Practicing √ √ will die proper resulting in combination deterioration of bio- of soil health fertilizers in manure schedule Soil salinity Balance √ √ may increase fertilizer application with high amount of organic manure Change in Encourage √ √ soil physical use of bio- structure and fertilizer and texture organic manure

Monitor soil pH periodically with use of proper soil amendments

Recycling of crop residue

Promotion of

89 Environmental Key Mitigation Stages of the project Responsibility challenge Challenges Measures Identification Pre- Planning Implementation Post- Primary Secondary Tertiary phase Planning phase phase implementation Phase phase crop rotation with legumes

Application of green manure and bio- fertiliser Hard pan Practice deep √ √ may result in tillage using the soil appropriate surface make tillage difficulties in instruments intercultural which can operation penetrate deep in to the soil.

90 3.3.4 Environmental Management Plan for Aquatic Weeds

The growth of aquatic plants in tank system reduces the efficiency of the system and creates related impact on BOD, water congestion, feeding opportunities for aquaculture. Having visited 25 sample tanks, it appears that Ipomoea seemed to be a dominant aquatic weed in the state. Keeping this in mind, an appropriate mitigation strategy has been developed to reduce the load of aquatic weed and ensure that its regeneration is checked considerably. The OCTDMS through “Pani Panchayat” can judiciously choose approved and recommended interventions and mitigating measures on case to case basis. Apart from tank proper, in general, the aquatic weed also creates problem in canals which in all cases can be handled by manual, chemical and biological control methods.

3.3.4.1 Feeder channel, canals and Drainage channels

Manual control: This can be handled in small streams & channels by deploying labour to cut plant support by manual means. Hand tool devised for the system can also be used.

Chemical Method: Herbicides are powerful tools in aquatic plant management. Herbicides are potentially more thorough and sometimes long lasting. Chemical control methods can be applied effectively and safely with a solid understanding of the chemistry and biology of the ecosystem with required guidance of an expert. In the tank where pisciculture is to be developed, fisheries experts need to be consulted about its use and dosage to nullify its effect on the fish species.

3.3.4.2 Tank proper

Mechanical control: Mechanical means of control is one of the suitable methods for de-weeding. For this, a wide variety of harvesting machinery is available on the market. The equipment is usually mounted on a boat or on a tractor that operates from the bank or from the shore. Dredging is a mechanical method that not only harvests the plant material but also removes the underground material of rooted plants and seeds. This provides an important advantage over other mechanical methods, because removal of roots, rhizomes, and other plant propagules causes a delay in regeneration of the weed. Unfortunately, even dredging can leave enough plant propagules behind for subsequent quick growth. Physical damage to the habitats of macro- invertebrates will affect fish feeding and growth. Fisheries may therefore encounter reduced fish yields after dredging or even other physical methods of weed control. Consequently, dredging is not a recommended management technique except in extreme cases.

As this method is having certain relation to quantum of fish yield, the fisheries expert needs to be consulted. However the local community “Pani Panchayat” can take strategic decision to get rid of weed problem and its recurrence versus decrease in fish yield. However decrease in fish yield can be coped up to certain extent by adding some dose of natural and herbal composter which is eco-friendly.

Biological control: Biological control methods potentially provide better long-term success than mechanical or chemical methods. For aquatic weeds, biological methods are based on the introduction of an herbivorous organism, fungus or virus into the affected ecosystem.

Integrated control: Integrated control refers to the application of combined physical, chemical, biological and environmental control methods when single methods are unlikely to succeed or when longer-lasting control of weeds or algae is required at reduced costs and with fewer undesired side effects.

The project should ensure the importance of involving stakeholders while implementing this method where in a long-term monitoring should be in place as an essentiality. Integrated approaches should also consider the timing of the control action in relation to the life-cycle stages of aquatic plants. Aquatic weed control program should preferably be executed as part of an “integrated water management” program.

However, the project should take appropriate decision after consulting specialists who have adequate knowledge and experience in weed control. Chemical control method should be avoided to the extent possible and its possible adverse effect on ecosystem and particularly on fishing activities needs to be carefully considered. Secondly, important consideration in this

91 regard could be about the possible set back the integrated tank management and pisciculture system would get affecting the overall objective of as livelihood support to vulnerable stake holders.

Table 27 Aquatic Weed Management Sl. No. Location Control measures Safety precaution Responsibility 1 Feeder channels Manual, optional, For chemical control Stakeholder canals and chemical and / or measure, expert and / Or drainage biological advice is required P.M.U. 2 Tank proper Mechanical and / or Distance from dam integrated structures should be maintained.

Use of aquatic weeds [soil amendment]: Aquatic plant material may be used to increase the organic and nutrient content, promote microbial activity, and support to improve the texture of soil. The de-weeded plant material can be applied after composting, directly spread on the surface, or mulched into the top layer of the soil. Mulching results in reduced evaporation, weed suppression, increased soil moisture and organic content, and reduced erosion. These applications would be of immense use where economic conditions do not permit the purchase of artificial fertilizers. Some resource poor stakeholders may adopt this procedure after demonstration of the process by agriculture experts. Otherwise, the aquatic weeds, removed from different locations, shall be dumped in a pit. After decomposition of the bio-mass, these can be used as land up-gradation agent prior to land preparation and cultivation.

92 3.3.4.3 Environmental management framework for Aquatic weeds

Environmental Key Mitigation Stages of the project Responsibility challenge Challenges Measures Identification Pre- Planning Implementation Post- Primary Secondary Tertiary phase Planning phase phase implementation Phase phase

Aquatic Weeds Loss of water De-weeding √ √ DPU WUA SPU holding by biological capacity of and tanks mechanical methods.

Use of chemical methods only to be adopted through expert guidance Affect on De-weeding √ √ DPU WUA SPU water quality by biological and mechanical methods.

Use of chemical methods only to be adopted through expert guidance Affect on De-weeding √ √ DPU WUA SPU fishery activity by biological and mechanical methods.

Use of

93 Environmental Key Mitigation Stages of the project Responsibility challenge Challenges Measures Identification Pre- Planning Implementation Post- Primary Secondary Tertiary phase Planning phase phase implementation Phase phase chemical methods only to be adopted through expert guidance Breeding De-weeding √ √ √ DPU WUA SPU place for by biological malaria and parasite mechanical methods.

Use of chemical methods only to be adopted through expert guidance

94 3.3.5 Environmental Management Plan for Water logging and Drainage System

Water logging: The preliminary assessment of 25 sample tanks suggests that the water logging may not pose any problem as most of the tanks are located mostly in well drained areas. Instead, in many places, project interventions will help in reducing the water congestion particularly during post monsoon period. However, few tank areas in the coastal zone that receive higher erratic rainfall (1200 mm) may experience some problems that require larger inter-departmental coordination for developing a sustainable land use perspective. Another issue associated with the water logging is salinity found to be normal in project areas.

Drainage: Orissa has five major rivers — Mahanadi and others that have their deltaic plains adjoining and overlapping on each other stretching almost 250 km along the coast and 80 km across. This fertile alluvial zone of 20,000 km² is extremely flat with a gradient of 1 in 5000 – 10000, and gets affected by floods almost annually, which cause drainage congestion and submersion up to 1 meter. Orissa receives during the monsoon (June – October) a rainfall of 1200 mm. One-day storm rainfall even up to 500 mm during severe cyclones has been recorded on several occasions. The experience of coordinated irrigation and drainage management over the last 30years by improving surface runoff and the need to integrate sub-surface drainage over the entire deltaic stretch of 7000 km² are yet to be scientifically documented. This complex problem of drainage development would require a basin level drainage plan rather than addressing these issues at a micro-level tank wise plan.

3.3.5.1 Water logging management plan

Physical verification of 25 samples tanks and based on the secondary data sources, it is inferred that water logging does not pose any serious problem in M.I. tanks. As the streams and nalas are seasonal and extent of command area is small, being located mostly in well drained areas, the problem of water logging is not commonly experienced. However, water logging problems if appear at spatial level of tank systems in coastal areas, the suggested mitigation measure may be referred.

Mitigation Measures for water logging

In case of some low lying pockets in coastal areas, there may be instances of having water table nearer to surface of 1.5 to 2.0 m bgl which can be assigned as prone to water logging. In such areas conjunctive use of surface and ground water is the possible remedial measure for lowering the water table. Farmers in such areas may be suggested and motivated to adopt sink tube wells to lower the water table and mitigate the water logging problem along with soil salinity problems. Some critical activities attached to water logging mitigation plan are highlighted below.

Table 28 Suggested mitigation measures for water logging problems S.No. Problems Mitigation Measures 1. Drainage congestion Ensuring field drains and its linkage to renovated drainage channels 2. Canal leakage Preventing canal leakage and channels seepage water 3. Agriculture practice Adoption of water efficient methods to be developed in fields by reducing field application & conveyance losses 4. High water table Developing conjunctive use of ground water by sinking tube wells

3.3.5.2 Drainage system management plan

It is revealed from field observations and secondary data that M.I. tank commands are not generally affected by drainage problem except for some tanks located in coastal plain areas. This is primarily due to certain factors like;

ƒ Command areas of M.I. tanks are comparatively smaller ranging from 40 ha. to 2000 ha.

ƒ In 70 % to 80 % projects, command area range falls between 150 ha to 200 ha.

ƒ The tanks are mostly located in uplands and hilly terrain except for few tanks located in coastal areas where drainage problem to some extent is experienced.

95 ƒ The nalas, streams and rivers are seasonal in nature, so scope of creating perennial drainage problem do not persist.

ƒ Tanks located in coastal area with leveled land scenario may however cause some drainage congestion.

Mitigation Measure against likely drainage congestion

The projects located in coastal area may have problem of drainage to different degrees. The factors attributing to command area drainage problem in coastal tracts are [1] canal input to land is in excess of crop water requirement and [2] excess rainfall during storms are not effectively drained from the leveled ground cultivated lands.

In order to alleviate this, the DPU through “Pani Panchayat” should take the task of de-silting the drains along with de-weeding. Excavation, meeting required engineering dimensions may be a suitable option and can be considered for execution. After the drains are cleaned and re- sectioned, it may be handed over to local “Pani Panchayat” for further operation, management and maintenance. It is expected that involvement of “Pani Panchayat” will bring a sense of people’s ownership and by that periodical cleaning and maintenance can be ensured by the farming community minimizing drainage related problems. A road map for drainage management with cost component may be handed over to the stakeholders / “Pani Panchayats” for future implication.

Table 29 Drainage Management plan

Sl.No. Activities Action Responsibilities 1 Locating the position of Take up engineering survey with DPU through outfall drains to principal necessary gradient and locating the stakeholder drains flood level of principal drain 2 De-silting, de-weeding Depending on the size of nala/s, DPU through and re-sectioning of manual or mechanized method can stakeholder principal drain for be adopted with proper section and suitable length gradient – once in five years 3 De-silting, de-weeding To be done manually under the DPU through and re-sectioning of guidance of engineering personnel stakeholder primary and secondary drains with necessary gradient

96 3.3.5.3 Environmental management framework for drainage and water logging

Environmental Key Mitigation Stages of the project Responsibility challenge Challenges Measures Identification Pre- Planning Implementation Post- Primary Secondary Tertiary phase Planning phase phase implementation Phase phase

Water Logging Drainage De-silting and √ √ DPU WUA SPU congestion de-weeding of choked drainage lines Canal Lining of canal √ √ DPU WUA SPU leakage Shallow Development √ √ DPU WUA SPU ground water of ground table water extraction structures and conjunctive use Poor Development √ √ DPU WUA SPU drainage of proper system drainage Aquatic De-weeding √ √ DPU WUA SPU weeds by biological and mechanical methods. Use of chemical methods only to be adopted through expert guidance

Drainage Siltation of De-silting, de- √ √ DPU WUA SPU drainage weeding and channels – re-sectioning primary and of primary and secondary secondary

97 Environmental Key Mitigation Stages of the project Responsibility challenge Challenges Measures Identification Pre- Planning Implementation Post- Primary Secondary Tertiary phase Planning phase phase implementation Phase phase drains drains wherever necessary Improper Development √ √ DPU WUA SPU drainage of leading from drains from agriculture agricultural land to fields to valley natural drains. drainage Improper Re-sectioning √ √ DPU WUA SPU gradient of of primary and primary & secondary secondary drains drains

98 3.3.6 Environmental Management Plan for Bio-diversity/Fishing

3.3.6.1 Fishery management plan

While fishery did not appear to be a significant environmental challenge under the EA, this has been an integral part of the rural livelihood options in the state. Therefore, fishery has been considered as one of the livelihood options under the project. Considering this as a positive project induced activity, few safeguard measures are proposed under the OCTDM project. Apart from this, the overall tank system will have a self revenue generating mechanism through fishery and other water uses. The additional income, so generated out of fish production and other water uses, would help to built up the local corpus and would be of required help to sustainability the project in the long run. For fishery promotion, the tank systems can be categorized, broadly in to three tank typologies based on water availability, and promotional activities can be taken up accordingly. The study identifies three key areas to support fishery promotion in the tank such as [1] need based technology for augmentation of fish production [2] capacity building and skill up- gradation of fisher men and thirdly [3] establishment of credit and market linkage.

Physical intervention in tank and engineering structure: Some standard practices for pisciculture are discussed and can be considered as indicative of possible intervention.

Excavation of fish pit: For seasonal tanks where water availability is less than six months, a fish pit can be dug nearly 1/10th of the mean water spread area of the reservoir with minimum depth of 1m. But, some of the M.I. tanks, which are small in nature, there is a possibility that these fish pit of average depth of 1m are likely to be silted up. This may create a situation of unsustainable fish growth and consequent loss of livelihood.

Barricading of spillway and sluice: One of the fish farming methods recommended for reservoir areas, suggests providing iron mesh or mono filament net in spillway structure to prevent escape of fish seed or juvenile during flood. As against this stipulation, it is to mention that, the spillway discharge capacity is computed with assumption of co-efficient of discharge value in broad crested and ogee shaped structure under free flow condition. The discharge will be severely restricted if barricading is provided and violate design condition. Further during flood period, certain floating materials like timber, log, bamboo etc. move in the streams and river. Such floating material will be arrested in the barricades and may create safely hazards to the engineering structures. As such the concept of barricading is considered unsuitable.

Supply of cattle dung: The use of cattle dung for enrichment of material feed may be examined depending on tank capacity as the water volume would be able to dilute and neutralize its effect downstream.

Supply of oil cakes and rice bran: Application of fish feeds like oil cakes and rice bran can be analyzed and examined further from tank context. Apparently this food stuff does not create any problem. However use of any toxic chemicals for fish feed to be banned. No fish feed without approval by concerned technical experts should be used by fishermen.

For the promotion of pisciculture, it is structurally important that fisher folk and farmers are to be inducted as members of “Pani Panchayat” and consultation and decision making process should include both the stakeholders. Importance of involving both the stakeholders seems relevant and important as it is expected that conflicting situation may arise with regard to tank water utility i.e. water release vis-à-vis augment water storage in tank. A conflict resolution mechanism could also be though of devising by the concerned “Pani Panchayat” for amicable solution to a possible conflicting situation to harness optimum benefit out of the tank system.

Table 30 Fishery Management plan Sl. No. Component Mechanism Responsibilities 1 Sustainable development Preparation of reservoirs and OCTDMS and DPU of fisheries tanks free from stumps and removal of undulations in the tank bed 2 Introduction of fingerlings Depending on perennial and OCTDMS and DPU in and juvenile long seasonal and short consultation with fishery seasonal quantification and experts

99 time of release of fingerlings and juvenile be decided on expert opinion 3 Supply of fish feed Selection of fish feed like cow OCTDMS and DPU in dung, oil cake and other bio- consultation with fishery feed to be decided about its experts timing and frequency with expert opinion 4 Management against Physical barricading to prevent OCTDMS and DPU in escape of juvenile and fish escape during flood season – consultation with dam species not hampering the safety of safety panel structure

100 3.3.6.2 Environmental management framework for fishing

Environmental Key Mitigation Stages of the project Responsibility challenge Challenges Measures Identification Pre- Planning Implementation Post- Primary Secondary Tertiary phase Planning phase phase implementation Phase phase

Fisheries Less water De-siltation √ √ DPU WUA SPU availability - < and de- 6 months weeding to improve storage capacity along with regulated competing water use No or silted De-silting of √ √ DPU WUA SPU fish pit fish pit and development of fish pit as per the suitability of the tank bed

101 3.4 Implementation Arrangement

A three tier project operational structure viz. State level, District level and Tank-Village level has been developed for implementation of the project. At the State level OCTDM society has been set-up under Department of WR to coordinate the overall implementation of the project. Under the society, a State Project Unit has been established, headed by a Project Director which consists of six operational units such as Technical, Livelihoods, Institution Building, M,E&L unit, Communication and Financial Mgt. and Procurement Unit. A District Level Implementation Committee will be also formed, headed by District Collector as the Chairman of the committee. Apart from state and district level set up, Support Agencies will be appointed by the DPU to execute the operational plan at the tank level along with JE/AE of MI department.

Under this project, the SPU is the nodal implementing agency with the overall project management responsibility. The SPU will consist of resource people from different disciplines and government departments and will be responsible for managing the entire project. They will be supported by the DPUs in implementing the project at the district level. The SPU will nominate one of its members as “Environment Specialist” (ES) for being exclusively responsible for ensuring the implementation of EMF in all the tank systems. An Environmental Specialist (ES) shall be part of the technical unit at the SPU who will be responsible for implementation of EMF in coordination with the District Project Unit (DPU). S/he shall be the overall in-charge of implementing and coordinating the activities under the EMF of the project. The DPU as the district nodal agency will decide on the allocation of the core responsibility and ensure coordination between the Pani Pnachayat and the User Groups for better environmental management and mitigation of the adverse impacts. An Environment Specialist will be appointed at the district level for proving regular technical and monitoring support to each of the Tank. At the Tank level, the User Groups will be implementing the project with support from a local support organization (SO). The SOs could be an NGO/CBO, a technical institution or individuals having necessary technical skills.

Roles and responsibility of stakeholders for environmental management

Key Planning Stage Implementation Stage Responsibili ty SPU ƒ Overall environmental planning for state in ƒ Timely release of fund for DPU line of EMF and ensure ƒ Coordination with line department for micro- ƒ Ensure that line departments take catchment development for overall timely supportive action in the sustainability of tank catchment micro-catchments for source ƒ Developing advocacy and communication protection is needed strategy for sensitizing environmental ƒ Integrate environmental monitoring compliance result into common MIS of the project DPU ƒ ES will coordinate with GP, SO and User ƒ Help preparing district’s Groups for finalizing interventions required environmental monitoring report. for implementing EMF ƒ Continuous monitoring and ƒ ES will undertake environmental audit in supervision selected tanks ƒ ensure that the interventions ƒ Ensure timely release of fund to the User needed for source protection must groups and SO validate technical proposals start before the onset of monsoon ƒ ES of DPU will help in finalizing the work plan agreement between User Group, Pani Panchayat, SO and DPU

102 Pani ƒ Helps User Groups in preparing the ƒ Coordinate with User Groups for Panchayat environmental plan at the village level. financial management and ƒ Help User Groups in facilitating with SO for finalizing cost contribution planning and compliance of EMF mechanism SO ƒ Help DPU, User Groups in planning, ƒ Provide technical input to User community mobilization, environmental Audit Groups while executing the source and overall compliance. protection work ƒ Coordinate with User Groups, Pani Panchayat and ES for monitoring the entire source protection work User Groups ƒ Assess the environmental risk in village ƒ Implement the environmental meeting mitigation measures ƒ Plan the mitigation measure with the help of ƒ Monitor the entire process and SO and Pani Panchayat give continuous feed back Pani Panchayat, SO and ES Line ƒ Coordinate with SPU once Tank schemes ƒ Ensure timely implementation of Departments are finalized (particularly for catchment the catchment treatment (Forest & treatment work) interventions in conjunction with Watershed) the Project work

3.5 Environmental Monitoring Framework

Environmental monitoring activities will be carried out through an agreed monitoring schedule with responsibilities at tank level, district level and state level. At the state level the ES in coordination with Monitoring and Evaluation specialist will coordinate the whole environmental monitoring and compliance mechanisms. The various parameters that need to be monitored are given hereunder: In addition, the ES will also be responsible in undertaking environmental audit of selected / sensitive tanks incuded under the project.

Table 31 Monitoring Parameters

Field / visual observations ƒ Plant regeneration (No./ %) And survival rate catchment - foreshore ƒ Aquatic weeds - tank proper and canal ƒ Tank bund aberrations - tank bund – seepage rate regulation structures ƒ Canal performances – water distribution – stagnation ƒ Pesticide use – command area IPM treatment ƒ Ground water table – command area pre- monsoon / post monsoon Analysis of environmental ƒ Water quality tests – tank water quality pre qualitative / quantitative parameters monsoon / post monsoon 103 ƒ Soil tests – soil nutrient test provided

Table 32 Monitoring parameters – Schedule and Responsibility

Environmental Period Project concerns Monitoring monitoring of M & E responsibilities parameters Source Periodical Performance of feeder channels District level–Executive discharge Engineer Plant Periodical Catchment and foreshore area District level Agriculture regeneration management and Horticulture experts Aquatic weeds Periodical Tank bed and canal weed infestation Project level WUA and SHGs Tank bund Periodical Tank health status seepage- Project level /District aberrations regulation devices level Canal Periodical Water distribution – stagnation if any Project level /District performances level Pesticide use Periodical Command area IPM District level

Ground water Periodical Pre monsoon and post monsoon District level table fluctuations Water quality Periodical If aggregate for drinking and District level / State tests agriculture level Soil quality tests Once in a Examine soil nutrient status District level year

Monitoring the Project Implementation

ƒ The state level OCTDMS and MI dept (Chief Engineer, Minor irrigation) will prepare an annual action plan with year wise input and expected project output to facilitate performance tracking

ƒ Tracking of environmental degradation parameters during construction activities like soil deposits – borrowing of earth – water stagnation pockets etc. will be rested on project level organizations NGOs and SHGs.

ƒ Quality control activities during construction / renovation works will follow standard quality control manual and will be scrupulously monitored by designated staff of TMI (Chief Engineer, Minor irrigation).

***

104 Annexure – 1

GENERAL INFORMATION OF TANKS SELECTED FOR THE STUDY

Length Height of the bund (m) Storage Capacity at FRL(MCM) Lengt Water Water Length of of Sl. Village/ Elevati Total Catchment Length of main Length of h of Latitude, Designed spread spread area lined unline No Tank Name Panchayat,Block, on Catchment Characteris From Canal branch other Longitude ayacut (Ha) From Gross area at FRL at DSL Canal d . Tahasil, District (MSL) area (sq. Km) tics Above existing Live Dead (Km) canal Canal deepest Storage (Ha) (Ha) (Km) Canal MSL ground storage Storage s(Km) foundation Capacity (Km) level Haripur/ safa/ 1.5 (only Kusunpur (Safa) 20 º 42' 20" N, 5.85 (R), 5.535 1 Tangi/ Tangi/ NA 38.4 Average 890 11.59 0.02034 0.00226 0.0226 78.9 5.5 on left NA 0.56 Rest Cuttack 85 º 55' 20" E (L) cuttack canal)

Sankha D/ W Sauria/ 20 º 25' 25" N, 2 (Gurudujhatia) Gurudjhatia/ NA 23.3 Average 243 No dam Diversion weir NA NA NA NA NA 85 º 50' 15" E Cuttack athagarh/ cuttack

Kuaput Channel Kuaput/ Haladia/ 20 º 17' 40" N, 3 NA 2.34 Hilly area 81 NA NA 5.7 NA NA NA NA NA 2.3 NA NA NA NA (Haladia), Khurda Khurda/ Khurda 85 º 36' 0" E

Mahantipally/ Mohantipally Madhyakhanda/ 20º 22' 0" N, 4 (Mohantipally), Daspalla/ NA 5.56 Hilly area 133 NA NA 6.4 0.679 0.215 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 84 º 55' 18" E Nayagarh Daspalla/ Nayagarh

Kasada/ Kasada/ Kasada (Bonei) 21 º 40' 15" N, 5 Bonei/ Bonei/ NA 1.94 Hilly area 49 NA NA 6.7056 0.2053 0.02833 0.23361 5.38 NA NA NA NA NA Sundargarh 84 º 52' 30" E sundargarh Dighi/ dighi/ Damabasakhala Bangiriposhi/ 22 º 11" 47" N, 6 (Bangiriposhi), NA 5.82 Average 120 NA NA 9.1 0.2663 0.0110 0.2773 6.2 2.1 2.4 2.35 0.75 0.45 Rest / 86 º 32' 25" E Mayurbhanj Mayurbhanj Shibnarayanpurgo Shibnarayanpur da/ 21 º 22' 35" N 7 Goda D/ w Shibnarayanpurgo NA 6.74 Average 170 No dam Diversion weir 1.65 NA 1.5 0.16 Rest 85 º 29' 32" E (Telkoi), Keonjhar da/ Telkoi/ Telkoi/ Keonjhar Dangarapada/ Haldi/ Dangarapada 20 º 22’ 30” N 1.95 (L), 4.145 8 Muribahal/ 7.5 320 NA NA 5.5 0.5462 0.1005 0.6467 62 16.4 NA NA Bolangiri 83 º 2’ 00” E (R) Titlagarh/ Bolangir

Tanwat/Naopadi/ 20 º 45’ 0” N 9 Jhilimila 3.375 120 NA NA 8 0.107 0.021 0.128 5.13 2.14 2.04 NA NA Nuapada 82 º 31’ 00” E

Duarsuni/Bhawan 19 º 52’ 05” N 10 Jamunasagara 19.40 180 NA NA 12.10 0.01 0.59 0.6 25.1 21.3 ipatna/Kalahandi 83 º 10’ 40” E

Silati/Umerkote/ 19 º 36’ 8” N 11 Silati 3.9 93 NA NA 8 0.1871 0.0605 0.2476 11.10 3.10 1.88 0.36 NA Nawarangapur 84 º 4’ 45” E

Bhejaguda/Mahili 18 º 28’ 23” N 12 Bhejaguda 4.87 180 NA NA 8.5 0.3820 0.070 0.452 15.21 3.10 0.89 NA NA NA /Malkangiri 82 º 3’ 5” E

Purunapani/Borig 19 º 5’ 23” N 13 Purunapani 2.0 41 NA NA 6 0.1002 0.0375 0.1377 2.56 3.75 0.3 NA NA NA uma/Koraput. 82 º 3’ 8” E

105 14 Harnapalli/Kotsa malai/Ulunda/Su 20º-57'-30"N Bhubansagar M.I.P barnapur 83º-56'-30"E N.A. 130 Average 42.45 0 N.A NA 0.045 0.0013 0.0463 0.62 0.3 1.3 NA NA 1.3

15 Beleikhai M.I.P Thakurgarh/Atha 20º-48'-45"N (D/W) mallik/Angul 84º-38'-9"E N.A. 2290 Average 233 61 N.A NA - - - 3.25 1.2 NA 4.45

16 Mahendratanaya Batisiripur/Gosani 18º-52'-6"N M.I.P.(D/W) /Gajapati 84º-9'-30"E N.A. 55940 Good 1908 1784 N.A NA - - - 11.73 43 NA 54.73

17 Haripur/Sarada/G 19º-40' N Alikuan M.I.P anjam 84º-30'E N.A. 2770 Good 1092 N.A NA 0.219 0.0277 0.2467 55 13.1 7.51 NA 20.61

18 Kelupada/Sinepad a/K.Nuangaon/Ba 20º-13'-42"N Daungia M.I.P uda 80º-0'-40"E N.A. 427 Good 68 56 N.A NA 0.122 0.041 0.163 81 18.5 1.635 R 2.44 L NA 4.075

19 Jamutpalli/Gaisilat 20º-58'-15"N Sarakarikata M.I.P /Baragarh 83º-16'-20"E N.A. 960 Average 127.3 N.A NA 0.072 0.00759 0.07959 40 30 2.7 R 1.4 L 0.45 3.65

20 Tharkaspur/ Loisingi/ 21º-54'-40"N Samundakata MIP Jharsuguda 83º-57'-40"E N.A. 75 Average 41 N.A NA 0.053 - - 2 NA NA NA NA NA

21 Tikilipada/ Jamunkira/ 21º-30'-43"N Tikilipada MIP Sambalpur 84º-26'-15"E N.A. 904 Average 364 69 N.A NA 0.188 0.01546 0.2034 22.86 4.326 3.8 0.058 4.88

22 Ch. Nuajharabandha Nuagaon/Purusho 19º-31'-00"N MIP ttampur/Ganjam 84º-49'-00"E N.A. 430 Average 128 N.A NA - - -

23 Lakhabindha Baliarsinghapur/S 19º-32'-30"N MIP(D/W) heragada/Ganjam 84º-34'-40"E N.A. Average 652 - - - 7.55

24 Narayanpur/Patra 19º-03'-17"N Narayansagar MIP pur/Ganjam 84º-29'-01"E N.A. 1940 Good 963 121.4 N.A NA 0.11 0.0052 0.1152 311.1 94.85 7.11

25 Jalaka, Basta, Mathani/ Basta/ 210 39’ 25’ N Balasore Balasore 870 04’ 35” E N. A 1204.30 Good 2085 N.A N.A N.A Barrage N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

106

Annexure 2

SUMMARY OF CATCHMENT AREA OF SELECTED TANKS

Tanks Catchment type Feeder Channel Topography Soil Vegetation

Ashoka jhara Good catchment covered with Mostly leveled to Chikita Jhara hills, forests and natural moderately sloping. Fine loamy and Common species like Sal, Sisoo, Teak, Kusunpur (Safa) Character: vegetation Presence of steep and Loamy Piasala, Mahua Cuttack Perennial with seasonal fluctuation No nutrient source from the very steep hills in Plantations of mainly eucalyptus Condition: catchment to the reservoir upper catchment Heavy siltation and weed growth Kapilas Jora Character: Perennial with seasonal fluctuation Sankha Forest and hills with some Condition Gentle to very gentle Fine loamy Common species like Sal, Sisoo, Teak, (Gurudujhatia) human settlements Siltation and weed growth slopes Piasala, Mahua Cuttack Non- point sources of pollution Cross bunds constructed to divert the water for irrigation Encroachment Khola nalla Good catchment covered with Shuakhai nalla hills, forests and natural Torania nalla Sandy , Loamy, Kuaput Channel Gentle to moderate Sal, Sisoo, Teak, Piasala, Mahua vegetation Hatitapa nalla Fine loamy (Haladia), Khurda steep No nutrient source from the Kaniara nalla catchment to the reservoir Character: All are perennial with seasonal fluctuation Sapakata nalla Mohantipally Hilly forest area Kendunalia jora Nearly level to Loamy, Fine Sal, Sisoo, Teak, Piasala, Mahua (Mohantipally), Bibhutia nalla moderate to steep loamy and

Nayagarh Character: slope Coarse loamy Ephimeral Hilly forest area with tribal Brahmani paita nalla habitation Loamy and Kasada (Bonei) Character: Absence of water weeds Steep slope coarse loamy Sal, Piasal, Mahua, Jamun, Arjun etc. Sundargarh Seasonal in nature (Mid- June to Mid- depicts that there is no nutrient November) source Sal, Sisoo, Piasal, Teak, Jamun Damabasakhala Damabasakhala nalla Fine and fine Hilly forest area with natural Mahua, Kendu, Kusum etc associated (Bangiriposhi), Character: Gentle to steep slope loamy vegetation with Plantation of Teak, Eucalyptus, Mayurbhanj It is seasonal in nature (Mid- June to December) Sisoo etc by Forest department

107 Barha gadha nalla Sal, Sisoo, PiaSal, Teak, Mahua, Shibnarayanpur Good catchment covered with Dadei nalla Kusum, Kendu, Chara etc associated Goda (Telkoi), hills, forests and natural NA NA Character: with Plantation of Teak, Eucalyptus, Keonjhar vegetations Both are perennial in nature Sisoo etc by Forest department Kutura khai General forest species like Sal sisoo Chergudi nalla Loamy and fine etc. associated with plantations Dangarapada Hilly forest area with natural Juba mahal nalla NA loamy Bolangiri vegetation Character: All are seasonal in nature Bada dei khola Hilly forest area with natural Pila khola Steep to moderate Loamy and fine General forest species (the catchment Jhilimila vegetation. Character: slope loamy comes under reserve forest) Both are ephemeral Khaing nalla Hilly forest area with natural Sugunabhata nalla General forest species like Sal sisoo Jamunasagara Steep to gentle slope Coarse loamy vegetation. Character: etc. associated with plantations Both are seasonal Hilly forest area with natural One local seasonal nalla and runoff from nearby Clayey and fine General forest species like Sal sisoo Silati Steep to gentle slope vegetation. hills feed the reservoir loamy etc. associated with plantations

Open forest and patches of Gentle slopping to Coarse loamy Bhejaguda Badabeda nalla General forest species settlement levelled and fine loamy

Open forest, plantations and Purunapani One local seasonal nalla Gentle slope Fine loamy -do- settlements Machamara Dadhi Good catchment covered with Jamukana Coarse loamy hills, forests and natural Forest species like Sal, Sisoo, Teak, Character: Nearly level to and Sandy type Bhubansagar MIP vegetations Piasala, Mahua All are perennial with seasonal fluctuation in moderately slopping. soil No nutrient source from the Plantations of mainly eucalyptus flow catchment to the reservoir Condition: Heavy siltation and weed growth Beleikhai nala Character: It is perennial with seasonal variation in flow Fine loamy , Forest and hills with some Deleikhai MIP Condition: Gentle to moderate coarse loamy Forest species like Sal, Mahua, jamun human settlements (D/W) Siltation and weed growth slope and loamy soil etc Non- point sources of pollution Cross bunds are being constructed to divert the water

Fine loamy and

Good catchment covered with Coarse loamy Mahendratanaya Nala Gentle slopping to Forest species like Sal, Piasala, Mahendratanaya hills, forests and natural type soil Character: moderately slopping Mahua,Char, Kusum etc MIP (D/W) vegetations All are perennial with seasonal fluctuation in to steep Non- point sources of pollution flow

108 Mainly covered with the hills Ruguda Nala, Bahana Nala Nearly levelled to Forest species like Sal, , Piasala, and forest Sandy skeletal Alikuan MIP Character: moderately slopping Mahua, Tendu, Char etc and Fine soil All are seasonal in nature. to steep slopping

Good catchment covered with hills, forests and natural vegetations Badulibadi Nalla Loamy skeletal Daungia MIP Very few patches of tribal Decidous forest with Sal, Piasal, Binjarikoti Nalla Steeply slopping to and coarse (Fully derelict habitats are spatially spreaded Mahua, Jamun, Arjun Char , Character: cliffs loamy type soil project) over in catchment Tamarind etc. It is perenial in nature Absence of water weeds depicts that there is no nutrient source Seems to be good catchment covered with forests and natural vegetations Water from the Bahal (low land vally) Fine, Fine loamy Sal, Teak, Jamun Mahua, Kendu, Presence of some villages in accumulates in reservoir. Gentle to moderately and Loamy Kusum etc Sarakarikata MIP catchment area. Character: slopping Skeletal Plantation of Teak, Eucalyptus, Sisoo Presence of aquatic weeds in It is seasonal in nature (Mid- June to December) Type soil. etc by Forest department reservoir indicates the source of Non point pollution . Water from the Agricultural field accumulates in reservoir through surface runoff. Seems to be average catchment Gentle to moderately Plantation of Teak, Eucalyptus, etc by Samundakata MIP Character: with few natural vegetations slopping Forest department It is seasonal in nature (Mid- June to November ) Good catchment covered with hills, forests and natural Tulubdih nala vegetations Kureibahal Very few patches of tribal Kanjiakul nala Nearly leveled to Sal, Teak, Jamun Mahua, Kendu, Lithic and Typic Tikilipada MIP habitats are spatially spreaded Patakhaman moderately slopping Kusum etc soil over in Catchment area Character: to steep slopping Absence of water weeds All are perennial with seasonal fluctuation in depicts that there is no nutrient flow source Two feeder channels Narayan Sagar, Hilly terrain, covered with Steep slope to moderate Character: Coarse loamy General forest species Patrapur, Ganjam small bushes and habitations slope Seasonal in nature Nuajharabandha, One feeder channel Foest area covered with small Moderately slope to Purusottampur, Character: Coarse loamy -do- bushes and cultivated lands levelled Ganjam Seasonal in nature Lakhabindha (d/ One nalla Coarse loamy Agricultural land and w) , Sheragada, Character: Gentle to nearly levelled and sandy habitation Ganjam Perennial with seasonal fluctuation soil Jalaka, Basta, Good catchment Jalaka River Balasore

109

Annexure 3

SUMMARY OF COMMAND AREA OF SELECTED TANKS

Tanks Topography Soil Land use Cropping Pattern Canal System

Kusunpur (Safa) Nearly leveled Fine loamy Agricultural land densese forest Paddy- Paddy Two canals Cuttack and degraded plantation The lining has completely failed Heavy siltation Heavy weed growth Failure of the head regulator structure Absence of gates Leakage through the canal leading to water logging of fields in the upper reach and water scarcity in the middle as well as tail reach Sankha (Gurudujhatia) Very gentle slope Fine loamy Agricultural fields and Paddy- Paddy Three canals Cuttack to moderately steep degraded plantations Problem of siltation and weed infestation slope Failure of head regulator Gates are missing Farmers construct cross bunds to divert water to their fields Most part of the canal system is unlined Kuaput Channel Very gently Fine loamy Agricultural fields and land Paddy- Pulses One canal (Haladia), Khurda slopping to gently with shrubs Breaching of canal during monsoon slopping Heavy weed growth as well as siltation All the three head regulators are not functioning properly Mohantipally Nearly leveled to Coarse loamy Agricultural fields Paddy- Paddy/ Two canals (Mohantipally), gently slopping Pulses Head regulator structure and out lets not functioning Nayagarh Weed growth and siltation problem Breaching of canal embankment Kasada (Bonei) Nearly leveled to Coarse loamy Agricultural fields, Land with Single paddy Two canals Sundargarh moderately sloppy scrubs and dense forests Canals have been totally washed away No existence of structure in the canal system Damabasakhala Nearly leveled to Fine loamy Agricultural fields, few patch of Paddy- Vegetables/ Only one canal (Bangiriposhi), gently slopping to dense forest and few patches of Pulses Breaching of canal embankment Mayurbhanj moderately degraded plantations Hard base rock poses problem to give a proper slope to the slopping canal system Substantial length of the canal is unlined Shibnarayanpur Goda Moderately Fine loamy Agricultural fields, built up and Paddy- Paddy/ Two canals (One for each diversion weir) (Telkoi), Keonjhar slopping to nearly waste lands wheat/ Sunflower/ Most part of the canal is unlined leveled Pulses/ Vegetables Gaps appeared between the earth and masonry structure Tail end deprived of irrigation

110 Near levelled Fine loamy Agricultural fields, land with Two canals Dangarapada scrubs and land without scrubs Heavy weed growth Bolangiri Tail end deprived of irrigation Steep to moderate Fine loamy Agricultural fields and forest paddy One canal slope Silted up Jhilimila Substantial part is unlined Weed growth Very gentle to Coarse loamy Agricultural fields and paddy One canal nearly leveled settlements Failure of lining and head regulation mechanisms Jamunasagara Breaching of canal embankment Weed growth Tail end deprived of irrigation Moderate to gentle Fine loamy Agricultural fields, land with paddy One main canal slope and clayey scrubs and settlements Infested with weed Silati Silted up Reduced flow in main canal due to diversion of water through branch canal by big farmers Gentle to very Coarse and Agricultural fields, land without paddy One main canal gentle fine loamy scrubs Major part is unlined Bhejaguda Scouring of canal bed Infested with weed Gentle to nearly Fine loamy Agricultural fields paddy One canal leveled Failure of lining Purunapani Severe leakage through canal embankment Weed growth Nearly levelled to Coarse loamy Agricultural fields, dense forest Paddy One canal gentle slope and typic soil and degraded plantation Heavy siltation Heavy weed growth Bhubansagar MIP Absence of gates Sever breaching of the embankment leading to diversion of water in unwanted direction Nearly levelled to Coarse loamy Agricultural fields and Paddy- Vegetables One main canal and one sub Minor canal gentle slope and fine degraded plantations Problem of siltation and weed infestation loamy soil Failure of head Beleikhai MIP Gates are missing (D/W) Farmers construct cross bunds to divert water to their fields Most part of the canal system is unlined and breaches were observed which leads to tail end deprivation.

111

Very gently Fine Loamy Agricultural fields and land Paddy- Pulses- One main canal and 19 minor and 15 sub minor canal are slopping to gently with scrubs Vegetables present. Mahendratanaya MIP slopping Severe breaching of canal during monsoon (D/W) Heavy weed growth as well as siltation has reduced its design capacity All the head regulators have failed Nearly leveled to Fine and Agricultural fileds Paddy- Paddy/ One main canal and two branch canals are there. moderately coarse loamy pulses Leakage from head regulating structures and out lets Alikuan MIP slopping soil Weed growth and siltation problem Breaching of canal embankment Daungia MIP (Fully derelict project) Nearly leveled to Fine and Fine Agricultural fields, few patch of Paddy- Vegetables/ Only one canal gently slopping Loamy soil dense forest and few patches of Pulses Breaching of canal embankment Sarakarikata MIP degraded plantations Substantial length of the canal is unlined leading to decrease in its desired capacity Agricultural fields, built up and Paddy- Paddy/ No canal system exist Samundakata MIP waste lands Vegetables

Nearly level to Typic and Agricultural field and waste Paddy- Paddy/ One main canal with four branch canal. gentle slope fluventic soil land Vegetables Breaches in many places and defunct of all concrete structures Tikilipada MIP in canal leads to tail end deprivation both in kharif and Rabi. Weed growth and heavy siltation decrease its actual capacity. Seepage in the many places of Canal system. Very gently sloping Fine and Agricultural fields and Paddy- Breaches in many places and defunct of all concrete structures Narayan Sagar, to steeply sloping coarse loamy settlements in canals. Patrapur, Ganjam type soil Weed growth and siltation problem

Nearly leveled to Coarse loamy Agricultural fields, few patch of Paddy/vegetables Most part of the canal system is unlined and breaches were Nuajharabandha, steeply sloping and Fine soil dense forest and few patches of observed which leads to tail end deprivation. Purusottampur, degraded plantations Weed growth and siltation problem Ganjam Nearly leveled Coarse loamy Agricultural fields and paddy Breaches in many places and defunct of all concrete structures Lakhabindha (d/ w) , and fine settlements in canals. Sheragada, Ganjam loamy Weed growth and siltation problem Nearly leveled alluvial Agricultural fields and Paddy/vegetables Weed growth and siltation problem Jalaka, Basta, Balasore settlements

112 Annexure - 4 LAND USE AND LAND COVER AREA STATISTICS OF CATCHMENT AREA OF SELECTED TANKS

Dense Built- Barren Dense Kharif+Rabi Open Decidu- Up Rock Shifting Closed (Double Deciduous ous Scrub Sl.No Tank Name Area Area Ciltivation Forest Kharif Crop) Rabi Fallow Plantations Forest Forest Forest 1 Dambasa 380.30 220.17 67.71 20.30 0.95 2 Kasada 161.90 9.56 3 Kuaput 0.29 15.90 146.32 35.63 4 Kusunpur 4.42 272.29 678.07 980.92 1041.39 5 Mohanty 28.64 40.27 107.18 34.40 6 Sankha 11.59 133.50 27.56 18.77 1560.10 201.89 188.14 7 Sibanarayanpur 42.13 0.70 8 Narayan 25.38 526.78 72.27 2.30 9 Nuajhara 5.65 219.44 25.69 11.54 19.84 4.21 10 Purnapani 75.35 11 Sarakaria 620.89 17.78 23.70 6.97 12 Silati 18.37 82.39 3.20 16.50 13 Sumundia 3.16 52.79 14 Tikilipada 2.62 14.20 171.88 97.24 175.08 240.50 15 Mahendratana 356.27 756.68 2558.78 83.95 12867.24 18.64 6800.82 5493.35 14887.48 16 Alikuan 5.67 186.40 107.42 2398.69 27.37 17 Bhegaguda 216.21 18 Bhubana 3.39 26.39 11.72 52.19 19 Bileikhai 119.99 1.33 1472.24 5.24 527.12 412.58 51.89 20 Dangarpada 15.97 4.46 345.38 106.15 70.70 10.78 21 Daungia 6.26 7.76 14.22 82.62 264.44 45.15 22 Jamuna 11.39 22.63 719.66 26.98 510.37 116.64 737.59 23 Jhilimila 134.68 77.91 56.05 24 Lakha 472.21 26.46 16.14 3708.19 3442.64 1577.27 1144.74 25 Jalka 8116.86 31.18 45327.78 1143.03 287.60 194.96 237.02 4222.04 3803.85 12575.86

113 Annexure - 5 LAND USE AND LAND COVER AREA STATISTICS OF COMMAND AREA OF SELECTED TANKS

Kharif+ Open Built- Barren Dense Rabi Decidu- Dense Forest Sl. Up Rock Shifting Closed (Double Planta- ous Deciduous Scrub Planta- No. Tank Name Area Area Cultivation Forest Kharif Crop) Rabi Fallow tions Forest Forest Forest tion 1 Dambasakhal 134.35 2.20 4.18 4.80 0.26 2 Kasada 4.03 6.90 22.15 3 Kuaput Channel 27.62 7.90 1.89 4 Kusunpur 36.15 244.29 32.13 146.13 0.53 6.05 13.08 5 Mohantypally 4.22 109.35 4.61 6 Sankha 38.49 454.09 102.88 4.61 Sibanarayanpur 7 Goda 8 Narayansagar 8.91 5.69 23.45 411.30 786.88 24.15 127.34 518.92 9 Nuajharahandha 69.13 103.57 5.11 10 Purnapani 24.65 11 Sarakarikata 90.40 121.86 12 Silati 58.56 41.29 116.31 120.64 13 Suamundakata 34.33 2.49 14 Tikilipada 7.64 63.11 163.90 38.60 50.76 15 Mahendratanaya 88.65 23.59 216.33 3458.50 16.61 7.19 19.55 8.61 16 Alikuan 36.23 848.92 0.04 0.41 17 Bhegaguda 6.12 86.51 6.28 18 Bhubansagar 6.83 57.43 19 Bileikhal 11.37 187.39 20 Dangarpada 8.43 0.90 343.79 0.62 21 Daungia 25.36 0.40 22 Jamunasagar 21.59 387.84 2.27 23 Jhilimila 29.60 24 Lakhabindha 25.24 189.90 25 Jalaka 355.41 2304.56 633.00

114

Gullied / Land Land Total Sl. Ravenous with without Double Sandy Water- Costal Acqua- Total Area in Area in No. Tank Name Land Scrub Scrub Crop River Tanks area body Marshy Mud culture Ha Sq.Km 1 Dambasakhal 47.69 193.48 1.93 2 Kasada 31.76 64.83 0.65 3 Kuaput channel 3.09 64.84 0.65 4 Kusunpur 21.03 499.40 4.99 5 Mohantypally 29.53 3.92 4.35 155.99 1.56 6 Sankha 37.04 637.10 6.37 Sibanarayanpur 7 Goda 17.58 6.93 40.14 47.07 0.47 8 Narayansagar 171.59 27049651.05 270496.51 Nuajharabandh 9 a 186.81 1.87 10 Purnapani 1.85 26.51 0.27 11 Sarakarikata 16.54 239.81 2.40 12 Silati 0.00 11.52 607.71 6.08 13 Suamundakata 18.28 2.49 57.58 0.58 14 Tikilipada 63.87 424.87 4.25 15 Mahendratana 366.99 9.42 65.27 81.42 11.00 4373.14 43.73 16 Alikuan 77.79 38.83 11.34 3.69 1017.24 10.17 17 Bhegaguda 9.20 16.37 124.47 1.24 18 Bhubansagar 13.50 5.77 9.39 92.91 0.93 19 Bileikhai 54.30 4.54 271.94 2.72 20 Dangarpada 0.03 53.01 2.53 5.39 412.15 4.12 21 Daungia 4.21 30.14 57.15 62.64 0.63 22 Jamunasagar 0.67 20.14 4.49 494.15 4.94 23 Jhilimila 3.45 33.06 0.33 24 Lakhabindha 5.92 613.27 6.13 25 Jalaka 90.42 9.36 76.10 14.96 5.79 0.21 3489.80 34.90

115

Annexure – 6

COMPETING WATER USES OF SELECTED TANKS

Present Users Proposed users Other uses Industrial Name Of the water Industrial Sl. No. Riparian Riparian Livestock Tank Irrigation Drinking water supply Irrigation Drinking water supply water supply Fishery flow flow drinking (cu. m/ (cu. m/ day) day) Kusunpur (Safa) 1 Yes No No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Cuttack Sankha D/ W 2 (Gurudujhatia) Yes No Yes No No Cuttack Yes (during summer by the Yes (during summer by Kuaput Channel persons engaged the persons engaged in 3 Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes (Haladia), Khurda in watching and watching and warding of warding of Mango orchard Mango orchard Mohantipally 4 (Mohantipally), Yes No No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Nayagarh No reservoir since Kasada (Bonei) 5 Dam has been washed away Yes No Yes the dam has been Sundargarh washed away Damabasakhala 6 (Bangiriposhi), Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Mayurbhanj Shibnarayanpur 7 Goda D/ w Yes No Yes No No (Telkoi), Keonjhar Bileikhai 8 Yes Anugul

Dangarapada 9 Yes Bolangiri

10 Jhilimila Yes 116 11 Jamunasagara Yes

12 Silati

13 Bhejaguda

14 Purunapani

15 Bhubansagar Yes No No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes M.I.P

16 Beleikhai M.I.P Yes No No Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes (D/W)

Yes(During 17 Yes No Yes Yes Yes (In summer) No Yes No Yes Mahendratanaya Sumer period) M.I.P.(D/W) 18 Yes No No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Alikuan M.I.P No Reservoir due to 19 Embankment Washed out Yes No No Yes washout of Daungia M.I.P Embankment

20 Yes No No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Sarakarikata M.I.P 21 Yes No No No No No - - No Yes Samundakata MIP

22 Tikilipada MIP Yes No No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Nuajharabandha 23 Yes No No No No Yes MIP

24 Lakhabindha Yes No No No No MIP(D/W)

25 Narayansagar MIP Yes No No No No

117 Annexure - 7 MULTIPLE USERS OF WATER IN SELECTED TANKS

Name of the Sl No Type of Tank Irrigation Drinking water Fisheries Industries Livestock Riparian downstream use Tank Not quantified. Summer flow is scanty and do not meet 01 Kusunpur Reservoir Yes No Yes No Yes the downstream need completely. 02 Sankha D/ w Yes No No No No - do- Watch and ward persons use the 03 Kuaput Channel Reservoir Yes Yes No Yes - do- water in summer only Reservoir – dam has been 04 Kasada washed away hence no Yes No Yes No Yes - do- storage at present 05 Damabasakhala Reservoir Yes No Yes No Yes - do- 06 Mahantipally Reservoir Yes No Yes No Yes - do- Shibnarayanpur 07 D/ W Yes No No No No - do- Goda Bileikhai 08 D/W Yes No No No Yes -do- Anugul Dangarapada 09 Reservoir Yes Yes No Yes - do- Bolangiri 10 Jhilimila Reservoir Yes Yes No Yes - do- 11 Jamunasagara Reservoir Yes Yes No Yes - do- 12 Silati Reservoir Yes Yes No Yes - do- 13 Bhejaguda Reservoir Yes Yes No Yes - do- 14 Purunapani Reservoir Yes Yes No Yes - do- 15 Mahendratanaya D/W Yes No No No Yes -do- 16 Bhubansagar Reservoir Yes Yes No Yes - do- 17 Alikuan Reservoir Yes Yes No Yes - do- Reservoir – dam has been

18 washed away hence no Yes No No No Yes - do- Daungia storage at present 19 Sarakarikata Reservoir Yes Yes Yes No Yes - do- 20 Samundakata Reservoir Yes No No No Yes - do- 21 Tikilipada MIP Reservoir Yes No Yes No Yes - do- Nuajharabandha 22 Reservoir Yes No Yes No Yes - do- MIP Lakhabindha 23 D/W Yes No No No Yes -do- MIP(D/W) Narayansagar 24 Reservoir Yes No Yes No Yes - do- MIP 25 Jalaka Barrage Yes No No No Yes -do-

118 Annexure 8 Stakeholders types, interest, problems and suggestions

Sl. Tank Name Type of stakeholders Interests Problems Suggestions No Farmers Feeder channel silted up Desiltation of reservoir Fishermen Tail- end deprived of irrigation water Raising of dam height Breaching of canal embankment Improvement in drainage system 1 Kusunpur Failure of well- siphon system Clearance of encroachment Siltation and weed growth in the canal Development of MIP into a creational spot Encroachment of natural drainage line Water logging Farmers Siltation in feeder channel, reservoir and canal Bed near the diversion weir should be Weed infestation in feeder channel and canal system lowered Breaching of canal embankment Repairing of head regulators Diversion of feeder channel in the upper catchment Land leveling Tail- end deprived of irrigation water Training on method of application of 2 Sankha No scour sluice fertilizers and pesticides Regular theft of gates Undulated topography Lack of awareness regarding method of application of fertilizers and pesticides Farmers Siltation Desiltation of reservoir, canal and Fishermen Encroachment of reservoir by forest species drainage lines Undulated reservoir bed Fishing rights should be given to 3 Kuaput Channel Failure of head regulators Panipanchayat Reduced flow in canal Repair of head regulators Unscientific use of pesticide and fertilizers Improvement of drainage system Siltation and weed growth in canal Siltation Desiltation of reservoir Stream bank erosion Soil conservation measures in the Encroachment of reservoir by ipomoea catchment 4 Kasada -do- Sand casting of agricultural fields Strengthening of embankment Open defecation Improper solid waste management Siltation No land based activities in the catchment Problem in water allocation during Rabi Desiltation of reservoir Ipomoea growth inside the reservoir area Check dams on the feeder channels 5 Damabasakhala -do- Breaching of canal Repairing of canal to check breaching Seepage from canal and seepage Improper solid waste management Leakage in head work Desiltation of reservoir and canal Chocking of feeder channels Check dams to avoid silts through feeder 6 Mahantipally -do- Silation of reservoir channel No awareness regarding unscientific use of fertilizers and Lining of canals 119 pesticides Improvement of field drainage system Shifting cultivation in the catchment Water allocation to Juang families Problem in water allocation during Rabi Desiltation of canals and nalla Breaching of canal embankment Plantation across canal embankment Shibnarayanpur 7 -do- Failure of drop structures Training on method of application of Goda Tail end deprived of irrigation water fertilizers and pesticides Improper solid waste management Lack of drainage system Cross bunds across the feeder channel SHGs, landless and lone women should Encroachment of tank bed be involved in pisciculture Dangarapada Outlets are out of order Plantation should be done along the 8 -do- Bolangiri Undulated topography canal embankment Breaching of canal embankment Check dams across the feeder channels

Siltation Desiltation and deepening of reservoir Over topping of dam Guard walls Ipomoea growth inside the reservoir Clearing of undulations in the reservoir 9 Jhilimila -do- Stone packing and grouting of canal embankment Development of branch canals Siltation of canals and feeder channel Perennial nalla should be connected to Leakage in head work reservoir Main canal deprived of water Dam height should be increased or 10 Jamunasagara -do- Breaching of canal embankment reservoir should be deepened Pumping of water below DSL by some farmers Gates should be constructed on the branch canal Cross bunds should be cleared The reservoir dries up by end of February Guard walls/ check dams should be Encroachment of tank bed constructed to check siltation Soil of the area has deteriorated due to cultivation of cotton for Encroachment of tank bed should be 5-6 years at a stretch cleared 11 Silati -do- Feeder channel is being diverted Surplus location should be changed as Severe channel erosion well as the length should be reduced Leakage in surplus Gutka system should be provided to Leakage through gates check the leakage through gates Lining of canals Most of the land in water spread area is patta land One more canal should be constructed One canal has been closed Dam height should be raised Leakage in head regulator The canal which has been closed should canal is not lined be put into action 12 Bhejaguda -do- Tail end is deprived of irrigation water Surplus height should be raised Canal is heavily silted up and infested with weeds Absence of mechanism for head regulation on the canal Rabi crop is not possible due to lack of water Heavy siltation in reservoir Guard walls should be constructed 13 Purunapani -do- Damaged head regulator instead of stone pitching Damaged stone pitching Surplus height should be raised 120 Dam embankment should be repaired Canal should be extended to irrigate uplands Branch canal should be constructed Reservoir area should be increased by desiltation and crearing of mounds Rabi crop should be ensured by damming more volume of water Heavy seepage from the reservoir Concrete wall structure on both side of No prominent feeder chanel leads to water shortage after the Embankment monsoon. Connection of Reservoir with a Perenial Bhubansagar No surplus channel source (Brahmani Nalla) 14 -do- M.I.P Heavy siltation and breaches in Canal system Renovation and reconstruction of canal Tail end deprivation of irrigation water. and canal structures. Fish breeding centre inside the Reservoir area. Vegetable cultivation inside the reservoir in Rabi season Farmers Defunct D?W structure since 1999 Super cyclone. Reconstruction of D/W structures Defunct Canal system (Wash out of main canal bund in last Fully renovate and reconstruction of rain) Canal system. Beleikhai M.I.P Heavy siltation of Canal. Reconstruction of all the structures of the 15 (D/W) Fully defunct of all falls in the canal. canal Lack of peoples participation in canal management. Provide all new shutters and Head Leakage through the Head regulator/ Shutters regulators.

Leakage through Head regulators due to absence of rubber Reconstruction and renovation of D/W seal Concretization and desiltaion of all the Damaged Energy discipation mechanism canals Damaged automatic fall shutter. Repair of all the structure. Mahendratanaya 16 -do- Damaged Wing and side wall M.I.P.(D/W) High siltation and weed growth in main as well asbranch canals Tail end deprivation of irrigation water. Defunt structures in canal. Farmers Weed growth on the D/S side of Embankment WHS over the one of feeder channel Fishermen Formation of Rills on the D/S Embankment should be destroyed. Berms condition is not healthy. Concretization of all the canal. Sitation and weed growth in canal system Strenghthen the embankment Heavy weed growth in spillway channel and leakage through Reclamation of Reservoir bed 17 Alikuan M.I.P side wall of Spill way drops Dilapilated spill way channel embankment One WHS on the one feeder channel(Ruguda Nalla) of Reservoir through Block of Sarada Fish breeding unit in the D/S adjacent to the Embankment. Cultivation within Reservoir Area Washed out Reservoir Embankment in 1995 Reconstruction and renovation of the Weed growth and silted up of Canals project 18 Daungia M.I.P -do- Fully derelict project Development of Irrigation channels

121 Incomplete Left Canal system. Completion of left canal. Heavy siltation of Embankment. Increase the height of surplus weir upto 2 Displaced Rip-rap in some places. Ft Sarakarikata Tail end deprivation of Irrigation water Connect the left canal hydrolically to the 19 -do- M.I.P Breaches and siltation of canalin many places. Khaliakata and Khajurikata Strenghthen the Embankment and Rip- Rap system. Extension of right canal No prominent Feeder Channel Connect the Nuamunda Nalla with No canal system at all Samundakata Reservoir. Samundakata 20 -do- Breaches in Reservoir embankment Deepening of Reservoir bed. MIP Tree and Bush growth on the Embankment surface Develope the Canal system. Strengthening of embankment Defunct Irrigation distribution system Channel should be develop to connect Seepage from the canal bunds two perenial nalla( Sarda and Bamini) by Heavy siltation and weed growth of canal constructing a D/W over these nalla. Tail end deprivation of irrigation water. Renovation of reservoir bed Lack of peoples participation in canal and irrigation Clear the stumps present in the reservoir. 21 Tikilipada MIP -do- management. Increase the height of Surplus Open defecation. Concretization of main and Branch Canal. Out lets should be constructed as per the sugession of Panipanchayat

Heavy siltation Provision of toe drain Cultivation in the catchment. Desiltation of tank bed. Nuajharabandha No water in the tank during post monsoon. Strengthening of canal and embankment 22 -do- MIP Open defecation. No toe drain Canal bed siltation Farmers Upstream embankment prone to heavy erosion Meandering of upstream embankment Embankment breach due to Flash flood should be strengthened Lakhabindha 23 No link between drainage division and MI division. Desiltation and deweeding of canal bed MIP(D/W) Tail end user less access to water. Open defecation Farmers Reservoir bed has silted up above the sill level. Desiltation of the tankbed Fishermen Canal/drainage system not functioning properly. All reconstruction and repair of tank and Narayanasagar 24 Underground seepage from the tank canal system as suggested by the dept. MIP Weeds growth in the Canal Removal of weed. Open defecation on the embankment Flood Construction of embankment to check Breaching of canal embankment flood 25 Jalaka -do- Tail end deprived of irrigation water Restoration of canal system Failure of head regulators on the canal Repairing of head regulators Replacement of head regulator gates

122

Annexure 10 Summary of General Tank Health of Selected tanks

Tanks Reservoir Dam Head Regulator Spillway Spill channel

Kusunpur (Safa) Bed is undulated and full of stumps Homogeneous earth filled dam of Two sluice type head Ogee type with U.S.B.R. stilling There are two drops in the spill Cuttack Patches of ipomoea 892.1 m length and 3 m top width regulator basin channel Growth of forest species in the Development of ant hills on the Leakage through the head Siltation in stilling basin (in Right canal crosses the spill reservoir top of the dam regulator gate some parts teeth are not visible channel through well siphon Rain cuts at all) Completely silted up and Concavity of both u/s and d/s Damage in abutment of spillway infested with weed growth and slope ipomoea plants Riprap displacement Last drop is completely infested Degradation of berm by ipomoea plants Growth of shrubs on riprap Toe drain is invisible due to weed growth and covered up by soil Sankha D/w No reservoir Diversion weir Gates are missing Broad crested Silted up (Gurudujhatia) No scour gate Stepped fall Stream bank erosion Cuttack

Kuaput Channel Full of water lily and lotus plants Homogeneous earth filled dam One sluice type head Broad crested weir Siltation in the spill channel (Haladia), Khurda Weeds from the embankment have Development of ant hills on the regulator Cracks (both vertical and Heavy growth of forest species encroached into the reservoir top of the dam Gate is not working horizontal) on the side walls like bamboo Development of forest species inside Rain cuts Leakage through the gate Leakage beneath the apron the reservoir area Concavity of both u/s and d/s Cracks in the head work Leakage through the side wall slope Heavy weed growth in the masonry Degradation of berm approach channel of the Disturbed apron head regulator Mohantipally Dries up during summer Homogeneous earth filled dam Two sluice type head Ogee type with U.S.B.R. stilling Silted up (Mohantipally), One fault line crosses the reservoir Presence of deep burrow pits regulators basin Weed growth Nayagarh Full of ipomoea plants Development of ant- hills Gates are not functioning Prominent horizontal crack in Encroachment of the reservoir area Development of concavity of u/s the spillway and leakage for cultivation purpose and d/s slope through the same Berm is disturbed Severe leakage through the Riprap is not provided for the cracks and holes developed in whole length of the dam the side wall Seepage through the toe drain Leakage through the weep holes Encroachment of toe drain and in Horizontal cracks on the some part the d/s slope also masonry of spillway

123

Kasada (Bonei) The reservoir is completely dry for Homogeneous earth filled dam Earlier provided with two Provided with a flush type Heavily silted up Sundargarh years due to failure of dam and has Severe breach has turned the dam sluice type head regulators spillway earlier Infested with weeds and also turned into a grass field defunct No head regulator exists There is no existence of spillway perennial species have Infested with ipomoea plants In the remaining part rain cuts are now or any energy dissipating developed in it Forest species are encroaching the seen mechanism reservoir area Degraded berm Non provision of riprap for full length Damabasakhala Infested with ipomoea plants Homogeneous earth fill dam One sluice type head Two broad crested spillways one Bank erosion (Bangiriposhi), Forest species are encroaching the Disturbed riprap with weed regulator at the end and another in the Infested with weeds Mayurbhanj reservoir area growth as well as covering up by Leakage through the head middle soil regulator Defunct due to siltation and Degraded berm Gear rod of the gate is weed growth Concavity of u/s & d/s slopes missing No energy dissipating mechanism is present Shibnarayanpur No reservoir Diversion weir Damaged head regulator Scour gates missing Infested with weed as well as Goda D/w Gates missing perennial species (Telkoi), Keonjhar Siltation Bank erosion

Patches of ipomoea Homogeneous earth fill dam Two head regulators Broad crested Infested with ipomoea Encroachment by forest species Disturbed riprap Leakage through the head Cracks on the masonry of the Encroachment for agricultural Dangarapada Encroachment for agricultural Degraded berm regulators two drops purposes Bolangiri purposes Rain cuts Growth of perennial species on Bank erosion No rock toe drops

Infested with ipomoea Homogeneous earth fill dam One head regulator Broad crested Encroachment for agricultural Encroachment by forest species Ant hills and burrow pits Leakage through the gate All the 9 drops are silted up purpose Reduction in capacity due to siltation Disturbed riprap Severe erosion disturbs the road Growth of shrubs through riprap network Jhilimila Concavity of u/s and d/s slopes Sand casting of adjacent No rock toe agricultural fields by the spill No berm channel During monsoon water over tops the dam

124 Infested with ipomoea plants Homogeneous earth fill dam One head regulator Broad crested Infested with ipomoea Reduction in capacity due to siltation Ant hills and burrow pits Leakage through the gates Severely damaged Heavily silted up Disturbed riprap Cracks on the head work Damaged apron Severe erosion in d/s side of the Jamunasagara Damaged berm Leakage through side walls spill channel Concavity of u/s and d/s slope Leakage through the masonry of Weed and shrub growth through drops the riprap Infested with ipomoea Homogeneous earth fill dam One head regulator Broad crested Encroachment for agricultural Damaged top Leakage through the gate Loose apron is damaged purpose Damaged berm Leakage through the masonry Bank erosion Prominent rain cuts Silted up Silati No rock toe or toe drain Heavily infested with weeds Ant hills Heavy weed growth through the riprap and covering up of the same by soil Infested with ipomoea Homogeneous earth fill dam One head regulator Ogee type Weed growth Encroachment of reservoir area for No berm Leakage through the gates Cracks on masonry Encroachment agricultural purposes No turfing Erosion near the spill way Silted up Existence of patta land inside the Prominent rain cuts Bhejaguda reservoir No rock toe or toe drain Encroachment of d/s slope of dam for construction of pond Displaced riprap Silted up Homogeneous earth fill dam One head regulator Broad crested Silted up Narrowing of top Gate is not working Disturbed loose apron Subject to bank erosion Damaged berm Cracks on the masonry of Side wall damaged partially Disturbed riprap the head work Purunapani No rock toe Ant hills and burrow pits Concavity of the slopes Prominent rain cuts

125 Bed is undulated and full of stumps Homogeneous earth filled dam of One head regulator is Flush type spillway, but it is not There are two more drops in the Patches of ipomoea 350 m length and 2.5 m top width provided but no Lock and visible clearly due to weed spill channel Growth of forest species in the Development of ant hills on the Key arrangement was growth. Completely silted up and reservoir D/S of the dam installed. infested with weed growth . Rain cuts Concavity of both u/s and d/s Bhubansagar MIP slope Riprap is not visible due to weed growth and it is not present throughout the lenth of embankment . Degradation of berm No Toe drain is provided

Beleikhai MIP Diversion weir (D/W)

Diversion weir Mahendratanaya MIP (D/W)

Homogeneous earth filled dam One sluice type head Ogee type with U.S.B.R. stilling Silted up Full of ipomoea Development of concavity of u/s regulator basin Weed growth Encroachment of the reservoir area and d/s slope Gates are not closing Prominent horizontal crack in for cultivation purpose Berm is disturbed properly the spillway and leakage Riprap is provided for the whole through the same length of the dam Severe leakage through the Alikuan MIP Increased rate of seepage through cracks and holes developed in the toe drain the side wall Siltation of toe drain . Severely increased rate of leakage through the weep holes Horizontal cracks on the masonry of spillway

Daungia MIP FULLY DERELECT PROJECT (Fully derelict project)

126 Homogeneous earth filled dam Two sluice type head One broad crested spillway Bank erosion Bed is free from undulation Disturbed riprap with weed regulator Infested with weeds Infested with weeds growth as well as covering up by Leakage through the head Energy dissipating mechanism is Sarakarikata MIP Forest species are encroaching the soil regulator functional reservoir area Gear rod of the gate is missing Bed is free from undulation Development of ant hills on the Infested with weeds (Ipomia) D/S of the dam No Head regulator exists No Spill way channel is Rain cuts now observed Concavity of both u/s and d/s slope Samundakata MIP Riprap is not visible due to weed growth and it is not present throughout the length of embankment . Degradation of berm No Toe drain is provided Bed is undulated and full of stumps Homogeneous earth filled dam One Head regulator is One flush type spill way is Stream Bank erosion Patches of ipomoea Berm seems to be ok there and in working present at the right hand side of Weed growth in D/S channel. Encroachment of forest species in Riprap provided for the whole condition. the dam and is in good Tikilipada MIP reservoir area. length of the dam and it is in good condition. health. Toe drain is in good condition . Ipomoea growth Homogeneous earth fill dam Not functioning properly Two broad crested weir in good Weed infestation Siltation No toe drain condition Erosion Narayan Sagar, Growth of weeds through the Patrapur, Ganjam riprap

Siltation Homogeneous earth fill dam Not functioning properly One broad crested spillway in Road network damaged during No toe drain Gates are missing good condition high flood Nuajharabandha, No stone piching Purusottampur, Weed growth on the slopes Ganjam

No reservoir No dam Two head regulators Broad crested Functioning Approach nalla is highly Lakhabindha (d/ meandering and subject to w) , Sheragada, breaches Ganjam

No reservoir Barrage type One head regulator NIL Worn out gates Jalaka, Basta, Cracks on the head work Balasore

127 Annexure 9 Agricultural production and cropping pattern in command area of tanks selected for the study

Productivity (Tones/Ha) Crops Average Sl. No Name of the Tank

Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi

1 Kusunpur (Safa) Cuttack Paddy 1.4- 1.6 Paddy - Sankha (Gurudujhatia) Cuttack - 2 Paddy Vegetables/ Pulse 1.5- 1.8 - - 3 Kuaput Channel (Haladia), Khurda Paddy Pulse 2- 2.25 - - 4 Mohantipally (Mohantipally), Nayagarh Paddy Paddy/ Pulse 0.8- 1.0

- 5 Kasada (Bonei) Sundargarh Paddy Nil 0.6- 0.8

Damabasakhala (Bangiriposhi), Vegetables - 6 Paddy 0.4- 0.6 Mayurbhanj 0.5 Shibnarayanpur Goda D/ w (Telkoi), Wheat/ Sunflower/ 7 Paddy 2 NA Keonjhar Vegetables 5 Paddy/ 1.5- 2/ 8 Dangarapada, Bolangiri Paddy Pulse/ 1.5- 2 0.5- 1/ Vegetable NA

9 Jhilimila, Nuapada Paddy - 1- 1.5 -

10 Jamunasagara, Kalahandi Paddy Paddy 1.5- 2.2 1.2- 1.5 3.5- 4.5/ 2.5- 3.5/ Maize/ Paddy/ Maize/ 11 Silati, Nawarangpur 1.2- 1.5/ 1.2- 1.5 Chilly Potato 1.5- 2 Ragi/ 0.1- 0.15/ 12 Bhejaguda, Malkangiri Paddy 1.5- 2 Niger 0.1- 0.15 13 Purunapani, Koraput Paddy - 1.8- 2.5 -

14 Bhubansagar M.I.P Paddy - 1.02 15 Beleikhai M.I.P (D/W) Paddy - 1.4 16 Mahendratanaya M.I.P.(D/W) Paddy/ Vegetable Vegetable 17 Alikuan M.I.P Paddy - 1.6 18 Daungia M.I.P Paddy - 0.8 19 Sarakarikata M.I.P Paddy/Vegetable Paddy/Vegetable 1.24 20 Samundakata MIP Paddy Vegetable 1.5 2- 3 21 Tikilipada MIP Paddy/Vegetable Vegetable 1.4 2- 3 22 1.4 Nuajharabandha MIP Paddy/Vegetable 23 1.3 Lakhabindha MIP(D/W) Paddy/Vegetable 24 1.4 Narayansagar MIP Paddy/Vegetable 25 Paddy/vegetable 1.4 Jalaka, Basta, Balasore Paddy/ Niger 1.5

128

Annexure : 11 ASSESSMENT OF STRUCTURAL SAFETY OF EMBANKMENT (AS PER REVISED FLOOD)

Tanks Computations and Dam safety Proposed action Reference validation of aspect plan /Action taken /remarks designed flood 1. Alikuan, Design flood The concern of 1.Dam top has been Report of =168cumecs being higher raised and the free Expert panel Revised design magnitude board after no 1 on safety flood(SPF)=598cumec necessary and rehabilitation works review of s suitable action out to be 1.5m large dams. 355% excess has already 2. 4 nos of 4m falls Maximum taken have been constructed in the spill channel

2. Tikilipada Design flood Should be 1.SPF may be Report of =101.38cumecs but assessed based evaluated and its Expert panel basis of calculation is on SPF impact on free board No.3 on safety not available may be studied review of 2. A GD observation large dams. on Talubnala may be established. 3. Kusunpur Design Flood is equal Fairly safe Attention for Phase 1(2nd to 303 cumecs using maintenance of the cycle) report Dicken’s formula, This tank of Orissa Dam needs to be assessed Safety by expert Organization Daungia Design Flood= 57.65 Partially Derelict HR should be Assessed (Special cumecs constructed new during site Problem) This needs to be visit assessed by expert Kasada This needs to be Breach in the Strengthen Assessed (Special assessed by expert embankment has Embankment, during site Problem) made the dam maintain top width, visit inoperative berm, provide spillway, 8nos Tanks 15-20% Excess over The revised flood Strengthen Quick (General) designed flood can be Embankment, assessment This needs to be accommodated maintain top width, assessed by expert with the existing berm, provide free board and additional riprap and spillway capacity constant monitoring 6nos Tanks 35-40% Excess over Serious, likely to Extensive study of Involvement (General) designed flood overtop causing hydrology, proper of PMU in This needs to be failure and D/S monitoring and suggesting assessed by expert inundation appropriate appropriate involving life and strengthening measures. property measures like raising of dam height and provide additional spillway

129 Annexure 12 Results of water quality test of samples of selected tanks

EC NH-3 Sl Location of Sampling BOD COD DO F- Cl- NO3/N µS/cm TKN B N Na T.Fe TH TC No points pH (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (MPN/100ml) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 Kuaput MIP, Khurda (a) Reservoir Water 7.6 2.6 13.33 5.1 0.352 18.45 0.507 323 16.8 ND 0.84 23 2.995 100.0 (b) Ground Water 7.4 30.0 0.825 152.40 13.947 1320 0.336 304.0 2 Sankha MIP, (a) Ground Water 7.8 10.0 0.4675 11.65 0.719 537 ND 220.0 Kasada MIP,

3 Sundargarh (a) Ground Water 7.8 26.0 0.495 165.10 3.709 973 0.3024 376.0 4 S.N.Goda, keonjhar (a) Ground Water 7.1 6.0 0.11 62.16 10.211 718 0.2974 232.0 5 Damabasakhal MIP (a) Ground Water 5.9 19.42 0.247 7.77 0.212 47.3 16.488 28.0 (b) Reservoir Water 6.2 1.7 5.82 3.9 0.055 5.82 0.396 71.2 3.64 ND 0.56 7.0 7.656 32.0 22 6 Mahantipali MIP (a) Ground Water 7.3 3.88 0.523 1.94 0.253 619 3.341 68.0 (b) Reservoir Water 7.1 0.7 15.53 4.6 0.22 15.54 0.066 133 5.32 0.00353 0.28 24 2.4384 248.0 5 7 Kusunpur MIP (a) Reservoir Water 7.29 1.5 6.0 0.02 12.00 4.50 0.12 9.10 (b) Ground Water 6.5 2.43 8 SuamundakataMIP

7.7 1.8 20.9 5.7 0.159 2.0 0.02 54.5 10.64 - 1.6 4.6 28.0 <2 (a) Reservoir Water ND (b) Ground Water 8.2 - 6.9 - 0.335 33.0 3.108 865.0 - - - - 1.7 376.0 - 9 Narayan Sagar MIP (a) Reservoir Water 7.4 1.6 13.9 6.5 0.57 12.0 0.287 114.0 2.8 - ND 11.0 4.05 44.0 - (b) Ground Water 8.1 - 20.9 - ND 128.0 3.144 1011.0 - - - - 2.9 312.0 - 10 Nuajharbandha MIP (a) Reservoir Water 7.5 0.8 6.9 8.4 0.54 6.0 0.401 118.2 6.16 - ND 5.0 5.9 44.0 - (b) Ground Water 8.0 - 6.9 - ND 320.0 4.055 1755.0 - - - - 3.6 268.0 - 11 Lakhabindha MIP

130 (b) Ground Water 7.7 - 13.9 - 1.15 146.0 3.167 992.0 - - - - 0.9 452.0 - 12 Mahendratanaya MIP (b) Ground Water 8.3 - 20.9 - 0.148 375.0 3.479 1919.0 - - - - 2.6 672.0 - 13 Alikuan MIP (a) Reservoir Water 8.1 2.3 27.9 7.7 ND 10.0 0.442 120.5 2.8 - ND 8.0 7.9 64.0 - (b) Ground Water 7.2 - 48.8 - 0.511 240.0 3.167 1608.0 - - - - 2.2 360.0 - 14 Daungia MIP (b) Ground Water 7.9 - 13.9 - 0.242 6.0 0.160 151.7 - - - - 4.9 72.0 - 15 Dangarpada MIP (a) Ground Water 7.2 - 20.9 - 0.940 160.0 6.959 974.0 - - - - 1.46 468.0 - (b) Reservoir Water 8.0 - 13.9 5.3 ND 6.0 0.339 98.4 5.04 - ND 5.0 6.0 44.0 2800 16 Jhilmilia MIP (a) Ground Water 7.1 - 6.9 - 0.391 2.0 0.890 129.1 - - - - 3.3 56.0 - (b) Reservoir Water 7.5 - 13.9 5.05 0.03 1.0 0.276 70.7 4.48 - ND 1.0 1.4 36.0 <2 17 Jamunasagar MIP (a) Ground Water 7.5 - 6.9 - 1.27 27.0 2.379 557.0 - - - - 0.792 260.0 - (b) Reservoir Water 7.8 - 6.9 7.05 ND ND 0.294 64.4 1.68 - ND 1.0 2.73 36.0 110 18 Silati MIP (a) Reservoir Water 7.6 - 20.9 3.8 ND 2.0 0.134 44.8 - - ND 15.0 6.086 24.0 40 (b) Ground Water 6.9 - 6.9 - 0.412 13.0 2.512 172.5 - - - - 1.387 76.0 - 19 Bhejaguda MIP (a) Reservoir Water 7.1 - 13.9 4.65 ND 1.0 0.360 22.5 - - ND 1.0 2.87 12.0 <2 (b) Ground Water 6.9 - 6.9 - 0.319 119.9 14.823 1009.0 - - - - 1.09 452.0 - 20 Purunapani MIP (a) Reservoir Water 7.6 - 13.9 5.45 ND 2.0 0.117 23.4 - - ND 1.2 4.21 8.0 45 (b) Ground Water 6.8 - 6.9 - 0.209 ND 2.359 106.6 - - - - 1.36 44.0 - 21 Bileikhai MIP (a) Reservoir Water 8.6 3.2 9.4 7.4 0.7 6.0 0.28 376.0 6.72 0.038 ND 5.0 2.1 140.0 <2 (b) Ground Water 7.8 - 3.7 - 0.68 180.0 15.6 1599.0 - - - - 0.03 554.0 - 22 Tikilipada MIP (a) Reservoir Water 8.0 0.6 6.0 6.6 0.18 2.0 ND 61.2 28.0 - 0.56 1.7 2.0 26.0 <2 (b) Ground Water 8.5 - 4.0 - 0.28 19.0 2.72 440.0 - - - - 1.6 248.0 - 23 Bhubansagar MIP (a) Reservoir Water 8.4 1.3 6.0 5.3 0.38 1.0 0.08 42.0 42.0 - 0.84 1.0 6.5 24.0 <2 (b) Ground Water 8.5 - 2.0 - 0.73 7.0 0.11 435.0 - - - - 0.5 254.0 -

131 24 Sarakarikata MIp (a) Reservoir Water 8.1 0.6 4.0 7.2 0.11 2.0 0.042 122.0 7.84 - 0.22 1.5 0.57 60.0 110 (b) Ground Water 8.5 - 10.0 - 0.83 52.0 0.81 436.0 - - - - 1.7 156.0 - 25 Jalaka MIP (a) Reservoir Water - (b) Ground Water -

132

Annexure -13

Abstract of Term of Reference (TOR) Dam Safety Review Panel, Govt. of Orissa

S.No. Checklist 1 Review of the existing and available engineering data relating to design assumptions and design of the structures, record of construction and post construction changes.

2 Review existing records of operation and performance of the dam and appurtenant structures 3 Review existing maintenance procedure 4 Review structural behavior of the dam and appurtenant structures 5 Review periodic inspection records by the project authorities. 6 It will conduct detailed field inspection and suggest remedial measures.

7 At the end of the investigation, it shall record assessment of safety of the dams and need for additional studies/investigation

133 Annexure-14 PROJECT OPERATIONAL STRUCTURE

PROJECT LEVEL COMMUNITY LEVEL

State District Tanks Tank Village

OCTDMS District Level Support Implementation Committee Organization (s) A team of 3 Community members – one level groups person each for such as social farmer, State Project Unit District Project Unit mobilization, fisheries and Project Director District Project Director technical women Executive Engineer support and forums livelihoods

Water User P P P Additional Project Director Networks P P P

1. Technical Unit 1. Technical Unit 2. Livelihoods Unit 2. Livelihoods Unit 3. Institutional Building 3. Institutional Building 4. Monitoring, Evaluation & Learning 4. Monitoring, Evaluation & Learning 5. Communication 5. Communication 6. Financial Mgt. & Procurement Unit 6. Financial Mgt. & Procurement Unit

134 Annexure - 14

ENVIRONMENTAL CHECK LIST FOR SELECTION OF TANKS FOR REHABILITATION UNDER OCTDM PROJECT

Name of the MIP: Height of the dam in m: Block : District:

Item Remarks Next Steps 1. Rainfall in mm 2. Is MIP a source of drinking water? 3. Is MIP a source of irrigation? 4. Is MIP used for fishery activity? COMMAND AREA 1. Inhabited area with in 1 KM from tank periphery 2. Forest area 3. Agricultural land 4. Marshy / Swampy area 5. Barren Land 6. Faunal breeding ground within 500m from the tank periphery 7. Endangered Flora and fauna within 500m from tank periphery 8. Soil erosion status with in 500m from the tank periphery 9. Is there any effect on the water quality of MIP from the catchment 10. Status of Drains (field drains and link drains) CATCHMENT AREA 1. Inhabited area 2. Forest area 3. Agricultural land 4. Marshy / Swampy area 5. Barren Land 6. Is MIP known for Migratory birds 7. Cultural properties associated with MIP 8. Flood and run off silt load history 9. Inundation during monsoon 10. Any Reserve Forest Areas within the immediate vicinity of the Tank Reservoir. 11. Is the tank water quality suitable for irrigation 12. Stakeholder approval for tank rehabilitation works 13. Consensus on silt removal in feeder channels, tank bed and drainage in the command 14. Silt quality assessment for use in agricultural lands 15. availability of silt disposal location 16. Command area farmers inclination to use bio pesticides 17. Aquatic weed in

• Feeder channels • Tank bed

135 • Command area 18. Health of dam – any significant issues pertaining to dam safety observed in the recent past (0-5 years)

136