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The Walls but on the Rampart Underneath and the Ditch Surrounding Them
A walk through 1,900 years of history The Bar Walls of York are the finest and most complete of any town in England. There are five main “bars” (big gateways), one postern (a small gateway) one Victorian gateway, and 45 towers. At two miles (3.4 kilometres), they are also the longest town walls in the country. Allow two hours to walk around the entire circuit. In medieval times the defence of the city relied not just on the walls but on the rampart underneath and the ditch surrounding them. The ditch, which has been filled in almost everywhere, was once 60 feet (18.3m) wide and 10 feet (3m) deep! The Walls are generally 13 feet (4m) high and 6 feet (1.8m) wide. The rampart on which they stand is up to 30 feet high (9m) and 100 feet (30m) wide and conceals the earlier defences built by Romans, Vikings and Normans. The Roman defences The Normans In AD71 the Roman 9th Legion arrived at the strategic spot where It took William The Conqueror two years to move north after his the rivers Ouse and Foss met. They quickly set about building a victory at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. In 1068 anti-Norman sound set of defences, as the local tribe –the Brigantes – were not sentiment in the north was gathering steam around York. very friendly. However, when William marched north to quell the potential for rebellion his advance caused such alarm that he entered the city The first defences were simple: a ditch, an embankment made of unopposed. -
Place-Names in and Around the Fleet Valley ==== D ==== Daffin Daffin Is a Farm at the Head of the Cleugh of Doon Above Carsluith
Place-names in and around the Fleet Valley ==== D ==== Daffin Daffin is a farm at the head of the Cleugh of Doon above Carsluith. There is a Daffin Tree marked on the 1st edition OS map at Killochy in Balmaclellan parish, and Daffin Hill in this location on current OS maps, across the Dee from Kenmure Castle; Castle Daffin is a hill in Parton parish and a house by Auchencairn. This is likely to be Gaelic *Dà pheiginn ‘two pennylands’. Peighinn is ‘a penny’, but in place-names it refers to a unit of land, based on yield rather than area. It probably originated in the Gaelic-Norse context of Argyll and the southern Hebrides, and was introduced into the south-west by the Gall- Ghàidheil (see Ardwell above). It occurs in place-names in Galloway and, especially, Carrick as ‘Pin- ‘ as first element, ‘-fin’ with ‘softened ‘ph’ after a numeral or other pre-positioned adjective. Originally a pennyland was a relatively small division of a davoch (dabhach, see Cullendoch above), but in the south-west places whose names contain this element appear in mediaeval records as holdings of relatively substantial landowners, comprising good extents of pasture, meadow and woodland as well as the arable core, and yielding much higher taxes than the pennylands further north. Indeed, peighinn may have come to be used more generally in the region for a fairly substantial estate without implying a specific valuation. *Dà pheiginn ‘two pennylands’ would, then, have been a large and productive landholding. However, a Scots origin is also possible, or if the origin was Gaelic, reinterpretation by Scots speakers is possible: daffin or daffen is a Scots word for ‘daffodil’, but as a verb, daffin(g) is ‘playing daft, larking about’. -
Gloucestershire Castles
Gloucestershire Archives Take One Castle Gloucestershire Castles The first castles in Gloucestershire were built soon after the Norman invasion of 1066. After the Battle of Hastings, the Normans had an urgent need to consolidate the land they had conquered and at the same time provide a secure political and military base to control the country. Castles were an ideal way to do this as not only did they secure newly won lands in military terms (acting as bases for troops and supply bases), they also served as a visible reminder to the local population of the ever-present power and threat of force of their new overlords. Early castles were usually one of three types; a ringwork, a motte or a motte & bailey; A Ringwork was a simple oval or circular earthwork formed of a ditch and bank. A motte was an artificially raised earthwork (made by piling up turf and soil) with a flat top on which was built a wooden tower or ‘keep’ and a protective palisade. A motte & bailey was a combination of a motte with a bailey or walled enclosure that usually but not always enclosed the motte. The keep was the strongest and securest part of a castle and was usually the main place of residence of the lord of the castle, although this changed over time. The name has a complex origin and stems from the Middle English term ‘kype’, meaning basket or cask, after the structure of the early keeps (which resembled tubes). The name ‘keep’ was only used from the 1500s onwards and the contemporary medieval term was ‘donjon’ (an apparent French corruption of the Latin dominarium) although turris, turris castri or magna turris (tower, castle tower and great tower respectively) were also used. -
Research Issues1 Wybrane Zespoły Bramne Na Śląsku
TECHNICAL TRANSACTIONS 3/2019 ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING DOI: 10.4467/2353737XCT.19.032.10206 SUBMISSION OF THE FINAL VERSION: 15/02/2019 Andrzej Legendziewicz orcid.org/0000-0002-9228-296X [email protected] Faculty of Architecture, Wrocław University of Technology Selected city gates in Silesia – research issues1 Wybrane zespoły bramne na Śląsku – problematyka badawcza Abstract1 The conservation work performed on the city gates of some Silesian cities in recent years has offered the opportunity to undertake architectural research. The researchers’ interest was particularly aroused by towers which form the framing of entrances to old-town areas and which are also a reflection of the ambitious aspirations and changing tastes of townspeople and a result of the evolution of architectural forms. Some of the gate buildings were demolished in the 19th century as a result of city development. This article presents the results of research into selected city gates: Grobnicka Gate in Głubczyce, Górna Gate in Głuchołazy, Lewińska Gate in Grodków, Krakowska and Wrocławska Gates in Namysłów, and Dolna Gate in Prudnik. The obtained research material supported an attempt to verify the propositions published in literature concerning the evolution of military buildings in Silesia between the 14th century and the beginning of the 17th century. Relicts of objects that have not survived were identified in two cases. Keywords: Silesia, architecture, city walls, Gothic, the Renaissance Streszczenie Prace konserwatorskie prowadzone na bramach w niektórych miastach Śląska w ostatnich latach były okazją do przeprowadzenia badań architektonicznych. Zainteresowanie badaczy budziły zwłaszcza wieże, które tworzyły wejścia na obszary staromiejskie, a także były obrazem ambitnych aspiracji i zmieniających się gustów mieszczan oraz rezultatem ewolucji form architektonicznych. -
September-November—2012 Saturday October 6, 2012 Santanoni Farm Newcomb a Short Walk of Just Over a Mile Will Bring Us to the Farm Complex on the Santanoni Preserve
Northern New York Audubon Serving the Adirondack, Champlain, St.Lawrence Region of New York State Mission: To conserve and restore natural ecosystems in the Adirondacks, focusing on birds, other wildlife, and their habitats for the benefit of humanity and the Earth's biological diversity. Volume 40 Number 3 September-November—2012 Saturday October 6, 2012 Santanoni Farm Newcomb A short walk of just over a mile will bring us to the farm complex on the Santanoni Preserve. The 12,500 acre preserve is home to the Santanoni Lodge, built from 1892-93. While we won't be hiking the 4 miles into the Lodge, there are some old buildings at the farm including a beautiful creamery and some great old fields and orchards that we can explore. After the hike, participants can visit the Gatehouse Moose River Plains building that houses a small museum with photos and information about the history 1 Santanoni Farm—Field Trip and renovation efforts at the Lodge. 1 MassawepieArbutus Lake—Field Mire Trip Time: 9 a.m. Meet: At the Adirondack Interpretive Center, 5922 St Rte 28N Newcomb, NY 2 Westport Boat Launch Leader: Charlotte Demers 2 CoonWestport/Essex—Field Mountain Trip Registration: Email to [email protected] or call the AIC at (518) 582-2000 Azure Mountain—Field Trip Saturday, November 3, 2012 2 Wilson Hill to Robert Moses State Arbutus Lake 3 Park—LouisvilleNABA’s Lake Placid & Massena Butterfly (St.Count Lawrence County) Newcomb Participants will hike a 2 mile loop around the shore of Arbutus Lake in the Hunt- President’s Message ington Wildlife Forest. -
Three Conquests of Canaan
ÅA Wars in the Middle East are almost an every day part of Eero Junkkaala:of Three Canaan Conquests our lives, and undeniably the history of war in this area is very long indeed. This study examines three such wars, all of which were directed against the Land of Canaan. Two campaigns were conducted by Egyptian Pharaohs and one by the Israelites. The question considered being Eero Junkkaala whether or not these wars really took place. This study gives one methodological viewpoint to answer this ques- tion. The author studies the archaeology of all the geo- Three Conquests of Canaan graphical sites mentioned in the lists of Thutmosis III and A Comparative Study of Two Egyptian Military Campaigns and Shishak and compares them with the cities mentioned in Joshua 10-12 in the Light of Recent Archaeological Evidence the Conquest stories in the Book of Joshua. Altogether 116 sites were studied, and the com- parison between the texts and the archaeological results offered a possibility of establishing whether the cities mentioned, in the sources in question, were inhabited, and, furthermore, might have been destroyed during the time of the Pharaohs and the biblical settlement pe- riod. Despite the nature of the two written sources being so very different it was possible to make a comparative study. This study gives a fresh view on the fierce discus- sion concerning the emergence of the Israelites. It also challenges both Egyptological and biblical studies to use the written texts and the archaeological material togeth- er so that they are not so separated from each other, as is often the case. -
Building the Temple of Salomo in the Early Medieval „Alamannia“
Journal of Liberal Arts and Humanities (JLAH) Issue: Vol. 1; No. 4; April 2020 pp. 163-185 ISSN 2690-070X (Print) 2690-0718 (Online) Website: www.jlahnet.com E-mail: [email protected] Building the Temple of Salomo in the Early Medieval „Alamannia“ Dr. Thomas Kuentzel M.A. Untere Masch Strasse 16 Germany, 37073 Goettingen E-mail: [email protected] The diocese of Constance is one of the largest north of the Alps, reaching from the Lakes of Thun and Brienz down to Stuttgart and Ulm, from the river Iller (passing Kempten) to the Rhine near Lörrach and Freiburg. Its origins date back to the end of the 6th century; when saint Gall came to the duke of Alamannia, Gunzo, around the year 613, the duke promised him the episcopate, if he would cure his doughter.i In the 9th century some of the bishops also were abbots of the monasteries on the Island Reichenau and of Saint Gall. Three of the bishops were called Salomon, one being the uncle of the following.ii The noble family they belonged to is not known, but they possessed land on the southern shore of Lake Constance, in the province of Thurgau. Salomon III. was educated in the monastery of Saint Gall, and prepared especially for the episcopate. Maybe his uncle and granduncle also benefitted from such an education. Even their predecessor, bishop Wolfleoz, started his career as monk in Saint Gall. It is likely that the three Salomons were given their names with the wish, that they once would gain this office. -
Isurium Brigantum
Isurium Brigantum an archaeological survey of Roman Aldborough The authors and publisher wish to thank the following individuals and organisations for their help with this Isurium Brigantum publication: Historic England an archaeological survey of Roman Aldborough Society of Antiquaries of London Thriplow Charitable Trust Faculty of Classics and the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge Chris and Jan Martins Rose Ferraby and Martin Millett with contributions by Jason Lucas, James Lyall, Jess Ogden, Dominic Powlesland, Lieven Verdonck and Lacey Wallace Research Report of the Society of Antiquaries of London No. 81 For RWS Norfolk ‒ RF Contents First published 2020 by The Society of Antiquaries of London Burlington House List of figures vii Piccadilly Preface x London W1J 0BE Acknowledgements xi Summary xii www.sal.org.uk Résumé xiii © The Society of Antiquaries of London 2020 Zusammenfassung xiv Notes on referencing and archives xv ISBN: 978 0 8543 1301 3 British Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background to this study 1 Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data 1.2 Geographical setting 2 A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the 1.3 Historical background 2 Library of Congress, Washington DC 1.4 Previous inferences on urban origins 6 The moral rights of Rose Ferraby, Martin Millett, Jason Lucas, 1.5 Textual evidence 7 James Lyall, Jess Ogden, Dominic Powlesland, Lieven 1.6 History of the town 7 Verdonck and Lacey Wallace to be identified as the authors of 1.7 Previous archaeological work 8 this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. -
Medieval Castle Information Booklet
Medieval Castle Information Booklet. Aim: To produce an information booklet about a medieval castle of your choice. The booklet will contain a mixture of information about the castle you have chosen and information about the general changes made to medieval castles over time. Some information will be special to your castle and sometimes it will be about castles in general – this is fine. If you follow the boxes below, it should be straightforward. Presentation: You can present your work in a variety of ways: writing, pictures, diagrams and maps – there is no right or wrong way of doing this, simply present the information in your favourite way. The work must be handed in clearly named and with the teacher and teaching group also clearly indicated. All pages need to be secured either with either staples, paper clips, spine binder or be in a soft wallet-style folder. Please, no hard backed folders. Please do not ‘cut and paste’ information from the internet. The questions have been designed in such a way that ‘cutting and pasting’ information will not answer them. You may however cut and paste pictures and diagrams. Task One: Choosing a castle to study. (Max. 35 minutes) Using the library or the internet to choose a medieval castle to study. Pick a castle that has plenty of information about it – some even feature on ‘You-Tube’. Choosing a local castle is a good idea. You could even visit it as part of your investigation. Our local suggestions are: Bodiam Castle, Canterbury Castle, Dover Castle, Rochester Castle or Tonbridge Castle. -
Community PRIDE
EVENTS AT CANTERBURY CHRIST CHURCH UNIVERSITY 2018 SUMMER 2018 CHRIST CHURCH PROUD TO SUPPORT Community PRIDE MARITIME KENT IN THE SNOW: Summer / THROUGH THE AGES STEPHANIE QUAYLE matters Friday 22 June, 7pm and Saturday 11 August to Canterbury Christ Church Saturday 23 June, 5pm Saturday 22 September University was proud to be one of A regular update from Canterbury Christ Church Old Sessions House, Sidney Cooper Gallery, the sponsors for this year’s Pride University for local residents Longport, CT1 1PL 22-23 St Peter’s Street, Canterbury festival, a celebration This lecture on Kent’s rich marine Canterbury CT1 2BQ of the LGBT+ community. environment and changes to the Artist Stephanie Quayle will consider coastline over the years, features the legacy of the gallery’s namesake The event, which took place on Richard Holdsworth MBE (Chatham and founder, Thomas Sidney Cooper – Saturday 9 June, attracted thousands UNIVERSITIES Historic Dockyard) on Friday a renowned livestock painter. of people who came together in evening (7pm). the city centre to join in the carnival RECEIVE FUNDING Saturday’s educational session is atmosphere. TO DEVELOP KENT brought to you by Christ Church’s Dr MOTION ALPHA SUMMER The event began with a parade Moving out Chris Young. PROJECT: ONE WEEK AND MEDWAY’S DANCING COURSE through Canterbury High Street, Tickets cost £18 per person, £16 Kent featuring local organisations at the end of the academic year FIRST MEDICAL Archaeological Society members and Monday 20 August to and groups, followed by live £10 for Christ Church students. Friday 24 August, 10am to 4pm SCHOOL entertainment in the Dane John The universities, working with Canterbury City Council, are here to help Anselm Studio 2, North Holmes Gardens, as well as food and drink Road, Canterbury Campus, CT1 1QU students and local communities plan ahead for the end of the academic DATES stalls, and a Pride marketplace. -
Heritage at Risk
H @ R 2008 –2010 ICOMOS W ICOMOS HERITAGE O RLD RLD AT RISK R EP O RT 2008RT –2010 –2010 HER ICOMOS WORLD REPORT 2008–2010 I TAGE AT AT TAGE ON MONUMENTS AND SITES IN DANGER Ris K INTERNATIONAL COUNciL ON MONUMENTS AND SiTES CONSEIL INTERNATIONAL DES MONUMENTS ET DES SiTES CONSEJO INTERNAciONAL DE MONUMENTOS Y SiTIOS мЕждународный совЕт по вопросам памятников и достопримЕчатЕльных мЕст HERITAGE AT RISK Patrimoine en Péril / Patrimonio en Peligro ICOMOS WORLD REPORT 2008–2010 ON MONUMENTS AND SITES IN DANGER ICOMOS rapport mondial 2008–2010 sur des monuments et des sites en péril ICOMOS informe mundial 2008–2010 sobre monumentos y sitios en peligro edited by Christoph Machat, Michael Petzet and John Ziesemer Published by hendrik Bäßler verlag · berlin Heritage at Risk edited by ICOMOS PRESIDENT: Gustavo Araoz SECRETARY GENERAL: Bénédicte Selfslagh TREASURER GENERAL: Philippe La Hausse de Lalouvière VICE PRESIDENTS: Kristal Buckley, Alfredo Conti, Guo Zhan Andrew Hall, Wilfried Lipp OFFICE: International Secretariat of ICOMOS 49 –51 rue de la Fédération, 75015 Paris – France Funded by the Federal Government Commissioner for Cultural Affairs and the Media upon a Decision of the German Bundestag EDITORIAL WORK: Christoph Machat, Michael Petzet, John Ziesemer The texts provided for this publication reflect the independent view of each committee and /or the different authors. Photo credits can be found in the captions, otherwise the pictures were provided by the various committees, authors or individual members of ICOMOS. Front and Back Covers: Cambodia, Temple of Preah Vihear (photo: Michael Petzet) Inside Front Cover: Pakistan, Upper Indus Valley, Buddha under the Tree of Enlightenment, Rock Art at Risk (photo: Harald Hauptmann) Inside Back Cover: Georgia, Tower house in Revaz Khojelani ( photo: Christoph Machat) © 2010 ICOMOS – published by hendrik Bäßler verlag · berlin ISBN 978-3-930388-65-3 CONTENTS Foreword by Francesco Bandarin, Assistant Director-General for Culture, UNESCO, Paris .................................. -
Investing in the Student Buy-To-Let Market
Investing In the Student Buy-to-let Market By Ajay Ahuja Visit: WWW.AJAYAHUJA.CO.UK 1 ABOUT THE RESEARCHER Having spent much of my time providing the business scope, I must state that I am indebted to the research input offered by a colleague. I would like to thank the immeasurable efforts of Kashim Uddin, whose hard work and persistence has seen the project through from start to finish. Having recently completed a research-based Masters degree in the sciences, his well- nourished analytical skills and versatile creative input has been of huge importance in the delivery of this book. Still in his infancy of business appreciation, his enthusiasm for this book has been more than welcoming and we’ll hopefully see some more of his work in the near future. Introduction The government intends to have 50% of 18-30 year olds in higher education by the year 2010. With the Buy-to-Let market seemingly over saturated, a steady and buoyant student buy-to-let market is one that still offers the potential of good returns. There are multiple reasons as to why the student buy-to-let is a worthwhile investment. UCAS, the University applications agency, has seen a year-by- year increase in applications. The Increased student numbers are fuelling a rush to build. It is a well-known fact that in today’s competitive market, universities are struggling financially, which is having knock-on effects. In addition to the increased numbers of students, massive student housing shortage and lack of Visit: WWW.AJAYAHUJA.CO.UK 2 investment in new housing initiatives offered by the universities, the benefits of private investment has never been better.