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II Political Parties Polity and Society Administrative Divisions State Pandy nadu, as in Chola state, consisted of many provinces known as vala-nadus, which, in turn, Pandya kings preferred Madurai as their were divided into many nadus and kurrams. capital. Madurai has been popularly venerated The administrative authorities of nadus were as Koodal. The kings are traditionally revered the nattars. Nadu and Kurram contained as Koodal-kon, Koodal Nagar Kavalan. The settlements, viz. mangalam, nagaram, ur and Pandyas derived military advantage over kudi, where different social groups inhabited. their neighbours by means of their horses. Village Administration They imported these horses through Arabs with whom they had commercial and cultural An inscription from Manur (Tirunelveli district) contact. dated A.D. (CE) 800 provides an account of village administration. It looks similar to The king claimed that he was ruling Chola’s local governance that included village according to Manu Sastra. This doctrine assemblies and committees. Both civil and supported the social hierarchy in the military powers seem to have been vested in the society. Kings and local chiefs created same person. Brahmin settlements called Mangalam or Irrigation Chatur-vedi-mangalam with irrigation facilities. The actual landowning groups are The Pandya rulers created a number of irrigation described as the Bumiputtirar, otherwise called sources. On either side of the rivers Vaigai and the vellalar. Historically they were locals and Tamiraparani, channels leading to the irrigation hence they were referred to as nattu-makkal. tanks were built. In southern Tamilnadu, The communal assembly of this group is like the Cholas, Pandyas introduced the new Cittira Meli Periyanattar. irrigation technology. Irrigation works were done by local administrative bodies, local chiefs Royal Officials and officials. Repairs were mostly undertaken by local bodies. Sometimes, traders also dug out A band of officials executed the royal orders. tanks for irrigation. The prime minister was uttara-mantri. The historical personalities like Manickavasagar, Religion Kulaciraiyar and Marankari worked as Pandyas extended patronage to vedic practices. ministers. The royal secretariat was known Velvikkudi copper plates as well as inscriptional as eluttu-mandapam. The most respected sources mention the rituals like Asvameda yaga, officials were maran-eyinan, sattan-ganapathy, Hiranya garbha and Vajapeya yaga, conducted enathi-sattan, tira-tiran, murthi-eyinan and by every great Pandya king. The impartiality of others. The titles of military commanders rulers towards both Saivism and Vaishnavism were palli-velan, parantakan-palli-velan, is also made known in the invocatory portions maran-adittan and tennavan-tamilvel. of the inscriptions. Temples of both sects were 137 7th Social Science_Term I English Unit 03.indd 137 13-03-2019 3.31.38 PM patronised through land grant, tax-exemption Trade and renovation. Arab settlements on the west coast of southern The great Saiva and Vaishnava saints India, from 7th century, had led to the (Nayanmaras and Alwars) combined expansion of their trade connection to the contributed to the growth of Tamil literature east coast because the governments of the east and spiritual enlightenment. The period was coast pursued a more liberal and enlightened marked by intense religious conflict. The Bhakti policy towards overseas traders. Their charters movement of the time prompted the heterodox exempted traders from various types of port scholars for a debate. Many instances of the dues and tolls. In Kayal, there was an agency defeat of Buddhists and Jains in such debates established by an Arab chieftain by name Malik- are mentioned in Bhakti literature. The Pandya ul-Islam Jamal-ud-din. This agency facilitated kings of the period supported and promoted availability of horses to Pandya kings. Tamil and Sanskrit. In 13th and 14th centuries, horse trade Temples became brisk. Marco Polo and Wassaff state that the kings invested in horses as there was Medieval Pandyas and later Pandyas did a need of horse for ceremonial purposes as well not build any new temples but maintained as for fighting wars. Those who were trading in the existing temples, enlarging them with horses were called kudirai chetties. They were the addition of gopuras, and mandapas. The active in maritime trade also. The busiest port monolithic mega size ornamented pillars are town under the Pandyas was Kayal Pattinam the unique feature of the medieval Pandya style. (now in Thoothukudi district) on the east coast. The sculptures of Siva, Vishnu, Kotravai, Ganesa Gold coins were in circulation as the trade was and Subramanyar are the best specimens in carried through the medium of gold. It was these temples. Pandyas specially patronised the variously called kasu, kalanchu and pon. historic Meenakshi temple at Madurai and kept expanding its premises by adding gopuras and The vast trade in horses of that mandapas. time has been recorded by Wassaff. He writes: ‘…as many as 10,000 horses were imported into Kayal and other ports of India of which 1,400 were to be of Jamal- ud-din’s own breed. The average cost of each horse was 220 dinars of “red gold’. Summary The Cholas and Pandyas are well known Tamil monarchs. Vijayalaya revived the Chola dynasty. Meenakshi Temple, Madurai 138 7th Social Science_Term I English Unit 03.indd 138 13-03-2019 3.31.38 PM The prominent Chola rulers are Rajaraja I and Rajendra I. Uttiramerur inscriptions provide details of village administration. Kodunkon recovered Pandya territory from Kalabhras. Arikesari Maravavarman and Parantaka Nedunjadayan were his two prominent successors. The illustrious rulers of later Pandya kingdom were Sadaayavarman Sundarapandyan and Maravarman Kulasekaran. Maritime trade during Pandyas is highlighted by Marco Polo and Wassaff. Glossary 1. M a t r i m o n i a l political alliances through marriages 鎿쏁மண உறퟁக쿍 믂ல믍 alliances அர殿ய쯍 埂翍翁 2. Embankment a wall or stone structure built to prevent த翁ப㞪ணண a river flooding an area as well as to store its water 3. Ardent passionate 鏀ힿரமான 4. Feudatory a subordinate to another sovereign/ அரச쏁埍埁埍 க翍翁ப㞪翍㞟 ruler 埁쟁ꎿல மனன쏍 5. Refuge shelter ꯁக쮿㞟믍 6. Repository place in which things are stored க쏁ퟂல믍 Evaluation I.Choose the Correct answer 3. Which of the following was the lowest unit of Chola administration? 1. Who revived the later Chola dynasty? a. Mandalam b. Nadu c. Kurram d. Ur a. Vijayalaya 4. Who was the last ruler Vijayalaya line of b. Rajaraja I Chola dyanasty? c. Rajendra I d. Athirajendra a.VeeraRajendra b. Rajadhiraja c. AthiRajendra d. Rajaraja II 2. Who among the following Pandya rulers is known for ending the Kalabhra rule? 5. An example of Chola architecture can be seen at_______. a. Kadunkon b. ViraPandyan a. Kannayiram b. Uraiyur c. Kun Pandyan d. Varaguna c. Kanchipuram d. Thanjavur 139 7th Social Science_Term I English Unit 03.indd 139 13-03-2019 3.31.38 PM 6. To which of the following, Marco Polo V Consider the following statements. went in the last decade of 13th century in Tick ( √ ) the appropriate answer. India? 1. Which of the following statements about a. Chola mandalam Later Cholas are correct? b. Pandya country 1. They had a system of Local self c. Kongu region government. d. Malainadu 2. They maintained a strong navy. 3. They were the followers of Buddhism. II Fill in the blanks 4. They built big temples. 1. ____________________built the a.1,2 and 3 famous Brihadeshwara Temple at b.2,3 and 4 Thanjavur. c.1,2 and 4 2. _______________established a Vedic d.1,3 and 4 college at Ennayiram. 2. Which of the following statements are true 3. __________________was the donor of with regard to Rajendra Chola? Velvikudi copper plates. 1. He assumed the title Gangaikonda 4. The royal sectretariat of Pandya kingdom Chola. was known as_________________. 2. He conquered Southern Sumatra. III Match the Following 3. He is credited with consolidating the Chola power. A B 4. His naval power enabled him to conquer 1. Madurai Inland traders Srivijaya. 2. Gangaikonda Maritime traders a. 1 and 2 Cholapuram b. 3 and 4 3. Anju- Vannattar Capital of Cholas c. 1,2 and 4 4. Mani- gramattar Capital of Pandyas d. All the above IV. True or False 3. Assertion:- The Yuvarajas were appointed Governors in the provinces. 1. A Muslim state subordinate to Delhi Sultan Reason:- This was done for their training was in Madurai. in administration. 2. Koodal – nagar Kavalan was the title of a a. R is the correct explanation of A. Pandya king. b. R is not the correct explanation of A. 3. Chola kingdom was situated in Vaigai c. A is wrong and R is correct. delta. d. A and R are wrong. 4. Kulothunga I belonged to Chalukya – 4. Arrange the following administration Chola dynasty. divisions in descending order. 5. The elder son of the Chola king was called 1.Nadu 2.Mandalam Yuvaraja. 3.Ur 4. Kurram 140 7th Social Science_Term I English Unit 03.indd 140 13-03-2019 3.31.38 PM 5. Arrange the events in chronological VI Answer in one or two sentences order. 1. What were the items exported during the 1. Maravarman appointed Virapandyan as later Chola period? co – regent. 2. Civil war broke out. 2. What was called Chatur-vedi-mangalam? 3. A Muslim State was established in Madurai. 3. Write about Kanikadan. 4. MaravarmanKulasekaran had two sons – Virapandyan and Sundrapandyan VII. Answer the following 5. SundraPandyan sought help from Ala – 1. Highlight any five aspects of Cholas’ legacy. ud-din Khalji. 6. Malik Kafur invaded Madurai. VIII HOTs 6.Find out 1. Chola kings were great patrons of learning: Support the statement with details. Brahmadeya IX Students activity Devadana Who am I? 1. I was responsible for Malik Kafur invasion. 2. I built 16-mile embankment-lake in Pallichchandam Gangaikonda Cholapuram.
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