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Hacktivismo E Organizações Midiáticas: Hackeamento De Narrativas Em Wikileaks E Mídia Ninja

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Hacktivismo E Organizações Midiáticas: Hackeamento De Narrativas Em Wikileaks E Mídia Ninja UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA PARAÍBA CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS, LETRAS E ARTES PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM COMUNICAÇÃO HACKTIVISMO E ORGANIZAÇÕES MIDIÁTICAS: HACKEAMENTO DE NARRATIVAS EM WIKILEAKS E MÍDIA NINJA ISADORA TEIXEIRA DE LIRA JOÃO PESSOA 2017 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA PARAÍBA CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS, LETRAS E ARTES PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM COMUNICAÇÃO ISADORA TEIXEIRA DE LIRA HACKTIVISMO E ORGANIZAÇÕES MIDIÁTICAS: HACKEAMENTO DE NARRATIVAS EM WIKILEAKS E MÍDIA NINJA Texto apresentado para defesa de dissertação junto ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação da Universidade Federal da Paraíba, nível de Mestrado. Linha: Culturas midiáticas audiovisuais Orientadora: Drª Nadja de Moura Carvalho JOÃO PESSOA 2017 Catalogação na publicação Seção de Catalogação e Classificação L768h Lira, Isadora Teixeira de. Hacktivismo e organizações midiáticas : hackeamento de narrativas em Wikileaks e mídia ninja / Isadora Teixeira de Lira. - João Pessoa, 2017. 101 f. : il. Orientação: Nadja de Moura Carvalho. Dissertação (Mestrado) - UFPB/CCHLA. 1. Hacktivismo. 2. WikiLeaks. 3. Mídia Ninja. 4. Hacker de narrativas. I. Carvalho, Nadja de Moura. II. Título. UFPB/BC ISADORA TEIXEIRA DE LIRA HACKTIVISMO E ORGANIZAÇÕES MIDIÁTICAS: HACKEAMENTO DE NARRATIVAS EM WIKILEAKS E MÍDIA NINJA Defesa de dissertação realizada em: __/__/__ BANCA EXAMINADORA Profa. Dra. Nadja de Moura Carvalho Orientadora Prof. Dr. Cláudio Cardoso de Paiva Universidade Federal da Paraíba Examinador Interno Dr. Daniel Neves Abath Luna Examinador externo Agradecimentos Gostaria de agradecer a Elvira, minha mãe e primeira professora, pelo suporte emocional e também financeiro, durante toda a minha vida e também durante o mestrado. Meu pai faleceu em 2014 e não acompanhou o processo deste mestrado, mas também sempre esteve presente e solícito para que eu tivesse acesso à educação. À minha orientadora Nadja Carvalho, pessoa que admiro como profissional desde o primeiro semestre da graduação em Jornalismo. Durante os dois anos e meio de desenvolvimento desta dissertação, Nadja não conteve esforços em me auxiliar neste processo, seja na orientação da pesquisa, seja no apoio emocional que muitas vezes possibilitou que eu me mantivesse tranquila e focada neste estudo. Desde a graduação já tinha Nadja no hall da fama de professoras inspiradoras, mas durante o mestrado tive a oportunidade de estar mais próxima e conhecer mais motivos para admirá-la. Durante o estágio docência tive a oportunidade de acompanhar seu trabalho e dedicação com demais orientandos e, a cada orientação ou aula que acompanhei, sentia-me mais inspirada pela dedicação e trabalho árduo a qual Nadja se prestava. Agradeço por toda a paciência, pela solicitude, pela prontidão, companheirismo e parceria durante este período. À Thayse Rocha, pelo carinho, compreensão e paciência. Se não fosse sua habilidade em driblar e/ou dar uma chave de braço nas minhas crises de ansiedade, provavelmente eu não teria escrito nem a primeira linha desta dissertação. Agradeço não só pelo suporte emocional nos momentos de maior nervosismo, mas também por todos os instantes de felicidade que compartilhamos neste percurso, transfigurando a tragédia em alívio e multiplicando as gargalhadas entre as brechas de responsabilidades (e que espero que possamos compartilhar em todas as nossas futuras empreitadas). Como se não bastasse, tenho que agradecer também pelas correções gramaticais e resgates de narrativas nos momentos de empacamento (além de toda a ajuda com as traduções). Obrigada por tudo. A todas as minhas amigas e amigos que contribuíram no processo da dissertação. Desde a submissão do projeto, que contei com a ajuda de Emília Limeira e Luis Thales na elaboração do pré-projeto, até minhas amigas e amigos que me acompanharam neste percurso, seja oferecendo ajuda nas revisões, dando sugestões de materiais ou algumas cervejas entre um fichamento e outro. Fica o agradecimento a Aline, Raysa, Marcel, Fernando, Daniel, Adriano. Ao pesquisador e hacktivista Murilo Machado, que me deu ótimas indicações para o curso da pesquisa. Agradeço também aos professores Cláudio Paiva e Nazareno Andrade, pois trouxeram questões imprescindíveis durante a banca de qualificação, que orientaram o trabalho a partir de então. Agradeço também a Daniel Neves Abath Luna por aceitar o convite em integrar a banca da defesa da dissertação e contribuir com suas observações a esse trabalho. Agradeço a todas as pessoas que contribuíram concedendo entrevistas, conversas e diálogos que ajudaram no direcionamento desta pesquisa. RESUMO A máxima que diz ―informação é poder‖ toma uma dimensão maior e mais complexa quando vivenciada na era da propagação do acesso à internet e da revolução da microinformática. Neste sentido, entendemos o hacktivista, como um ator político em razão das possibilidades de ativismo que estão atreladas à sua perícia técnica. Para este estudo, realizamos oito entrevistas, dentre pesquisadores e hacktivistas e como escopo teórico utilizamos A. Samuel (2004), para trazer tipologias de práticas e definições de hacktivismo, M. Castells (2003, 2013), para tratar das pesquisas sobre legislação na internet, M. Machado (2013, 2015) e S. Silveira (2010, 2015), que abordam e pesquisam o hacktivismo no Brasil, e F. Malini e H. Antoun (2013), com sua definição de hacker de narrativas. Nossa pesquisa fica centrada nas organizações midiáticas hacktivistas, tais como WikiLeaks e Mídia Ninja, focando em dois casos específicos nos quais as organizações atuaram como hacker de narrativas: durante a crise econômica da Islândia em 2008 e durante as Jornadas de Junho de 2013, no Brasil, respectivamente. Constatamos que os dois hackeamentos predisseram e tensionaram o debate acerca de direitos digitais e acesso à internet, resultando em legislações sobre direitos digitais nos respectivos países. Palavras-chave: Hacktivismo; WikiLeaks; Mídia Ninja; Hacker de narrativas. ABSTRACT The maxim that says "information is power" takes on a larger and more complex dimension when experienced in the era of the spread of Internet access and the revolution of micro- computing. In this sense, we understand the hacktivist, as a political actor because of the possibilities of activism that are tied to their technical expertise. For this study, we conducted eight interviews, among researchers and hacktivists. We used A. Samuel (2004) to bring typologies of practices and definitions of hacktivism, M. Castells (2003, 2013), to instruct the research about internet legislation, M. Machado (2013, 2015) and S. Silveira (2010, 2015), who approach and research hacktivism in Brazil, and e F. Malini e H. Antoun (2013), with the definition about narrative hacker. Our research is centralized on the hacktivists organizations media, such as WikiLeaks and Mídia Ninja, focusing on two specific cases in which the organizations acted as narrative hackers: during the economic crisis in Iceland in 2008 and during the June Journeys of 2013, in Brazil, respectively. We verify that the two cases of hacking preceded and stressed the debate about digital rights and internet access, resulting in digital rights laws in their respective countries. Keywords: Hacktivism; WikiLeaks; Mídia Ninja; Narrative hackers. SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO ..................................................................................................................................... 8 1 CAPÍTULO VIAS DE ACESSO AO HACKTIVISMO ............................................................... 12 1.1 O olhar ativista ............................................................................................................................ 12 1.2 Táticas e conceitos ...................................................................................................................... 16 1.3 Formas de organização ................................................................................................................ 25 1.3.1 Hackerespaço/Hacklab ......................................................................................................... 26 1.3.2 Anonymous ........................................................................................................................... 28 1.3.3 Comunidades de Software livre ............................................................................................ 32 1.3.4 Organizações de mídia ......................................................................................................... 34 2. CAPÍTULO – O CÓDIGO É A LEI .............................................................................................. 35 2.1 Caso Aaron Swartz ...................................................................................................................... 35 2.2 Quem regula internet?...................................................................................................................38 2.3 Regulamentação da vigilância......................................................................................................43 2.4 Marco Civil...................................................................................................................................49 2.5 CPI dos crimes cibernéticos ........................................................................................................52 2.6 Projeto de Lei das Telecomunicaçõ.............................................................................................55 2.7 Franquia de dados na banda larga ...............................................................................................58
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